Problems

CHEM1020
 Example-1

Assuming 100.00 g of a compound

Calculate the chemical formula of this compound
C: 61.31 g Atomic mass : 12
H: 5.14g Atomic mass: 1
N: 10.21 g Atomic mass: 14
O: 23.33 g Atomic mass: 16
 Example-1

Assuming 100.00 g of para-aminobenzoic acid,

C: 61.31 g x 1 mol = 5.105 mol C

12.01 g
1 mol
H: 5.14 g x = 5.09 mol H
1.01 g
1 mol
N: 10.21 g x = 0.7288 mol N
14.01 g
1 mol
O: 23.33 g x = 1.456 mol O
16.00 g
 Example-1
Calculate the mole ratio by dividing by the smallest number
of moles:
5.105 mol
C: = 7.005  7
0.7288 mol

5.09 mol
H: = 6.984  7
0.7288 mol

0.7288 mol
N: = 1.000
0.7288 mol

1.458 mol
O: = 2.001  2
0.7288 mol
C7H7NO2
 Example-2
10 grams of glucose (C6H12O6) react in a combustion
reaction. How many grams of each product are produced?

C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g)  6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

10.g ? + ?
Molar mass C6H12O6(s) = 180g/mol O2(g) =32g/mol
CO2(g) = 44 H2O= 18
Starting with 10. g of C6H12O6…
we calculate the moles of C6H12O6…
use the coefficients to find the moles of H2O & CO2
and then turn the moles to grams
 Example-2
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O
10.g ? + ?
MW: 180g/mol 44 g/mol 18g/mol
#mol: 10.g(1mol/180g)
0.055 mol 6(.055) 6(.055mol)
6(.055mol)44g/mol 6(.055mol)18g/mol
#grams: 14.52g 5.94 g
 Example-3
• Soda fizz comes from sodium bicarbonate and
citric acid (H3C6H5O7) reacting to make carbon
dioxide, sodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7) and
water. If 1.0 g of sodium bicarbonate and 1.0g
citric acid are reacted, which is limiting? How
much g of carbon dioxide is produced?and
how much of excess left
• 3NaHCO3(aq) + H3C6H5O7(aq) ------> 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) + Na3C6H5O7(aq
• 84g/mol 192g/mol 44g/moi
 Example-3

3NaHCO3(aq) + H3C6H5O7(aq) ------> 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) + Na3C6H5O7(aq)

1.0g 1.0g
84g/mol 192g/mol 44g/mol
1.0g(1mol/84g) 1.0(1mol/192g)
0.012 mol 0.0052 mol

Product from bicarbonate : (1/84 x 3/3 x 44 = 0.5238 g

Product from citric acid : 1/192 x 3/1 x 44 = 0.6875 g

So bicarbonate limiting:

g of citric acid reacted : 1/84 x 1/3 x 192 = 0.7619 g

.
Excess citric acid = 1- 0.7619 = 0.238 g.
 Example-4
• Benzene (C6H6) reacts with Bromine to
produce bromobenzene (C6H6Br) and
hydrobromic acid. If 30. g of benzene reacts
with 65 g of bromine and produces 56.7 g of
bromobenzene, what is the percent yield of
the reaction?
C6H6 + Br2 ------> C6H5Br + HBr
78g/mol 160.g/mol 157g/mol
 Example-4
C6H6 + Br2 ------> C6H5Br + HBr
30.g 65 g 56.7 g
78g/mol 160.g/mol 157g/mol
30.g(1mol/78g) 65g(1mol/160g)
0.38 mol 0.41 mol

Product from bromine : 30/78 x 1/1 x 157 = 60.38

Product from benzene : 65/160 x 1/1 x 157 = 63.78
(Br2 is limiting)
% yield = 56.7g/60.38.g(100)=93.9%
 Example-5
• React 1.5 g of NH3 with 2.75 g of O2. How
much NO and H2O is produced? What is
left?
• 4NH3 + 5O2 --------> 4NO + 6H2O
17g/mol 32g/mol 30.g/mol 18g/mol
 Example-5

4NH3 + 5O2 --------> 4NO + 6H2O

1.5g 2.75g ? ?
17g/mol 32g/mol 30.g/mol 18g/mol
1.5g(1mol/17g)= 2.75g(1mol/32g)=
.088mol .086
NO produced from NH3 : 1.5/17 x 4/4 x 30 = 2.647 g
NO produced from O2 : 2.75/32 X 4/5 X 30 = 2.0625 g
Limiting reactant is O2
H2O Produced is: 2,75/32 x 6/5 x 18 = 1.856 g
Ammonia reacted : 2.75/32 x 4/5 x 17 = 1.16875 g
Ammonia left : 1.5 – 1.16875 = 0.33125 g
 Example-6
• How many grams of silver will be formed
from 12.0 g copper?
Cu + 2AgNO3  2Ag + Cu(NO3)2
Mwt 63.55 107.87
 Example-7

15.0ml of a 3.0M magnesium chloride solution

reacts with excess silver nitrate, how many
grams of ppt will be formed?
1 MgCl2(aq) + 2 AgNO3(aq)  Mg(NO3)2(aq) + 2AgCl(s)
143.32g /mole
Example 7

15.0ml of a 3.0M magnesium chloride solution

reacts with excess silver nitrate, how many
grams of ppt will be formed?
1 MgCl2(aq) + 2 AgNO3(aq) Mg(NO3)2(aq) + 2AgCl(s)

15.0ml 1 Liter 3.0 mole MgCl2 2mol AgCl 143.32g AgCl

1000l 1 liter 1mol MgCl2 1mol AgCl

= 12.9g AgCl
Example 8

If 56.0 g of Li reacts with 56.0 g of N2, how

many grams of Li3N can be produced?
6 Li(s) + N2(g) ---> 2 Li3N(s)
Molar mass 6.941 28 34.8
 Example-8
If 56.0 g of Li reacts with 56.0 g of N2, how
many grams of Li3N can be produced?
6 Li(s) + N2(g) ---> 2 Li3N(s)
Li3N from Li : 56/6.941 x 2/6 x 34.8 = 93.6 g
Li3N from N2 : 56/28 x 2/1 x 34.8 = 139.2 g
N2 is the excess and Li is the Limiting
Reactant.
 Example-8
N2 consumed : 56/6.941 x 1/6 x 28 = 37.65

How many grams of nitrogen are left?

56.0g N2 given - 37.7 g used = 18.3 g excessN2
 Example-9

A solution containing 5.00 g of calcium chloride is

mixed with another solution of 8.00 g of
potassium phosphate.
3CaCl2(aq) + 2K3PO4(aq) → Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6KCl(aq)
110.98 212.27 310.18
(a) Determine the theoretical yield of the
precipitate.
(b) Which of the reactants is limiting?
(c) How much of the reactant in excess is left over?
 Example-9
1 mol CaCl2
m = 5.00 g CaCl2 ×
110.98 g CaCl2 ×

1 mol Ca3(PO4)2 310.18 g Ca3(PO4)2

×
3 mol CaCl2 1 mol Ca3(PO4)2

= 4.66 g Ca3(PO4)2
 Example-9
1 mol K3PO4
m 8.00
= g K3PO4 × 212.27 g K PO ×
3 4

1 mol Ca3(PO4)2 310.18 g Ca3(PO4)2

×
2 mol K3PO4 1 mol Ca3(PO4)2

= 5.85 g Ca3(PO4)2

The theoretical yield is 4.66 g Ca3(PO4)2

because it is the smallest of the two yields.
Limiting reactant : CaCl2
K3PO4 consumed : 5/110.98 x 2/3 x 212.27= 6.38 g
K3P04 left : 8 - 6.38 = 1.62 g
 Example-10

Helium occupies 3.8 L at -45°C.

What volume will it occupy at
45°C?
 Example-10
CHARLES’ LAW
V1 = 3.8 L
T1 = -45°C = 228 K V1 T2
V2 =
V2 = ? T1
T2 = 45°C = 318 K
V2 =
 3.8 L   318 K 
P1V1 P2 V2 228 K 
=
n1T1 n2 T2
V2 = 5.3 L
 Example-11

Ammonia gas occupies a volume

of 450.0 mL at 720.0 mm Hg.
What volume will it occupy at
standard pressure?
 Example-11
V1 = 450.0 mL BOYLE’S LAW
P1 = 720.0 mm Hg
V2 =
 P1  V1 
V2 = ? P2
P2 = 760.0 mm Hg  720.0 mm Hg 450.0 mL 
V2 =
 760.0 mm Hg
P1V1 P2 V2
=
n1T1 n2 T2 V2 = 426.3 mL
 Example-12

A gas at STP is cooled to -185°C.

What pressure in atmospheres
will it have at this temperature
(volume remains constant)?
 Example-12
GAY-LUSSAC’S
P1 = 1.00 atm LAW
T1 = 273 K
P1 T2
P2 = ? P2 =
T1
T2 = -185°C = 88 K
 1.00 atm   88 K 
P1V1 P2 V2 P2 =
= 273 K 
n1T1 n2 T2 P2 = 0.32 atm
 Example-13

A gas occupies 1.5 L at 850.0

mm Hg and 15°C. At what
pressure will this gas occupy 2.5
L at 30.0°C?
 Example-13
V1 = 1.5 L COMBINED
P1 = 850.0 mm Hg GAS LAW
T1 = 15°C = 288 K P1 V1 T2
P2 = ? P2 =
V2 = 2.5 L
T1 V2
T2=30.0°C =303 K P2 =
 850.0 mm Hg  1.5 L   303 K 
2.5 L  288 K 
P1V1 P2 V2
= P2 = 540 mm Hg
n1T1 n2 T2
 Example-14
Chlorine gas has a pressure of
1.05 atm at 25°C. What pressure
will it exert at 75°C?
 Example-14
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
P1 = 1.05 atm
T1 = 25°C = 298 K P1 T2
P2 = ? P2 =
T1
T2 = 75°C = 348 K
 1.05 atm   348 K 
P1V1 P2 V2 P2 = 298 K 
=
n1T1 n2 T2 P2 = 1.23 atm
 Example-15

A gas occupies 256 mL at 720

torr and 25°C. What will its
volume be at STP?
 Example-15
V1 = 256 mL COMBINED GAS LAW
P1 = 720 torr
P1 V1 T2
T1 = 25°C = 298 K V2 =
V2 = ? T1 P2
P2 = 760.0 torr P =  720 torr  256 mL  273 K 
T2 = 273 K
2
 298 K   760.0 torr 

P1V1 P2 V2
= V2 = 220 mL
n1T1 n2 T2
 Example-16
At 27°C, fluorine occupies a volume
of 0.500 L. To what temperature in
degrees Celsius should it be
lowered to bring the volume to
200.0 mL?
 Example-16

T1 = 27ºC = 300 K CHARLES’ LAW

V1 = 0.500 L V2 T1
T2 =
T2 = ?°C V1
V2=200.0 mL =0.2000 L
(0.2000 L) (300 K)
T2 =
P1V1 P2 V2 (0.500 L)
= T2 = -153°C (120 K)
n1T1 n2 T2
 Example-17

A gas occupies 125 mL at 125

kPa. After being cooled to 75°C
and depressurized to 100.0 kPa, it
occupies 0.100 L. What was the
original temperature of the gas?
 Example-17
V1 = 125 mL
COMBINED GAS LAW
P1 = 125 kPa
T2 = 75°C = 348 K
P2 = 100.0 kPa P1V1T2
T1 =
V2 = 0.100 L = 100 mL P2 V2
T1 = ? (125 kPa)(125 mL)(348 K)
T1 =
P1V1 P2 V2 (100.0 kPa)(100 mL)
= T1 = 271°C (544 K)
n1T1 n2 T2
 Example-18

A 3.20-L sample of gas has a

pressure of 102 kPa. If the
volume is reduced to 0.650 L,
what pressure will the gas exert?
 Example-18

V1 = 3.20 L BOYLE’S LAW

P1 = 102 kPa P1 V1
P2 =
V2 = 0.650 L V2
P2 = ?
(102 kPa) (3.20 L)
P2 =
P1V1 P2 V2 (0.650 L)
= P2 = 502 kPa
n1T1 n2 T2
 Example-19

A gas at 2.5 atm and 25 °C

expands to 750 mL after being
cooled to 0 °C and depressurized
to 122 kPa. What was the original
volume of the gas?
 Example-19
P1 = 2.5 atm COMBINED GAS LAW
T1 = 25°C = 298 K
PVT 2 2 1
V2 = 750 mL V =
1
T2 = 0 °C = 273 K TP 2 1
P2=122 kPa =1.20 atm (1.20 atm)(750 mL)(298 K)
V1 =
V1 = ? (273 K)(2.5 atm)
P1V1 P2 V2 V1 = 390 mL
=
n1T1 n2 T2
 Example-20

A gas occupies 7.84 cm3 at 71.8

kPa & 25°C. Find its volume at
STP.
 E. Gas Law Problems
A gas occupies 7.84 cm3 at 71.8 kPa &
25°C. Find its volume at STP.
COMBINED GAS LAW
GIVEN: P T V WORK:
V1 = 7.84 cm3 P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
P1 = 71.8 kPa
(71.8 kPa)(7.84 cm3)(273 K)
T1 = 25°C = 298 K
=(101.325 kPa) V2 (298 K)
V2 = ?
P2 = 101.325 kPa V2 = 5.09 cm3
T2 = 273 K
 Example-21
A gas’ pressure is 765 torr at
23°C. At what temperature will
the pressure be 560. torr?
 E. Gas Law Problems
A gas’ pressure is 765 torr at 23°C.
At what temperature will the
pressure be 560. torr?
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
GIVEN: P T WORK:
P1 = 765 torr P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
T1 = 23°C = 296K (765 torr)T2 = (560. torr)(296K)
P2 = 560. torr
T2 = 216.7 K = -56°C
T2 = ?