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    Mutations and Genetics: Bio100 Sumaiya Afrin Soha

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    Nafees Hasan Chowdhury
    This document provides an overview of genetics and heredity concepts including: 1) It defines key terms like genotype, phenotype, alleles, dominant and recessive traits, and explains how traits are passed from parents to offspring. 2) It discusses Mendel's experiments with pea plants that uncovered the basic principles of inheritance and established the concept of dominant and recessive alleles. 3) It explains genetic concepts like homozygous and heterozygous genotypes, codominance, incomplete dominance, and how genetic variation can be used for breeding desirable traits in plants and animals.

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    Mutations and Genetics: Bio100 Sumaiya Afrin Soha

    Uploaded by

    Nafees Hasan Chowdhury
    16 views23 pages
    This document provides an overview of genetics and heredity concepts including: 1) It defines key terms like genotype, phenotype, alleles, dominant and recessive traits, and explains how traits are passed from parents to offspring. 2) It discusses Mendel's experiments with pea plants that uncovered the basic principles of inheritance and established the concept of dominant and recessive alleles. 3) It explains genetic concepts like homozygous and heterozygous genotypes, codominance, incomplete dominance, and how genetic variation can be used for breeding desirable traits in plants and animals.

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    Lec-8

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    This document provides an overview of genetics and heredity concepts including: 1) It defines key terms like genotype, phenotype, alleles, dominant and recessive traits, and explains how traits are passed from parents to offspring. 2) It discusses Mendel's experiments with pea plants that uncovered the basic principles of inheritance and established the concept of dominant and recessive alleles. 3) It explains genetic concepts like homozygous and heterozygous genotypes, codominance, incomplete dominance, and how genetic variation can be used for breeding desirable traits in plants and animals.

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    16 views23 pages

    Mutations and Genetics: Bio100 Sumaiya Afrin Soha

    Uploaded by

    Nafees Hasan Chowdhury
    This document provides an overview of genetics and heredity concepts including: 1) It defines key terms like genotype, phenotype, alleles, dominant and recessive traits, and explains how traits are passed from parents to offspring. 2) It discusses Mendel's experiments with pea plants that uncovered the basic principles of inheritance and established the concept of dominant and recessive alleles. 3) It explains genetic concepts like homozygous and heterozygous genotypes, codominance, incomplete dominance, and how genetic variation can be used for breeding desirable traits in plants and animals.

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    You are on page 1of 23

    Lecture 8

    Mutations and Genetics

    Bio100
    Sumaiya Afrin Soha
    Lecture Outline
    ✘ Genotype vs Phenotype
    ✘ Alleles
    ○ Homozygous
    ○ heterozygous
    ✘ Traits
    ○ Dominant vs. recessive
    ✘ Variation
    ✘ Mendelian Genetics
    ✘ Law of independent assortment
    ✘ Genetic disorders
    Terminologies
    ✘ Trait – any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring
    ✘ Heredity – passing of traits from parent to offspring
    ✘ Genetics – study of heredity
    ✘ Alleles – two forms of a gene (dominant & recessive)
    ✘ Dominant – stronger of two genes expressed in the hybrid; represented by a capital
    letter (R)
    ✘ Recessive – gene that shows up less often in a cross; represented by a lowercase letter
    (r)
    ✘ Genotype – gene combination for a trait (e.g. RR, Rr, rr)
    ✘ Phenotype – the physical feature resulting from a genotype (e.g. tall, short)
    ✘ Homozygous genotype – gene combination involving 2 dominant or 2 recessive genes
    (e.g. RR or rr); also called pure 
    ✘ Heterozygous genotype – gene combination of one dominant & one recessive allele   
    (e.g. Rr); also called hybrid
    ✘ Punnett Square – used to solve genetics problems
    ✘ Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
    ✘ Gametes (sperm and ovum cells) are haploid (23
    chromosomes), and upon fusion (known as fer6liza6on) form
    an offspring with a diploid 46 (chromosomes) genome
    ✘ Thus, there is interaction between genes/traits passed down
    by mother and father
    ✘ All other cells in the body (somatic cells) contain 46
    chromosomes
    “
    ✘ Traits- any observable and measurable
    feature of an organism that is inherited;
    e.g. height, hair color, susceptibility to
    diabetes
    ✘ Variation- simple means “difference.”
    When biological traits are different
    between individuals, this is called trait
    variation
    Genotype Phenotype
    ✘ The genetic makeup of an ✘ the physical appearance of the
    organism organism
    Alleles to Trait
    ○ Homozygous: when an organism possesses two identical alleles. ex.
    YY or yy
    ○ Heterozygous: when an organism possesses different alleles. ex. Yy
    ○ Dominant trait
    ○ Recessive trait
    Mendelian Genetics
    ✘ Gregor Mendel
    ✘ Father of Genetics
    ✘ Used garden pea plants to study trait
    inheritance pattern
    Easy to grow
    Easily identifiable traits
    Can work with large number of samples
    Produce lots of offspring
    Produce pure plants when allowed to self-
    pollinate several generations
    Can be artificially cross-pollinate
    ✘ Performed hybridizations
    between true-breeding
    plants with different traits
    and uncovered the concept
    of dominant traits

    True breeding: organisms


    when self-fertilized, only
    produces offspring with the
    same traits. The alleles for
    these type of plants are
    homozygous.
    Mendel’s Traits
    a. Seed shape —  Round (R) or Wrinkled (r)
    b. Seed Color —- Yellow (Y) or  Green (y)
    c. Pod Shape — Smooth (S) or wrinkled (s)
    d. Pod Color —  Green (G) or Yellow (g)
    e. Seed Coat Color —  Gray (G) or White (g)
    f. Flower position — Axial (A) or Terminal (a)
    g. Plant Height — Tall (T) or Short (t)
    h. Flower color — Purple (P) or white (p)
    Crossing two pure breed traits for hybridization
    Codominance

    ✘ A form of dominance
    wherein the alleles of a
    gene pair in a
    heterozygote are fully
    expressed. This results in
    offspring with a
    phenotype that is neither
    dominant nor recessive.
    ✘ Multiple allele inheritance
    ○ When two or more alleles
    contribute to the
    phenotype
    ○ Human blood types:
    A,B,O and AB
    ○ A and B are codominant to
    each other
    ○ Both A and B are
    dominant over O
    Incomplete Dominance
    ✘ When an intermediate
    trait is expressed
    Breeding for desirable traits!
    A breeder is a person who chooses the mothers
    and fathers in an organism to create children
    with desired traits. Plant and animal breeders
    control genetic variation in order to create:
    (i) better crops
    (ii) better livestock
    (iii) cuter dogs
    Genetic Disorders

    ✘ Carried in chromosomes
    ✘ Passed from generation to generation
    Chromosomal Disorder
    Single Gene Disorder
    Multifactorial Disorder
    Mitochondrial Disorder
    The
    End

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