Materials and Construction - Ii: Lecture No. 04 Dated: 23/04/2017

MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION – II
LECTURE NO. 04
Dated: 23/04/2017
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
– Introduction to Cement
– Composition of Cement
– Different Types of Cement
– Storage of Cement
CEMENT:
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW:
 Assyrians and Babylonians were perhaps the first to use clay as cementing
material. In ancient monuments, e.g. forts, places of worship and defence
structures, stones have been invariably used as a construction material with
lime as the binder.
 Egyptians have used lime and gypsum as cementing materials in the famous
pyramids.
 Vitruvius, a Roman scientist, is believed to be the first to have the know how
about the chemistry of the cementitious lime. One of the most notable
examples of Roman work is the Pantheon. It consists of a concrete dome
43.43m in span. The calcareous cements used by the Romans were either
composed of suitable limestones burned in kilns or were mixtures of lime and
puzzolanic materials (volcanic ash, tuff) combining into a hard concrete.
Vitruvius’s work was followed by the researches made by M. Vicat of France.
 Joseph Aspedin of Yorkshire (U.K.) was the first to introduce Portland cement
in 1824 formed by heating a mixture of limestone and finely divided clay in a
furnace to a temperature high enough to drive off the carbonic acid gas.
 In 1845, Issac C. Johnson invented the cement by increasing the temperature
at which the mixture of limestone and clay were burned to form clinker. This
cement was the prototype of the modern Portland cement.
ROMAN PANTHEON
DIFFERENT STRUCTURES WITH USE OF CEMENT
COMPOSITION OF CEMENT:
Cements in a general sense are adhesive and cohesive materials which are
capable of bonding together particles of solid matter into a compact durable
mass. These are restricted to calcareous cements containing compounds of lime
as their chief constituent, its primary function being to bind the fine (sand) and
coarse (grits) aggregate particles together.
Cements used in construction industry may be classified as hydraulic and non
hydraulic. The latter does not set and harden in water such as non-hydraulic lime
or which are unstable in water, e g. Plaster of Paris. The hydraulic cement set and
harden in water and give a product which is stable. Portland cement is one such.
Cement can be manufactured either from natural cement stones or artificially by
using calcareous and argillaceous materials. The examples of natural cements
are Roman cement, Puzzolana cement and Medina cement and those of artificial
cement are Portland cement and special cements.
COMPOSITION OF CEMENT:
The various constituents combine in burning and form cement clinker. The
compounds formed in the burning process have the properties of setting and
hardening in the presence of water. They are known as Bogue compounds after
the name of Bogue who identified them. Le-Chatelier and Tornebohm have
referred these compounds as Alite (C3S), Belite (C2S), Celite (CA) and Felite (CAF).
TYPES OF CEMENTS:
– Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
– Rapid Hardening Portland Cement
– Quick Setting Cement
– Pozzuolana Portland Cement
– Low Heat Cement
– White Cement
– Sulphate Resisting Cement
– Coloured Cement
ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT (OPC):
OPC typically means Ordinary Portland Cement. This is standard concrete used

for many purposes.
APPLICATIONS:
• Designed and manufactured for ready-mix concrete applications
• When high initial strength gain is required
• Moderate sulfate resistance - MSRC
• The preferred cement for pre/post tension concrete applications
STORAGE:
• Store bagged cement in dry places to avoid quality deterioration, cement
bags maybe stacked over pallets and covered with plastic sheets in humid
weather.
• Store bulk cement in sealed silos, considering humidity and temperature
conditions.
RAPID HARDENING PORTLAND CEMENT:
Rapid Hardening Portland Cement (RHPC) is a special purpose cement used in
concrete to achieve a higher rate of early strength development, compared to
using Normal Cement. The improved early performance of RHPC is achieved
principally through increased product fineness.
APPLICATIONS:
Typical applications of RHPC include:
• Precast Concrete Production
• Concrete Masonry
• Urgent Repair Work
• Cold Weather Concreting
STORAGE:
Cement should be stored dry, otherwise its quality will deteriorate through
premature hydration and carbonation. Moisture from the air can be as
harmful as direct moisture.
QUICK SETTING CEMENT:
Quick-Setting Cement is a Portland cement based formula that is specially

formulated for making structural repairs to vertical and overhead surfaces.
APPLICATIONS:
Quick-Setting Cement can be used anywhere that rapid setting is necessary,
as it sets in approximately 10 minutes. Quick Setting Cement can be used in:
 Concrete pipes, sewers and culverts
 Floors, steps and curbs
 Bridges and pavement
 Cold storage vaults and freezers
 Pre-stress panels
 Loading docks and tunnels
 Retaining walls
 Catch basins and septic tanks
POZZUOLANA PORTLAND CEMENT:
This cement contains between 45% and 64% Portland cement clinker, 36-55%
Pozzuolanic material and 0-5% minor additional constituents. The properties
of Pozzuolanic cement are very different from those of conventional Portland
cement and these differences and their effects on concrete production and
site practice must be recognized.
At the same cement content, concrete containing Pozzuolanic cement will
have a reduced water demand and hence the slump at a given water/cement
ratio will generally be higher than for a Portland cement concrete.
APPLICATIONS:
• General Construction
• Slabs and Floors
• Mass Concrete / Large Concrete Elements
• Concrete Foundations
• Concrete Exposed to Sea Water
LOW HEAT CEMENT:
Low Heat Cement is specially blended to provide a lower heat of hydration in

concrete. This unique attribute makes it ideal for mass concrete pours where
the rate of temperature rise and the maximum temperature achieved must
be controlled in order to reduce the risk of thermal cracking.
APPLICATIONS:
Low Heat Cement is ideal for mass concrete applications, including:
• Constructing dams
• Large footings, large raft slabs, wind turbine plinths
• Very high strength concrete
STORAGE:
Portland cement products are highly alkaline materials and are significantly
affected by exposure to water.
WHITE CEMENT:
White cement is typically specified to ensure clean, bright, consistent colors,

including light pastels. White cement allows a wide range of color options for
producing structural and architectural concrete, as well as masonry and
cementitious building products.
White Cement can be affected by various factors:
 Color of cement
 Color of supplementary cementitious materials
 Color and dosage of pigment
 Color, gradation, and cleanliness of fine and coarse aggregate
 Surface treatment of finished concrete
 Water content
 Type and dosage of admixture
APPLICATIONS:
In addition to structural applications, white

Cement can be used for:
 Cast Stone
 Decorative and ornamental concrete
 Concrete masonry and mortar
 Swimming pools
 Traffic barriers
 Stucco and Plasters
 Tile grout
 Roof tiles
 Patching materials
 Terrazzo surfaces
 Countertops
SULPHATE RESISTING CEMENT:
It is special purpose cement. It is manufactured from the ingredients of

specially selected cement clinker, gypsum and ground granulated blast furnace
slag, which result in significantly better sulphate resistance and lower heat
liberation than that of a comparable Portland cement.
APPLICATIONS:
Sulphate Resisting Cement is recommended for use in aggressive sulphate-rich
environments where increased resistance to salt attack is required. Where
concrete is expected to be in contact with sulphates or other aggressive salts
or solutions, analytical surveys must be completed and appropriate grade of
concrete selected.
Sulphate Resisting Cement can also be used in mass concrete where reduced
heat liberation is required. As with Portland cements, the resistance to acid
solutions is limited, but concrete life expectancy will be maximized.
It is recommended that Sulphate Resisting Cement be retested if the age of
cement exceeds three months.
COLOURED CEMENT:
Concrete is no longer made just in grey or with an unfinished surface. An

exposed concrete surface can be modified by such things as the type of
formwork or by radiation, grinding, milling, needle hammer treatment,
washing, acid treatment or coating. Because the aggregates are more visible in
surface-treated concrete, the appearance of the concrete surface can be
influenced by selecting certain types of aggregate. Changing the colour of the
hardened cement can be significant step toward visually sophisticated
concrete.
COMMON PIGMENTS FOR COLORING:
IRON OXIDES:
These are the pigments most frequently used to colour concrete. They are
available in the base colours red, yellow and black. In addition pigment
manufacturers also prepare mixtures in colours such as browns-
terracottatuscany-sepia-beach to name but a few now commonly available.
CHROME OXIDE:
This pigment is the standard for colouring concrete green.
TITANIUM DIOXIDE:
This white pigment is used to brighten
grey and coloured concrete or to boost
the brightness of concrete made with
white cement.
COBALT ALUMINIUM OXIDE:

This pigment is used to colour concrete
blue. Several other mixed metal oxide
pigments in the colours yellow, green or
black round off the palette.
STORAGE OF CEMENT:
These are stored for short period of time in air tight room avoiding moisture
and dampness, at some distance from walls and at some height from floors.
The stack should be covered with suitable coverings to avoid circulation of
air through the stack and not more than ten bags should be stacked one
over another.
THE END

Materials and Construction - Ii: Lecture No. 04 Dated: 23/04/2017

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Materials and Construction - Ii: Lecture No. 04 Dated: 23/04/2017

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Materials and Construction - Ii: Lecture No. 04 Dated: 23/04/2017

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION – II

OPC typically means Ordinary Portland Cement. This is standard concrete used

Quick-Setting Cement is a Portland cement based formula that is specially

Low Heat Cement is specially blended to provide a lower heat of hydration in

White cement is typically specified to ensure clean, bright, consistent colors,

In addition to structural applications, white

It is special purpose cement. It is manufactured from the ingredients of

Concrete is no longer made just in grey or with an unfinished surface. An

COBALT ALUMINIUM OXIDE:

You might also like