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    HNO Production Plant: Properties of NITRIC ACID Consumption Pattern

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    sukhmani
    The document discusses the production of nitric acid and urea. [1] Nitric acid is primarily produced via the ammonia oxidation process, which involves oxidizing ammonia to nitric oxide and then to nitrogen dioxide before absorbing it in water. [2] Urea is produced via two main reactions - the formation of ammonium carbamate from ammonia and carbon dioxide, followed by the dehydration of ammonium carbamate to produce molten urea. [3] Both processes involve optimizing various production variables like temperature, pressure and feed rates to maximize yields while minimizing undesirable side reactions like biuret formation.

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    HNO Production Plant: Properties of NITRIC ACID Consumption Pattern

    Uploaded by

    sukhmani
    37 views10 pages
    The document discusses the production of nitric acid and urea. [1] Nitric acid is primarily produced via the ammonia oxidation process, which involves oxidizing ammonia to nitric oxide and then to nitrogen dioxide before absorbing it in water. [2] Urea is produced via two main reactions - the formation of ammonium carbamate from ammonia and carbon dioxide, followed by the dehydration of ammonium carbamate to produce molten urea. [3] Both processes involve optimizing various production variables like temperature, pressure and feed rates to maximize yields while minimizing undesirable side reactions like biuret formation.

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    HNO3 & Urea

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    The document discusses the production of nitric acid and urea. [1] Nitric acid is primarily produced via the ammonia oxidation process, which involves oxidizing ammonia to nitric oxide and then to nitrogen dioxide before absorbing it in water. [2] Urea is produced via two main reactions - the formation of ammonium carbamate from ammonia and carbon dioxide, followed by the dehydration of ammonium carbamate to produce molten urea. [3] Both processes involve optimizing various production variables like temperature, pressure and feed rates to maximize yields while minimizing undesirable side reactions like biuret formation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    37 views10 pages

    HNO Production Plant: Properties of NITRIC ACID Consumption Pattern

    Uploaded by

    sukhmani
    The document discusses the production of nitric acid and urea. [1] Nitric acid is primarily produced via the ammonia oxidation process, which involves oxidizing ammonia to nitric oxide and then to nitrogen dioxide before absorbing it in water. [2] Urea is produced via two main reactions - the formation of ammonium carbamate from ammonia and carbon dioxide, followed by the dehydration of ammonium carbamate to produce molten urea. [3] Both processes involve optimizing various production variables like temperature, pressure and feed rates to maximize yields while minimizing undesirable side reactions like biuret formation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    HNO3 Production Plant

    Properties of NITRIC ACID Consumption Pattern


    80% for fertilizer
    a) Molecular weight: 63.013 a) 76% for NH4NO3 production
    b) Boiling point: 86°C b) 9% for adipic acid 19% for explosives
    c) Melting point: - 42°C c) 3.5% for dinitrotoluene
    d) Viscosity: 1.62cp d) 3.5% for dinitrobenzene
    e) Solubility Infinitely soluble e) 2% for nitrates of Na, K and Ca

    Methods of Production

    i. Ammonia oxidation process (Ostwald’s process) Among these processes,


    ii. NaNO3 +H2SO4 process (Oldest process) ammonia oxidation
    iii. N2 fixation from air (Wisconsin process) accounts for 90%
    iv. Nitrogen fixation by nuclear fission fragments production.
    Cont..

    Ammonia oxidation process Raw materials

    a) Oxidation of NH3 to NO a) Anhydrous Ammonia


    b) Oxidation of NO to NO2 b) Filtered air
    c) Absorption of NO2 in water c) Platinum –Rhodium  catalyst
    d) Concentration of HNO3 d) Water

    Methods of Production Side reactions: 


    Main reactions: NH3+3/4O2   → 1/2N2+3/2H2O      
    4NH3 + 5O2→ 4NO + 6H2O  
    2NO+O2   →  2NO2 NH3          →    1/2 N2 +3/2H2

    NH3+O2         →   1/2N2 O+3/2H2O

    NH3+3/2NO   →   5/4N2 +3/2H2O    
    PFD of HNO3 Production Plant
    Urea Manufacture
    Properties of Urea Consumption Pattern
    a) Molecular weight: 60.05
    b) Boiling point: Decomposes a) 53% of urea is used in solid fertilizer
    c) Melting point: 132.7°C b) 31% in liquid fertilizer
    d) Easily solubility in water
    e) Bulk density = 673 – 721 kg/m3 c) Certain % for resin, plastics and coating

     Urea has the highest nitrogen content available in a solid fertilizer (46%).
     It is easy to produce as prills or granules and easily transported in bulk or bags with no explosive hazard.
     It dissolves readily in water.
     It leaves no salt residue after use on crops

    Raw materials
    Urea production is based on two main reactions
    a) Ammonia
    1) Formation of ammonium carbamate
    b) CO2
    2) Dehydration of  ammonium carbamate to produce molten urea
    Reactions Involved

    Main reactions: Exothermic reaction.


    Virtual complete reaction occurs under
    usual reaction conditions.
    2NH3 + CO2 → NH4.COO.NH2 (∆H = - 37.4 kcal) T = 185oC; P = 180 atm (Dryden)
      (ammonium carbamate)

    NH4.COO.NH2   ↔   NH2.COO.NH2 + H2O (∆H = 6.3 kcal)


    (Urea) Endothermic reversible reaction.
    Less complete reaction.

    Side reactions:  Unconverted CO2, NH3 along with carbamate must


    be recovered & reused. (This is a troublesome step)
    2NH2.COO.NH2 → NH2.CO.NH.CO.NH2 + NH3  
    (Biuret)
    Quantitative Requirements

    Basis: 1000 kg prilled urea

    Items Once Through Partial Recycle Total Recycle


    NH3 1150 kg 880 kg 600 kg
    CO2 1470 kg 910 kg 770 kg
    Power 210 kWh 165 kWh 145 kWh
    Steam 1800 kg 2000 kg 2400 kg
    Cooling Water 120000 kg 70000 kg 110000 kg
    Block Diagram
    Process Flow Diagram
    Major Engineering Problems
    Autoclave variables
    The objective of autoclave reaction is to produce the optimum economic yield. The conditions which affects
    rate of reactions are temperature, pressure, NH3/CO2 ratio and feed rate. The urea production rate can be
    varied as follows -
     Increase with increasing pressure
     Increase with temperature to maximum at 175-180oC, then falls of sharply. The operating pressure should
    be above the dissociation pressure (dissociation pressure is 180atm at 190°C) for the carbamate.
     Use no excess ammonia.

    Carbamate decomposition and recycle


    It is optimized by short residence times in a stripping column operating at low pressure and high temperature.
    Later should be below 110oC if hold up time exceeds 1-2 seconds to avoid biuret formation.

    Production of granular urea (Prilling)


    Problem again is biuret formation. Vacuum drying of 80% urea to > 99% and spraying to air cooled and
    solidify must be done just above the melting point of urea and with a minimum residence time.
    References

    1. Text books of Dryden and Shreve’s.


    2. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/103106108/37
    3. http://enggyd.blogspot.com/2010/09/flow-diagram-of-urea-production-process.html

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