Bio Lec - Chapter 1

COMPARATIVE
VERTEBRATE
ANATOMY
What is comparative vertebrate
anatomy?
The study of:
a) structure
b) the function of structure and
c) the range of variation in structure and function among
vertebrates.
the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of
different species. It is closely related to evolutionary
biology and phylogeny (the evolution of species).
it serves as evidence for evolution; it indicates that various

organisms share a common ancestor.
Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
Descriptive morphology – the study of the structure of

vertebrates
Functional morphology – study of the functional significance of
structure
Includes:
a. ontogenesis - development of individuals organism or
anatomical or behavioural feature from the earliest stage to
maturity.
b. phylogenesis - evolutionary development and diversification
of a species or group of organisms or of a particular feature of an
organism.
Anatomy
Parts
Structure
Organization
Relationships to one another

Divisions of Anatomy
Gross anatomy
◦ Large body structures
◦ involves the dissection and examination of various parts of the
body without magnifying lenses.
Microanatomy
o microscopic examination of tissues and cells
BODY PLANES
Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane)
 A vertical plane running from

side to side
 divides the body or any of its
parts into front and back portions
Transverse Plane (horizontal section)
 divides the body or any of its
parts into upper (superior)and
lower parts (inferior).
Sagital Plane (Lateral Plane)
 A vertical plane running from

front to back
 Divides the body or any of its
parts into right and left sides.
ANATOMICAL POSITION and
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Anatomical position
 terms that describe the relationship of one body part to another
Directional terms
 allow medical personnel and anatomists to explain exactly where one body
structure is in relation to another.
ORIENTATION AND DIRECTIONAL
TERMS
Superior (cranial or cephalad)
 toward the head end or upper part

of a structure or the body; above
Ex. The head is superior to the nose.

Inferior
 away from the head
 end or toward the lower part of a structure
or the body; below
Examples: The navel is inferiorto the breastbone.

The legs are inferior to the trunk.
Anterior (ventral)
 toward or at the front of the body
 in front of
Example: The breastbone is anterior to the

spine.
Posterior (dorsal)
 toward or at the backside of the body;
behind
Example: The heart is posterior to the
breastbone.
Medial
 toward or at the midline of the body
Example: The nose is medial to the ears.

Lateral
 Away from the midline of the body
toward the side of the body
Example: The arms are lateral to the

chest.
Proximal
 close to the origin of the body part or the
point of attachment of a limb to the body
 toward or nearest the trunk
Distal
 farther from the origin of the
body part or the point of attachment
of a limb to the body trunk
Example: The ankle is distal to the trunk
Superficial
 toward or at the body surface
Example: The skin is superficial to the skeleton
Deep
 away from the body surface; more internal
Example: The lungs are deep to the skin.
Body Regions
1. Axial – head, neck
and trunk
2. Appendicular – upper
and lower extremities
(arms and legs)
Major Regions of the Head, Neck and
Trunk
Head and Neck:
Cephalic – head (cranial and

facial)
Cranial – contains the brain
Cervical – neck region

Facial - face
Anterior trunk
1. Abdominal – between the
lowest ribs and
the pelvis (hip bones)
2. Abdominopelvic – abdominal
and pelvic regions
3. Inguinal – groin; depressed

regions at the junction of
the thighs to the anterior trunk
4. Pectoral – chest region
5. Sternal – region over the

breastbone and
between the two
pectoral regions
6.Pelvic – region enclosed

by the pelvic bones
Posterior Trunk
Dorsum – posterior surface of the thorax
Gluteal – buttocks
Lumbar – lower back region between the lowest ribs and the
pelvis
Sacral – region over the sacrum and the buttocks
Vertebral – region over the vertebral column or backbone

Lateral Trunk
Axillary – armpits
Coxal - hips
Inferior Trunk
Genital – external reproductive organs
Perineal – small region between the anus and external reproductive organs
Abdominopelvic Divisions
 lies beneath the diaphragm
 It holds the organs of digestion (abdominal area) and the organs of
reproduction and excretion (pelvic area)
Two anatomical methods are used to divide this area of the body for
medical purposes:
* quadrants
* regions
Quadrants
 refer to the four divisions of the lower torso used to show
topographical location
 provide a means of locating specific sites for descriptive and diagnostic
purposes.
The divisions of quadrants are used in clinical examinations and medical

reports.
Pain, lesions, abrasions, punctures, and burns are commonly described
as located in a specific quadrant. Incision sites are also identified by using
body quadrants as the method of location.
Quadrants
Quadrant Abbreviation Major Structures
Right Upper RUQ Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, part of

small and large intestines
Left Upper LUQ Left lobe of liver, spleen, part of

pancreas, part of small and large
intestines
Right Lower RLQ Part of small and large intestines,

appendix, right ovary, right fallopian
tube, right ureter
Left Lower LLQ Part of small and large intestines, left

ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter
Abdominopelvic region
MAJOR REGIONS OF THE
EXTREMITIES
Upper Extremity
Brachial – upper arm

Cubital – posterior portion of the elbow
Antecubital – anterior portion

of the elbow joint Carpal - wrist
Palmar – palm of the hand

Antebrachial - forearm
Digital - fingers
Lower Extremity
1. Femoral – the thigh
2. Crural – the leg
3. Patellar – the anterior portion of the

knee
4. Popliteal – the posterior portion of

the knee joint
5. Pedal – the foot
6. Digital - toes
7. Plantar – the sole of the foot

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COMPARATIVE

it serves as evidence for evolution; it indicates that various

Descriptive morphology – the study of the structure of

Relationships to one another

Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane)

 A vertical plane running from

 A vertical plane running from

Superior (cranial or cephalad)

 toward the head end or upper part

Ex. The head is superior to the nose.

Examples: The navel is inferiorto the breastbone.

Example: The breastbone is anterior to the

Example: The nose is medial to the ears.

Example: The arms are lateral to the

Cephalic – head (cranial and

Cranial – contains the brain

Cervical – neck region

3. Inguinal – groin; depressed

5. Sternal – region over the

6.Pelvic – region enclosed

Sacral – region over the sacrum and the buttocks

Vertebral – region over the vertebral column or backbone

Genital – external reproductive organs

The divisions of quadrants are used in clinical examinations and medical

Right Upper RUQ Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, part of

Left Upper LUQ Left lobe of liver, spleen, part of

Right Lower RLQ Part of small and large intestines,

Left Lower LLQ Part of small and large intestines, left

Brachial – upper arm

Antecubital – anterior portion

Palmar – palm of the hand

2. Crural – the leg

3. Patellar – the anterior portion of the

4. Popliteal – the posterior portion of

5. Pedal – the foot

7. Plantar – the sole of the foot

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