Making Decisions: Namiq Sultan

Chapter 4
Making Decisions
Namiq Sultan
University of Duhok
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineerin
Reference: Starting Out with C++, Tony Gaddis, 2nd Ed.
C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 1

4.1 Relational Operators
• Relational operators allow you to compare numeric values

and determine if one is greater than, less than, equal to, or
not equal to another.

Table 4-1
Relational Operators Meaning
(in Order of Precedence)
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal to
<= Less than or equal to
== Equal to
!= Not equal to

Table 4-2
Expression What the Expression Means

X > Y Is X greater than Y ?
X < Y Is X less than Y ?
X >= Y Is X greater than or equal to Y ?
X <= Y Is X less than or equal to Y ?
X == Y Is X equal to Y ?
X != Y Is X not equal to Y ?

The Value of a Relationship
• Relational expressions are also know as a Boolean expression

• Warning! The equality operator is two equal signs together
==

Table 4-3 Assume x is 10 and y is 7
Expression Value
x < y False, because x is not less than y .
x > y True, because x is greater than y .
x >= y True, because x is greater than or equal to y .
x <= y False, because x is not less than or equal to y .
y != x True, because y is not equal to x .

Program 4-1
// This program displays the values of true and false states.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int t, f, x = 5, y = 10;
t = x < y;
f = y== x;
cout << "True is " << t << endl;
cout << "False is " << f << endl;
return 0;
}

Program 4-1
Program Output
True is 1
False is 0

4.2 The if Statement
• The if statement can cause other statements to execute

only under certain conditions.
False Condition True
Statement(s)

Program 4-2
// This program averages 3 test scores
#include <iostream>
int main( )
{
int score1, score2, score3;
float average;
cout << "Enter 3 test scores and I will average them: ";
cin >> score1 >> score2 >> score3;
average = (score1 + score2 + score3) / 3.0;
cout << "Your average is " << average << endl;
if (average > 95)
cout << "Congratulations! That's a high score!\n";
return 0;
}
Program Output with Example Input
Enter 3 test scores and I will average them: 80 90 70 [Enter]

Your average is 80
Program Output with Other Example Input
Enter 3 test scores and I will average them: 100 100 100 [Enter]
Your average is 100
Congratulations! That's a high score!

Be Careful With Semicolons
if (expression)
statement;
• Notice that the semicolon comes after the statement that

gets executed if the expression is true; the semicolon does
NOT follow the expression

Program 4-3
// This program demonstrates how a misplaced semicolon
// prematurely terminates an if statement.
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int x = 0, y = 10;
cout << “x is " << x << " and y is " << y << endl;
if (x > y); // misplaced semicolon!
cout << “x is greater than y\n"; // Always executed
return 0;
}
Program Output
X is 0 and Y is 10
X is greater than Y
Programming Style and the if Statement
• The conditionally executed statement should appear on the

line after the if statement.
• The conditionally executed statement should be indented
one “level” from the if statement.

• Consider the following statement:
if (x = 2) // caution here!!!!
cout << “It is True!”;
• This statement does not determine if x is equal to 2, it
assigns x the value 2, therefore, this expression will always
be true because the value of the expression is 2, a non-zero
value

4.4 Expanding the if Statement
• The if statement can conditionally execute a block of statement

enclosed in braces.
if (expression)
{
statement;
statement;
// Place as many statements here as necessary.
}

Program 4-7 (modified)
// This program averages 3 test scores.
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int score1, score2, score3;
float average;
cout << "Enter 3 test scores and I will average them: ";
cin >> score1 >> score2 >> score3;

average = (score1 + score2 + score3) / 3.0;
cout << "Your average is " << average << endl;
if (average > 95)
{
cout << "Congratulations!\n";
cout << "That's a high score.\n";
cout << "You deserve a pat on the back!\n";
}
return 0;
}

Don’t Forget the Braces!
• If you intend to execute a block of statements with an if

statement, don’t forget the braces.
• Without the braces, the if statement only executes the very
next statement.

4.5 The if/else Statement
• The if/else statement will execute one group of statements if the
expression is true, or another group of statements if the
expression is false.
if (expression)
statement or block of statements;
else
False True
expression
Statement(s) Statement(s)

Program 4-9
// This program uses the modulus operator to determine
// if a number is odd or even.
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int number;
cout << "Enter an integer and I will tell you if it\n";
cout << "is odd or even. ";
cin >> number;
if (number % 2 == 0)
cout << number << " is even.\n";
else
cout << number << " is odd.\n";
return 0;
}
Enter an integer and I will tell you if it

is odd or even. 17 [Enter]
17 is odd.

Program 4-10
// This program asks the user for two numbers, num1 and num2.
// num1 is divided by num2 and the result is displayed.
// Before the division operation, however, num2 is tested
// for the value 0. If it contains 0, the division does not take place.
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
float num1, num2, quotient;
cout << "Enter a number: ";
cin >> num1;
cout << "Enter another number: ";
cin >> num2;

if (num2 == 0)
{
cout << "Division by zero is not possible.\n";
cout << "Please run the program again and enter\n";
cout << "a number besides zero.\n";
}
else
{
quotient = num1 / num2;
cout << "The quotient of " << num1 << " divided by ";
cout << num2 << " is " << quotient << ".\n";
}
return 0;
}

Program Output
(When the user enters 0 for num2)

Enter a number: 10 [Enter]
Enter another number: 0 [Enter]
Division by zero is not possible.
Please run the program again and enter
a number besides zero.

4.6 The if/else if Construct
• The if/else if statement is a chain of if statements. They
perform their tests, one after the other, until one of them is
found to be true.
if (expression)
else if (expression)
else if (expression)
//
// put as many else if as needed here
//
Program 4-11
// This program uses an if/else if statement to assign a

// letter grade (A,B,C,D,or F) to a numeric test score.
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int testScore;
char grade;
cout << "Enter your numeric test score and I will\n";

cout << "tell you the letter grade you earned: ";
cin >> testScore;

if (testScore < 60) T
grade = 'F'; exprn Statement(s)
else if (testScore < 70) F

T
grade = 'D'; exprn Statement(s)
else if (testScore < 80) F
grade = 'C'; exprn
T
Statement(s)
else if (testScore < 90)
F
grade = 'B'; T
exprn Statement(s)
else if (testScore <= 100)
grade = 'A'; F
cout << "Your grade is " <<

grade << ".\n";
return 0;
Statement(s)
}

Enter your test score and I will

tell you the letter grade you earned: 88 [Enter]
Your grade is B.

Program 4-12
// This program uses independent if/else statements to assign a
// letter grade (A, B, C, D, or F) to a numeric test score.
// Do you think it will work?
#include <iostream>
int main( )
{
int testScore;
char grade;
cout << "Enter your test score and I will tell you\n";
cout << "the letter grade you earned: ";
cin >> testScore;

T
if (testScore < 60) exprn Statement(s)
grade = 'F'; F
if (testScore < 70) T
exprn Statement(s)
grade = 'D';
if (testScore < 80) F
grade = 'C'; exprn

T
Statement(s)
if (testScore < 90) F
grade = 'B';
T
if (testScore <= 100) exprn Statement(s)
grade = 'A'; F
cout << “Grade is " << grade;
return 0;
Statement(s)
}

Enter your test score and I will tell you

the letter grade you earned: 40 [Enter]
Your grade is A.

4.7 Using a Trailing else
• A trailing else, placed at the end of an if/else if statement,

provides default action when none of the if’s have true
expressions

Program 4-14
// This program uses an if/else if statement to assign a

// letter grade (A, B, C, D, or F) to a numeric test score.
// A trailing else has been added to catch test scores > 100.
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int testScore;
cout << "Enter your test score and I will tell you\n";
cout << "the letter grade you earned: ";
cin >> testScore;
if (testScore < 60)
cout << "Your grade is F.\n";
cout << "Your grade is D.\n";
cout << "Your grade is C.\n";
cout << "Your grade is B.\n";
else if (testScore <= 100)
cout << "Your grade is A.\n";
else // Default action
{
cout << testScore << " is an invalid score.\n";
cout << "Please enter scores no greater than 100.\n";
}
return 0;
}

Enter your test score and I will tell you

the letter grade you earned: 104 [Enter]
104 is an invalid score.
Please enter scores no greater than 100.

4.9 Nested if Statements
• A nested if statement is an if statement in the

conditionally-executed code of another if statement.

Program 4-16
// This program demonstrates the nested if statement.
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
char employed, grad;
cout << "Answer the following questions\n";
cout << "with either Y for Yes or ";
cout << "N for No.\n";
cout << "Are you employed? ";
cin >> employed;
cout << "Have you graduated from college ";
cout << "in the past two years? ";
cin >> grad;
if (employed == 'Y')
if (grad == 'Y') // Nested if
{
cout << "You qualify for the special ";
cout << "interest rate.\n";
}
return 0;
}

Answer the following questions

with either Y for Yes or N for No.
Are you employed? Y[Enter]
Have you graduated from college in the past two years?
Y[Enter]
You qualify for the special interest rate.

Program Output with Other Example Input

with either Y for Yes or N for No.
Have you graduated from college in the past two years? N[Enter]

4.10 Logical Operators
• Logical operators connect two or more relational

expressions into one, or reverse the logic of an expression.

Table 4-6
Operator Meaning Effect

& & AND Connects two expressions into one. Both
expressions must be true for the overall
expression to be true.
|| OR Connects two expressions into one. One or
both expressions must be true for the overall
expression to be true. It is only necessary for
one to be true, and it does not matter which.
! NOT The ! operator reverses the “truth” of an
expression. It makes a true expression false,
and a false expression true.

Table 4-7
Expression 1 Expression 2 Expression 1 && Expression 2

True False False (0)
False True False (0)
False False False (0)
True True True (1)

Program 4-18
// This program demonstrates the && logical operator.

#include <iostream>
int main()
{
char employed, grad;
cout << "Answer the following questions\n";

cout << "with either Y for Yes or ";
cout << "N for No.\n";
cout << "Are you employed? ";
cin >> employed;

cout << "Have you graduated from college ";
cout << "in the past two years? ";
cin >> grad;
if (employed == 'Y‘ && grad == 'Y') // && Operator
{
cout << "You qualify for the special ";
cout << "interest rate.\n";
}
else
{
cout << "You must be employed and have \n";
cout << "graduated from college in the\n";
cout << "past two years to qualify.\n";
}
return 0;
}


with either Y for Yes or
N for No.
Have you graduated from college in the past two years? N[Enter]
You must be employed and have
graduated from college in the
past two years to qualify.

Table 4-8
Expression 1 Expression 2 Expression 1 || Expression 2

True False True (1)
False True True (1)
False False False (0)
True True True (1)

Table 4-9
Expression !(Expression)
True False (0)
False True (1)

Program 4-20
//This program asks the user for his annual income and
//the number of years he has been employed at his current job.
//The ! operator reverses the logic of the expression in the if/else statement.
#include <iostream>
Same as:
using namespace std; if (income >= 35000 || years > 5)
int main() cout << "You qualify.\n";
{ else {
float income; int years; cout << "You must …… “;
cout << "been …. ";
cout << "What is your annual income? "; }
cin >> income;
cout << "How many years have you worked at your current job? ";
cin >> years;
if (!(income >= 35000 || years > 5)) // Uses the ! Logical operator
{
cout << "You must earn at least $35,000 or have\n";
cout << "been employed for more than 5 years.\n";
}
else
cout << "You qualify.\n";
} C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 50
Precedence of Logical Operators
!
&&
||

4.11 Checking Numeric Ranges With Logical Operators
• Logical operators are effective for determining if a number

is in or out of a range.

4.15 The Conditional Operator ?:
• You can use the conditional operator to create short

expressions that work like if/else statements
expression ? result if true : result if false;
X < 0 ? Y = 10 : Z = 20;

Program 4-29
// This program calculates a consultant's charges at $50 per hour, for a
// minimum of 5 hours. ?: operator adjusts hours to 5 if it is less than 5
#include <iostream>
Same as:
int main() if (hours < 5)
{ hours = 5;
const float payRate = 50;
float hours, charges;
cout << "How many hours were worked? ";
cin >> hours;
hours = hours < 5 ? 5 : hours;
charges = payRate * hours;
cout << "The charges are $" << charges << endl;
}
How many hours were worked? 10 [Enter]

The charges are $500.00
How many hours were worked? 2 [Enter]

The charges are $250.00

4.16 The switch Statement
• The switch statement lets the value of a variable or

expression determine where the program will branch to.

Program 4-31
// The switch statement in this program tells the user

// something he or she already knows: what they just entered!
#include <iostream>
int main(void)
{
char choice;
cout << "Enter A, B, or C: ";
cin >> choice;

switch (choice)
{
case 'A': cout << "You entered A.\n";
break;
case 'B’: cout << "You entered B.\n";
break;
case 'C’: cout << "You entered C.\n";
break;
default: cout << "You did not enter A, B, or C!\n";
}
return 0;
}

Enter A, B, or C: B [Enter]
You entered B.
Program Output with Different Example Input
Enter a A, B, or C: F [Enter]
You did not enter A, B, or C!

Program 4-34
// The switch statement in this program uses the "fallthrough"

// feature to catch both upper and lowercase letters entered by the
// user.
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
char feedGrade;
cout << "Our dog food is available in three grades:\n";
cout << "A, B, and C. Which do you want pricing for? ";
cin >> feedGrade;

switch(feedGrade)
{
case 'a':
case 'A': cout << "30 cents per pound.\n";
break;
case 'b':
case 'B': cout << "20 cents per pound.\n";
break;
case 'c':
case 'C': cout << "15 cents per pound.\n";
break;
default: cout << "That is an invalid choice.\n";
}
return 0;
}

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Chapter 4

Reference: Starting Out with C++, Tony Gaddis, 2nd Ed.

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 1

• Relational operators allow you to compare numeric values

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 2

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 3

Expression What the Expression Means

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 4

• Relational expressions are also know as a Boolean expression

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 5

x > y True, because x is greater than y .

x >= y True, because x is greater than or equal to y .

x <= y False, because x is not less than or equal to y .

y != x True, because y is not equal to x .

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 6

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 7

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 8

• The if statement can cause other statements to execute

False Condition True

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 9

Enter 3 test scores and I will average them: 80 90 70 [Enter]

Program Output with Other Example Input

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 11

• Notice that the semicolon comes after the statement that

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 12

• The conditionally executed statement should appear on the

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 14

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 15

• The if statement can conditionally execute a block of statement

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 16

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 17

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 18

• If you intend to execute a block of statements with an if

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 19

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 20

Enter an integer and I will tell you if it

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 22

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 23

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 24

(When the user enters 0 for num2)

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 25

// This program uses an if/else if statement to assign a

cout << "Enter your numeric test score and I will\n";

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 27

else if (testScore < 70) F

cout << "Your grade is " <<

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 28

Enter your test score and I will

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 29

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 30

grade = 'C'; exprn

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 31

Enter your test score and I will tell you

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 32

• A trailing else, placed at the end of an if/else if statement,

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 33

// This program uses an if/else if statement to assign a

C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan 35

Enter your test score and I will tell you