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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

& ORGANIZATION
LECTURE # 1
Course Prerequisites
Before Taking This Course..
• You should be comfortable with…
• Digital logic and design
• Need to have basic understanding of digital systems,
logic gates, Boolean functions, Number systems,
combinational and sequential logic etc
• Basic computer organization: CPU, Memory, I/O,
Registers.
• Basic programming concepts
• fundamentals to programming, Sequence of
commands , Conditional structures ,looping
structures. Programming strategies etc.
Resources

• Readings
– Computer System Architecture (3rd Ed) by M Morris
Mano
– Lecture slides

• Internet Resources
– Online video lectures
– Groups and discussion forums
– EBooks and so on.
Course Contents
Grading/Marks Information
• Distribution of Marks
• Attendance 10
• Test(s) 05
• Assignments 05
• Mid Semester Exam: 20
• Final Semester Exam: 60

• Policies
– Attendance is required
– All submitted work must be yours
– Cheating will not be tolerated
Computer Organization
• Computer Organization is concerned with
the way the hardware components operate
and the way they are connected together
to form the computer system.
• The various components are assumed to
be in place and the task is to investigate
the organizational structure to verify that
the computer parts operation as intended.
Computer Architecture
• Computer Architecture is concerned with
the structure and behavior of the computer
as seen by the user.
• It includes the information formats, the
instruction set and techniques for
addressing memory
Architecture & Organization
COMPUTER COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE ORGANIZATION
• Attribute of a system • Operational units and
visible to a programmer their interconnection that
or, those attribute that realize the architectural
have direct impact on the specifications
logical execution of a • Control signals,
program. interfaces, memory
• Instruction set, number technology
of bits used for data
representation, I/O
mechanisms,
addressing techniques.
Basics of Digital Computers
• The digital computer is a digital system that
performs various computational tasks

• The decimal digits 0, 1, 2,….,9, provide 10


discrete values, but digital computers function
more reliably if only two states are used.

• Digital computers use binary number system


Basics of Digital Computers
• ‹Bit = binary digit : 0/1
• Digital Computer = H/W + S/W
• Program(S/W)
– A sequence of instruction
– S/W = Program + Data
– The data that are manipulated by the program
constitute the data base
– Application S/W = DB, word processor,
Spread Sheet
– System S/W = OS, Firmware, Compiler,
Device Driver.
Basics of Digital Computers
• Computer Hardware(H/W)
– CPU
– Memory
• Program Memory(ROM)
• Data Memory(RAM)
• ‹I/O Device

Computer Architecture &


organization
• Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
Logic Gates
Why we Study Computer
Architecture and Organization?
• Understand high-level design concepts
– The best architects understand all the levels
• Devices, circuits, architecture, compiler,
applications

• Understand computer performance


– Writing well-tuned (fast) software requires knowledge
of hardware

• Write better software


– The best software designers also understand
hardware
– Need to understand hardware to write fast software
Next Lecture (Lecture # 2)
• Register Transfer Language

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