Acids,

Acids, Bases
Bases and
and Salts
Salts
Chapter
Chapter 15
15

Hein * Best * Pattison * Arena

Eugene Passer
Chemistry Department
Version 1.0 1 College
Bronx Community

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Chapter Outline
15.1 Acids and Bases 15.8 Ionization of Water

15.2 Reactions of Acids 15.9 Introduction to pH

15.3 Reactions of Bases
15.10 Neutralization
15.4 Salts
15.11 Writing Net Ionic
15.5 Electrolytes and Equations
Nonelectrolytes

15.6 Dissociation and Ionization 15.12 Acid Rain

of Electrolytes
15.13 Colloids: an Introduction
15.7 Strong and Weak
Electrolytes 15.14 Properties of Colloids 2
Acids and Bases

3
 Acid Properties
• sour taste
• change the color of litmus from blue to
red. These properties are due to the release
• react with of hydrogen ions, H , in water solution.
+

– metals such as zinc and magnesium to

produce hydrogen gas
– hydroxide bases to produce water and an
ionic compound (salt)
– carbonates to produce carbon dioxide.
4
 Base Properties
• bitter or caustic taste
• a slippery, soapy feeling.
• the ability to change litmus red to blue
• the ability to interact with acids

5
• Svante Arrhenius was a Swedish
scientist who lived from 1859-1927.
• In 1884 he advanced a theory of acids
and bases.

6
An Arrhenius acid “is a hydrogen-
containing substance that dissociates to
produce hydrogen ions.”

HA → H + A + -
acid

7
An Arrhenius base is a hydroxide-
containing substance that dissociates
to produce hydroxide ions in aqueous
solution.

MOH → M (aq) + OH (aq)

+ -
base

8
An Arrhenius acid solution contains an excess of H+ ions.

An Arrhenius base solution contains an excess of OH- ions.

9
• J.N. Bronsted (1897-1947) was a
Danish chemist and T. M. Lowry
(1847-1936) was an English chemist.

• In 1923 they advanced their theory of

acids and bases.

10
 A Bronsted-Lowry acid is a proton (H+) donor.

A Bronsted-Lowry base is a proton (H+) acceptor.

11
 Bronsted-Lowry Acid

proton donor
Bronsted-Lowry Base
proton acceptor

H+ + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

12
ahydrogen
hydronium ionion ishydrogen ion
does formed
not existcombines with water
in water

13
 Conjugate acid-base pairs differ by a proton.

When an acid donates a proton it becomes the conjugate

base.

HCl(g) → Cl-(aq)
acid base

14
 Conjugate acid-base pairs differ by a proton.

When a base accepts a proton it becomes the conjugate acid.

H2O (l) → H3O+(aq)

base acid

15
 Conjugate acid-base pairs differ by a proton.

HCl(g) + H2O (l) → Cl-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

acid base base acid

16
• In 1923 G. N. Lewis developed a more
comprehensive theory of acids and
bases.
• The Lewis theory deals with the way in
which a substance with an unshared
pair of electrons reacts in an acid-base
type of reaction.

17
A Lewis acid is an electron-pair acceptor.

A Lewis base is an electron-pair donor.

18
 Electron Pair
Lewis Acid
Acceptor

Electron pair
donated to H+

Lewis Base
Electron
Pair Donor

19
 Electron Pair
Lewis Acid
Acceptor

Electron pair
donated to B

Lewis Base
Electron
Pair Donor

20
21
Reactions of Acids

22
In aqueous solution, the H+ or H3O+ ions are
responsible for the characteristic reactions of
acids.

23
Reaction with Metals Acids react with metals
that lie above hydrogen in the activity series of
elements to produce hydrogen and an ionic
compound (salt):
acid + metal → hydrogen + ionic compound

2HCl(aq) + Ca(s) → H2(g) + CaCl2(aq)

2H2SO4(aq) + Mg(s) → H2(g) + MgSO4(aq)

24
Reaction with Metals Oxidizing acids react
with metals to produce water instead of
hydrogen:
3Zn(s) + 8HNO3(dilute) → 3Zn(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l)

25
Reaction with Bases The reaction of an acid
with a base is called a neutralization reaction.
In an aqueous solution the products are a salt
and water:

HBr(aq) + KOH(aq) → KBr(aq) + H2O(l)

acid base salt

2HNO3(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

acid base salt

26
Reaction with Metal Oxides In an aqueous
solution the products are a salt and water. This
type of reaction is closely related to that of an
acid with a base:

2HCl(aq) + Na2O(s) → KBr(aq) + H2O(l)

acid metal oxide salt

2H2SO4(aq) + MgO(s) → MgSO4(aq) + H2O(l)

acid metal oxide salt

27
Reaction with Carbonates Most acids react
with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide,
water and an ionic compound:

2HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

acid carbonate salt

H2SO4(aq) + MgCO3(s) → MgSO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

acid carbonate salt

HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

acid carbonate salt

28
Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is not the product when an
acid reacts with a carbonate because carbonate
spontaneously decomposes into carbon dioxide and
water.

H2CO3(aq) → CO2(g) + H2O(l)

29
Reactions of Bases

30
Reaction with Acids The reaction of an acid
with a base is called a neutralization reaction.
In an aqueous solution the products are a salt
and water:

HBr(aq) + KOH(aq) → KBr(aq) + H2O(l)

acid base salt

2HNO3(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

acid base salt

31
Amphoteric Hydroxides Hydroxides of
certain metals are amphoteric, meaning they
are capable of reacting as either an acid or a
base:

Zn(OH)2 + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

base acid salt

Zn(OH)2 + 2KOH(aq) → K2Zn(OH)4(aq) + H2O(l)

Lewis acid base

32
Reaction of NaOH and KOH with Certain
Metals Some amphoteric metals react directly
with the strong bases sodium hydroxide and
potassium hydroxide to produce hydrogen:

base + metal + water → salt + hydrogen

2KOH(aq) + 2Al(s) + 6H2O(l) → 2KAl(OH)4(aq) + 3H2(g)

Lewis acid

2NaOH(aq) + Zn(s) + 2H2O(l) → Na2Zn(OH)4(aq) + 3H2(g)

Lewis acid

33
Salts

34
Salts can be considered compounds
derived from acids and bases. They consist
of positive metal or ammonium ions
combined with nonmetal ions (OH- and O2-
excluded).

Salts are usually

Chemists use thecrystalline
terms ionic
and compound
have high
and saltand
melting interchangeably.
boiling points.
35
 Salt Formation

The negative
positive ion
ion of
the salt is derived
from the acid.
base.

base NaOH HCl acid

NaCl
salt

36
Electrolytes and
Nonelectrolytes

37
Nonelectrolytes
Electrolytes are
aresubstances
substanceswhose
whose
aqueous
aqueous
solutions
solutions
do conduct
not conduct
electricity.
electricity.

Nonelectrolytes
Electrolytes areare
capable
not capable
of producing
of producing
ions
ions
in solution.
in solution.

38
Classes of compounds that are
electrolytes are:
– acids
– bases
– salts
– solutions of oxides that form an acid or a
base

39
40
 Dissociation and
Ionization of Electrolytes

41
Dissociation is the process by which the ions
of a salt separate as the salt dissolves.

42
 In a crystal of sodium chloride, positive
sodium ions are bonded to negative chloride
ions. 43
15.2
In aqueous solution the sodium and chloride
ions dissociate from each other.
44
15.2
In aqueous solution the sodium and chloride
ions dissociate from each other.
45
15.2
15.2
Na+ and Cl- ions hydrate with H2O molecules.
46
The equation representing the dissociation of
NaCl is:
NaCl(s) + (x+y)H2O → Na+(H2O)x + Cl-(H2O)y

The equation can be written more simply as:

NaCl(s) → Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

47
Ionization occurs as the result of a chemical
Ionization is the formation of ions.
reaction of certain substances with water.

48
 Acetic acid ionizes in water to form acetate
ion and hydronium ion.
HC3H3O2 + H2O → H3O+ + C2H3O2-
→
Lewis acid Lewis base Lewis acid Lewis base

The equation can be written more simply as:

HC3H3O2 → H+ + C2H3O2-
→

In the absence of water ionization reactions do not

occur.
49
 Strong and
Weak Electrolytes

50
Weak
Strong Electrolyte
Electrolyte AnAn electrolyte
electrolyte that
that is
ionized
essentially
to a100%
smallionized
extent in
inaqueous
aqueoussolution.
solution.

51
• Most salts are strong electrolytes.
• Strong acids and bases (highly ionized)
are strong electrolytes.
• Weak acids and bases (slightly ionized)
are weak electrolytes.

52
 HCl HC2H3O2
Solution Solution

53
15.3
Both the ionized and unionized forms of a weak
electrolyte are present in aqueous solution.

→ H+ (aq) + C2H3O2(aq)
HC2H3O2(aq) → →

54
HNO3, a strong acid, is 100 % dissociated.
HNO3(aq) → H+(aq) + NO3(aq)

HNO2, a weak acid, is only slightly ionized.

HNO2(aq) → H+(aq) + NO2(aq)
→

55
56
Electrolytes yield two or more ions per formula
unit upon dissociation.
NaOH → Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
two ions in solution per
formula unit

Na2SO4 → 2Na+(aq) + SO4-(aq)

three ions in solution
per formula unit

Fe2(SO4 )3 → 2Fe3+(aq) + 3SO4-(aq)

five ions in solution per
formula unit 57
Electrolytes yield two or more moles per mole
of electrolyte upon dissociation.
NaOH → Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
1 mole 1 mole 1 mole

Na2SO4 → 2Na+(aq) + SO4-(aq)

1 mole 2 moles 1 mole

Fe2(SO4 )3 → 2Fe3+(aq) + 3SO4-(aq)

1 mole 2 moles 3 moles

58
Colligative Properties of
Electrolyte Solutions

59
Substances that form ions in aqueous solutions change
the colligative properties of water in proportion to the
number of ions formed.

NaOH → Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

1 mole 1 mole 1 mole

Two moles of ions will depress the freezing point of

water twice that of one mole of a nonelectrolyte.

Fe2(SO4 )3 → 2Fe3+(aq) + 3SO4-(aq)

1 mole 2 moles 3 moles

Five moles of ions will depress the freezing point of

water five times that of one mole of a nonelectrolyte.
60
Ionization of Water

61
Water ionizes slightly. hydroxide
ion
hydronium ion

→ H3O+ + OH-
H2 O + H 2 O → →
acid base acid base

Water ionization can be expressed more simply as:

→ H+ + OH-
H2 O → →

[H3O+] or [H+] = 1.0 x 10-7 mol/L

[OH-] = 1.0 x 10-7 mol/L
Two out of every 1 billion water molecules are ionized
62
.
Water ionizes slightly.
hydronium ion

[H3O+] or [H+] = 1.0 x 10-7 mol/L

[OH-] = 1.0 x 10-7 mol/L
hydroxide ion

Water ionization can be expressed more simply:

→ H+ + OH-
H2O → →

63
64
Introduction to pH

65
pH is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen
ion concentration.

pH = -log[H+]

66
Calculation of pH

67
 pH = -log[H+]

[H+] = 1 x 10-5
when this number pH = this number
is exactly 1 without
pHthe
= 5minus
sign.

68
 pH = -log[H+]

[H+] = 2 x 10-5
when this number is
pH is between this
between 1 and 10
number and next
ph = 4.7
lower number (4 and
one significant figure 5).one decimal place

The number of decimal places of a logarithm is

equal to the number of significant figures in the
original number. 69
 pH = -log[H+]

[H+] = 2 x 10-5
when this number is pH is between this
between 1 and 10 number and the
ph = 4.7
next lower number
one significant figure one decimal
(between place
4 and 5).

The number of decimal places of a logarithm is

equal to the number of significant figures in the
original number. 70
What is the pH of a solution with an [H+] of 1.0 x 10-11?

2 significant figures

pH = - log(1.0 x 10-11)

pH = 11.00

2 decimal places

71
What is the pH of a solution with an [H+] of 6.0 x 10-4?

2 significant figures

log[H+] = log 6.0 x 10-4 = -3.22

pH = - log[H+] = -(3.22) = 3.22

2 decimal places

72
What is the pH of a solution with an [H+] of 5.47 x 10-8?

3 significant figures

log[H+] = log 5.47 x 10-8 = -7.262

pH = - log[H+] = -(7.262) = 7.262

3 decimal places

73
 The pH scale of Acidity and Basicity

74
15.4
Neutralization

75
Neutralization: The reaction of an acid and
a base to form a salt and water.

HCl(aq) + KOH(aq) → KCl(aq) + H2O(l)

acid base salt

76
Titrations

77
titration: The process of measuring the
volume of one reagent required to react with
a measured mass or volume of another
reagent.

78
42.00 mL of 0.150 M NaOH solution is required to
neutralize 50.00 mL of hydrochloric acid solution.
What is the molarity of the acid solution?
The equation for the reaction is
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
acid base salt
Calculate the liters of NaOH that react.
mol  1L 
Molarity =  42.00 mLConvert
  unit mL
The 
of volume= 0.04200
when L
L  1000 mL of NaOH to
using molarity is liters.
liters of NaOH
Calculate the moles of NaOH that react.
 0.150 mol NaOH 
 0.004200 L    = 0.00630 mol NaOH
 1L  79
42.00 mL of 0.150 M NaOH solution is required to
neutralize 50.00 mL of hydrochloric acid solution.
What is the molarity of the acid solution?
The equation for the reaction is
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
acid base salt
The mole
molesratio
of NaOH
of HClthat
to NaOH
react equals
is 1:1 the moles of
HCl that react.
0.00630 mol NaOH react. 0.00630 mol HCl react.
The molarity of the HCl solution is
mol 0.0630 mol HCl
M= =  0.126 M HCl 80
L 0.05000 L
Writing Net Ionic Equations

81
 In the un-ionized equation all compounds
are written using their molecular or formula
expressions.
HCl(aq) + KOH(aq) → KCl(aq) + H2O(l)
acid base salt

In the total ionic equation all ions present in

solution are written.
(H+ + Cl-) + (K+ + OH-) → K+ + Cl- + H2O
In the net ionicIons that do notonly
equation
Cl ion
-
does
K +
participate
ion
not the
does
react.
in a chemical
ions
not that
react.
reaction are called spectator ions.
react
are written.
H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l) 82
 Rules for Writing Equations

1. Strong electrolytes in solution are

written in their ionic form.
2. Weak electrolytes are written in their
molecular (un-ionized) form.
3. Nonelectrolytes are written in their
molecular form.

83
4. Insoluble substances, precipitates and
gases are written in their molecular
forms.
5. The net ionic equation should include
only substances that have undergone
a chemical change. Spectator ions
are omitted from the net ionic
equation.
6. Equations must be balanced both in
atoms and in electrical charge.
84
Examples

85
 2AgNO3(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → 2AgCl(s) + Ba(NO3)2(aq)
un-ionized equation

spectator ions

(2Ag+ + 2NO3- ) + (Ba2+ + 2Cl-) → 2AgCl(s) + (Ba2+ + 2NO3- )

total ionic equation

precipitate

Ag+ + Cl- → AgCl(s)

net ionic equation

86
 Na 2CO3 (aq ) + H2SO4 (aq )  Na 2SO4 + H2O(l ) + CO2 (g )
un-ionized equation

spectator ions

 2Na + CO  +  2H
+ 2-
3
+
4  
+ SO2-  2Na +
4  + H2O(l ) + CO2 (g )
+ SO2-
total ionic equation

gas

CO32- + 2H+  H2O(l ) + CO2 (g )

net ionic equation

87
 Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
un-ionized equation

spectator ion

Mg(s) + (2H+ + 2Cl-) → (Mg2+ + 2Cl-)+ H2(g)

total ionic equation

Electrical charge on both sides of the equation = 2

Mg + 2H+ → Mg2+ + H2(g)
net ionic equation
88
Acid Rain

89
Acid rain: any atmospheric precipitation that
is more acidic than usual.

90
 • pH of rain is lower in the eastern US
and higher in the western US.
• Unpolluted rain has a pH of 5.6
because of carbonic acid formation in
the atmosphere.
CO2(g) + H2O(l) → H2CO3(aq) →H+ + HCO3
→ →

91
 Process of Acid Rain Formation
1. emission of nitrogen and sulfur oxides
into the air
2. transportation of these
From the burning oxides
of fossil into the
fuels.
atmosphere
3. chemical reactions between the
oxides and water forming sulfuric
acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3)
4. rain or snow, which carries the acids
to the ground 92
 Effects of Acid Rain
1. freshwater plants and animals decline
significantly when rain is acidic
2. aluminum is leached from the soil
into lakes and adversely affects fish
gills.
3. the waxy protective coat on plants is
dissolved making them vulnerable to
bacteria and fungal attack
93
 Effects of Acid Rain
4. it is responsible for extensive and
continuing damage to buildings,
monuments and statues
5. it reduces the durability of paint and
promotes the deterioration of paper,
leather and cloth

94
Colloids: An Introduction

95
colloid A dispersion in which the dispersed
particles are larger than the solute ions or
molecules of a true solution and smaller than
the particles of a mechanical suspension.

96
• Colloid is derived from the Greek word
“kolla” meaning “glue.”
• The term colloid does not imply a
system has a gluelike quality.

98
• The fundamental difference between the
particles of a colloidal dispersion and a
colloid is the size of the particles.
• In ordinary solutions the size of solute
particles range from 0.1 to 1 nm.
• The size of colloidal particles range
from 1 to 1,000 nm.
• In a solution the particles are usually
single ions or molecules.
• In a colloid the particles are usually
aggregations of ions or molecules. 99
100
Properties of Colloids

101
• In 1827 Robert Brown illuminated an
aqueous suspension of pollen under a
high powered microscope.
• He observed a trembling erratic motion
of the pollen grains.
• This erratic motion is characteristic of
colloids in general.
• This random motion is called
Brownian movement.
102
 • When an intense beam of light is
passed through an ordinary solution
and viewed at an angle, the beam
passing through the solution is hardly
visible.
The Tyndall effect occurs because colloidal
• A beam
particles are of light
large is clearly
enough visiblelight.
to scatter and
sharply outlined when it is passed
through a colloidal dispersion.
• This phenomenon is known as the
Tyndall effect.
103
• Colloidal particles have huge surface
areas in comparison to the volume of the
same particles if they were aggregated
into one large particle.
• Colloidal particles become electrically
charged when they adsorb ions on their
surfaces.
• This occurs because surface atoms or
ions attract and adsorb ions or polar
molecules from the dispersion medium.
104
105