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    CH-5 Momentum Principle in OCF

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    Amier Thaqif
    This document discusses hydraulic jumps, which are formed when water transitions from supercritical to subcritical flow in a channel. It defines key terms like momentum function, critical depth, and conjugate depth. Equations are provided for calculating these parameters as well as the energy loss and horsepower loss that occurs through a hydraulic jump. Examples of solving hydraulic jump problems involving rectangular, triangular, and trapezoidal channels are also included.

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    CH-5 Momentum Principle in OCF

    Uploaded by

    Amier Thaqif
    220 views20 pages
    This document discusses hydraulic jumps, which are formed when water transitions from supercritical to subcritical flow in a channel. It defines key terms like momentum function, critical depth, and conjugate depth. Equations are provided for calculating these parameters as well as the energy loss and horsepower loss that occurs through a hydraulic jump. Examples of solving hydraulic jump problems involving rectangular, triangular, and trapezoidal channels are also included.

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    Hydraulics

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    This document discusses hydraulic jumps, which are formed when water transitions from supercritical to subcritical flow in a channel. It defines key terms like momentum function, critical depth, and conjugate depth. Equations are provided for calculating these parameters as well as the energy loss and horsepower loss that occurs through a hydraulic jump. Examples of solving hydraulic jump problems involving rectangular, triangular, and trapezoidal channels are also included.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    220 views20 pages

    CH-5 Momentum Principle in OCF

    Uploaded by

    Amier Thaqif
    This document discusses hydraulic jumps, which are formed when water transitions from supercritical to subcritical flow in a channel. It defines key terms like momentum function, critical depth, and conjugate depth. Equations are provided for calculating these parameters as well as the energy loss and horsepower loss that occurs through a hydraulic jump. Examples of solving hydraulic jump problems involving rectangular, triangular, and trapezoidal channels are also included.

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    Husna Binti Takaijudin

    Civil Engineering Department


    Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
    At the end of this course, students are able to:
     Define the momentum function

     Construct M-y Diagram

     Describe the conjugate depth

     Derive the hydraulic jump equations for

    rectangular channel
     Understand the occurrence of hydraulic

    jump
    Qin

    Qout
     F   ( QV )in  ( QV )out

    Where β = momentum correction factor


     For stationary control volume (CV), the
    forces acting on a CV are hydrostatic forces
    at upstream and downstream faces, F1 and
    F2 respectively
    F  ghc A  hc A
    where hc = depth to the centroid of cross
    section
     Applying momentum  Dividing Eq.5.3 by γ
    equation to the CV, Q2 Q2
    h c1 A1   h c 2 A2  ( Eq.5.4)
    assuming β = 1 gA1 gA2
    F1 - F2  QV2  QV1 ( Eq.5.1)
    F1  QV1  F2  QV2 ( Eq.5.2)
     Defining the momentum
     Applying hydrostatic function as
    forces and substitute
    Q2
    to Eq. 5.2 M  Ah c  ( Eq.4)
    gA
    Q 2 Q 2
    h c1 A1   h c 2 A2  ( Eq.5.3) M1  M 2
    A1 A2
    A 2.0 m wide rectangular channel carries a
    discharge of 4.0 m3/s with a depth of flow 1.0
    m. Determine the momentum-impulse force,
    the critical depth, and the conjugate depth.

    Solution
    Construct the M-y diagram for a triangular
    channel with an apex angle of 90° and a
    discharge of 10.0 m3/s.

    Solution
     Also called sequent depth
     Have the same pressure-momentum force
     Defined as the initial and final depths of hydraulic
    jump in the sense that they occur simultaneously.
     Symbols – y1 and y2

    Conjugate depths

    Critical depth
    A trapezoidal channel with 3.0 m bottom
    width and 1:1 slope carries a discharge of 10.0
    m3/s at a slope of 12cm/km. A hydraulic jump
    is formed in the channel with an initial depth
    of 0.6m. Calculate the momentum function,
    the critical depth, and the conjugate depth.

    Solution
     Critical depth  Energy loss in hydraulic
    yc  3
    q2 jump
     y2  y1 3
    g
    E 
    4 y1 y2
     Froude Number
    Power lost through the
    2 2
    V q
    Fr 2   3 

    gy gy jump
    P  gQE
     Conjugate depths
    1  Height of jump
    1  8 Fr1  1
    y2

    2

    y1 2
     
     h j  y2  y1
    1
    1  8 Fr2  1
    y1

    2

    y2 2
     

    A wide channel carries a specific discharge of
    2.2 m2/s. A hydraulic jump is formed in the
    channel, after which the depth of flow is found
    to be 2.1 m. Find the critical depth, the initial
    depth of the jump, the energy lost, and the
    horsepower lost through the jump per unit
    width of the channel.

    Solution
    F1 F2

    Supercritical Critical (Hydraulic Jump) Subcritical


     Involves considerable reduction in the velocity
    head associated with an increase the static
    head.
     In the dead zone of the jump, rolling of surface,
    roiling of water and turbulent eddies are
    recognized.
     These flow patterns are accompanied by a
    significant loss of energy, ΔE.
     For horizontal channels, ΔE can be evaluated as
     v
    2
      v
    2

    E   y1  1    y2  2 

     2g   2g 
     Dissipation of energy of water flowing over
    dams and weirs
     To raise water levels in canals to enhance
    irrigation practices and reduce pumping heads
     To reduce uplift pressure under the
    foundations of hydraulics structures
     To mix the chemical substances into water for
    treatment purposes.
     To create special flow conditions to meet
    certain needs at control section, e.g. gauging
    stations, flow measurement.
    Figure 5.3 Different types of jumps.
     HJ cause intensive scour at their location
     Thus, it should contain stilling basins to
    avoid destruction
     Apron length and height of side wall are
    designed according to the expected length
    and profile of HJ
     Length and height may vary with discharge.

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