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    Lesson 27: Bioenergetics Photosynthesis and Energy Flow

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    Florence Guzon
    This document discusses bioenergetics and photosynthesis. It defines different forms of energy like potential, kinetic, thermal, and chemical energy. It then explains photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert solar energy, carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Photosynthesis occurs in two stages - the light dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced to fuel the light independent reactions in the Calvin cycle where glucose is assembled from carbon dioxide. Chlorophyll and thylakoids are key for absorbing light energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

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    Lesson 27: Bioenergetics Photosynthesis and Energy Flow

    Uploaded by

    Florence Guzon
    36 views36 pages
    This document discusses bioenergetics and photosynthesis. It defines different forms of energy like potential, kinetic, thermal, and chemical energy. It then explains photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert solar energy, carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Photosynthesis occurs in two stages - the light dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced to fuel the light independent reactions in the Calvin cycle where glucose is assembled from carbon dioxide. Chlorophyll and thylakoids are key for absorbing light energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

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    This document discusses bioenergetics and photosynthesis. It defines different forms of energy like potential, kinetic, thermal, and chemical energy. It then explains photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert solar energy, carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Photosynthesis occurs in two stages - the light dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced to fuel the light independent reactions in the Calvin cycle where glucose is assembled from carbon dioxide. Chlorophyll and thylakoids are key for absorbing light energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

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    36 views36 pages

    Lesson 27: Bioenergetics Photosynthesis and Energy Flow

    Uploaded by

    Florence Guzon
    This document discusses bioenergetics and photosynthesis. It defines different forms of energy like potential, kinetic, thermal, and chemical energy. It then explains photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert solar energy, carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Photosynthesis occurs in two stages - the light dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced to fuel the light independent reactions in the Calvin cycle where glucose is assembled from carbon dioxide. Chlorophyll and thylakoids are key for absorbing light energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

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    LESSON 27: BIOENERGETICS

    PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND ENERGY


    FLOW
    FORMS OF ENERGY
     Potential energy
     Kinetic energy
     Thermal energy
     Solar energy
     Chemical energy
     Mechanical energy
    POTENTIAL ENERGY
    -energy that is stored and
    being held and waiting to be
    used
    Kinetic energy

     Energy of motion that


    is released from stored
    energy
    THERMAL ENERGY

     The total kinetic energy of all the


    particles in a n object
     is the heat made when molecules
    move. The faster molecules move,
    the higher the temperature
    SOLAR ENERGY

     Energy from the sun


    CHEMICAL ENERGY
    LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

    1. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only


    be converted from one form to another (Conservation
    of Energy)

    2. The total entropy of the Universe must increase in every


    spontaneous process
    EXERGONIC AND ENDERGONIC
    REACTIONS

     Exergonic reactions occur with the net release of free


    energy
     Endergonic reactions (energy inwards) require free energy
    from its surroundings
    ENZYMES
     Are biocatalyst that speeds up digestion and metabolism
     Located in the cells, cytoplasm, mitochondria, tissues and
    body fluids
    2 KINDS OF ENZYMES
     ENDOENZYMES – enzymes that function within the cells
    (e.g. metabolic enzymes – cytochrome oxidase)
     EXOENZYMES – enzymes that are liberated by cells and
    catalyze reactions outside the cell (e.g. digestive enzymes
    – amylase, lipase, protease)
    ENZYME COMPONENTS
    NOTE: Enzymes are specific for a chemical reaction
     APOENZYME (protein)
     COFACTOR (non-protein component) (e.g. Mg, Zn)
     Coenzyme organic cofactor)
     HOLOENZYME: apoenzyme+cofactor
    ENZYMES AS BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS
     In the absence
    of the cofactor,
    the apoenzyme
    is inactive.
    ENZYMES WORK BY….
    ENZYME INHIBITOR
     A substance which binds with the enzyme and brings
    about a decrease in catalytic activity of that enzyme
     The inhibitor may be organic or inorganic
     E.g. drugs, antibiotics, toxins
    ENZYME INHIBITION
    PHOTOSYNTHESIS
    is the process by which plants, some bacteria, and
    some protistans use the energy from sunlight to
    produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water
    Nature of Sunlight
    NOTE
     The product (glucose) can be converted into pyruvate
    which releases adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by cellular
    respiration
     Products are glucose and oxygen
    PHOTOSYNTHESIS
    CHLOROPHYLL
     a complex molecule
     chlorophyll a (photosynthetic organism)
     accessory pigments (chlorophyll b, chlorophyll d,
    chlorophyll e, xanthophyll, and carotenoids)
    HOW PHOTOSYNTHESIS WORKS?
     water enters the root and is transported up to the leaves
    through specialized plant cells known as xylem vessels
     STOMATA is a specialized structure to allow gas to
    enter and leave the leaf
     CO2 cannot pass through the protective waxy layer
    covering the leaf (cuticle), but it can enter through the
    leaf through the stomata
    THYLAKOID

     is the structural unit of photosynthesis


     flattened sacs/vesicles containing photosynthetic
    chemicals
     NOTE:
     ONLY EUKARYOTES HAVE
    CHLOROPLASTS WITH A
    SURROUNDING MEMBRANE
     GRANA
     collective term of thylakoids
     STROMA
     areas between grana
    NOTE:
     When chlorophyll a absorbs light energy (LE), an electron
    gains energy and is ‘excited’
     The ‘excited’ electron is transferred to another molecule
    (primary electron acceptor)
    NOTE:
     The chlorophyll molecule is oxidized (loss of electrons)
    and has a positive charge
     Photoactivation of chlorophyll a results in the splitting of
    water molecules and the transfer of energy to ATP and
    reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
    (NADP)
    CHEMICAL REACTIONS INVOLVED ARE:
     Condensation reactions – responsible for water
    molecules splitting out, including phosphorylation (the
    addition of a phosphate group to an organic compound)
     oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions involving electron
    transfer
    TWO STAGES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
    1. LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
    – a light-dependent series of reactions which occur in
    the grana, and require the direct energy of light to
    make energy-carrier molecules that are used in the
    second process
    LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS
     light energy is trapped by chlorophyll to make ATP
    (photophosphorylation)
     at the same time water is split into oxygen, hydrogen ions,
    and free electrons:
    Splitting of water in photosynthesis
    LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS
     the electrons then react with a carrier molecule NADP,
    changing it from its oxidized state (NADP+) to its
    reduced state (NADPH)
    2. LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTIONS/ CALVIN
    CYCLE
     a light-independent series of reactions which occur in the
    stroma of the chloroplasts, when the products of the light
    reaction, ATP and NADPH, are used to make
    carbohydrates from carbon dioxide (reduction); initially
    glyceraldehyde 3-phophate (a 3-carbon atom molecule) is
    formed
    Chemiosmosis
     is the movement of ions across a selectively permeable
    membrane, down their electrochemical gradient

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