This document discusses two methods for generating frequency modulated (FM) signals: direct FM and indirect FM. Indirect FM, also known as Armstrong's method, involves first generating a narrowband FM signal that is then converted to a wideband FM signal using frequency multiplication. The document provides an example of using Armstrong's method to generate a wideband FM signal with a carrier frequency of 6 MHz and frequency deviation of 10 kHz from a narrowband FM signal with a carrier of 20 kHz. It also discusses direct FM generation using a voltage-controlled oscillator where the oscillation frequency is varied by modulating the inductance or capacitance of the tuned circuit.
This document discusses two methods for generating frequency modulated (FM) signals: direct FM and indirect FM. Indirect FM, also known as Armstrong's method, involves first generating a narrowband FM signal that is then converted to a wideband FM signal using frequency multiplication. The document provides an example of using Armstrong's method to generate a wideband FM signal with a carrier frequency of 6 MHz and frequency deviation of 10 kHz from a narrowband FM signal with a carrier of 20 kHz. It also discusses direct FM generation using a voltage-controlled oscillator where the oscillation frequency is varied by modulating the inductance or capacitance of the tuned circuit.
This document discusses two methods for generating frequency modulated (FM) signals: direct FM and indirect FM. Indirect FM, also known as Armstrong's method, involves first generating a narrowband FM signal that is then converted to a wideband FM signal using frequency multiplication. The document provides an example of using Armstrong's method to generate a wideband FM signal with a carrier frequency of 6 MHz and frequency deviation of 10 kHz from a narrowband FM signal with a carrier of 20 kHz. It also discusses direct FM generation using a voltage-controlled oscillator where the oscillation frequency is varied by modulating the inductance or capacitance of the tuned circuit.
This document discusses two methods for generating frequency modulated (FM) signals: direct FM and indirect FM. Indirect FM, also known as Armstrong's method, involves first generating a narrowband FM signal that is then converted to a wideband FM signal using frequency multiplication. The document provides an example of using Armstrong's method to generate a wideband FM signal with a carrier frequency of 6 MHz and frequency deviation of 10 kHz from a narrowband FM signal with a carrier of 20 kHz. It also discusses direct FM generation using a voltage-controlled oscillator where the oscillation frequency is varied by modulating the inductance or capacitance of the tuned circuit.
Communication engineering Generation of FM signals Asst. Prof. Dr. Ashwaq Q. Hameed Al Faisal UOT- Electrical Engineering Dept. Electronic Engineering branch
There are two distinct methods of generating WBFM signals: a) Direct FM b) Indirect FM.
a) Indirect FM (Armstrong’s method).
In this method - attributed to Armstrong - first a narrowband FM signal is generated. This is then converted to WBFM by using frequency multiplication.
Generation of WBFM (Armstrong method)
The generation of NBFM has already been described. A frequency multiplier is a nonlinear device followed by a BPF. A nonlinearity of order n can give rise to frequency multiplication by a factor of n. consider a square law device with output y (t ) = x2 (t ) where x (t ) is the input. Let x (t ) be the FM signal.
𝑡 1 1 1 2 𝑦 ( 𝑡 )=cos [ 𝜃 ( 𝑡 ) ] ¿ [ 1+cos [ 2 𝜃 ( 𝑡 ) ] 𝑦 ( 𝑡 )= + cos [ 2 𝜔 𝑐 𝑡 ] + 4 𝜋 𝑘 𝑡 ∫ 𝑚 ( 𝛼 ) 𝑑 𝛼 2 2 2 −∞ The DC term can be filtered out to give an FM output . Carrier frequency:2fc Communication engineering Asst. Prof. Dr. Ashwaq Q. Hameed Al Faisal Frequency deviation of NBFM:∆f UOT- Electrical Engineering Dept. Electronic Engineering branch
Frequency deviations: ∆f,2:∆f,…………n:∆f
The multiplication scheme used in FM transmitter The carrier frequency of the NBFM signal fc1, is 200 kHz with the corresponding Δf1 = 25 Hz. Desired FM output is to have the frequency deviation Δf4 = 75 kHz and a carrier (fc 4 ) of 91.2 MHz. To obtain Δf4 = 75 kHz starting from Δf1 = 25 Hz, we require a total frequency multiplication of (75×103)/25=3000 fc1=200kHz
total multiplication factor =64×48=3072 carrier frequency (fc4) =200×3072=614.4 MHz the final required carrier frequency is 91.2 MHz Δf2 = Δf3 = 1.6 kHz Example 2 Armstrong’s method is to be used to generate a WBFM signal. The NBFM signal has the carrier frequency fc1 = 20 kHz. The WBFM signal that is required must have the parameters fc = 6 MHz and Δf = 10 kHz . Only frequency triples are available. Draw the schematic block diagram of this example. Total frequency multiplication required =6×106/20×103=300 Communication engineering Asst. Prof. Dr. Ashwaq Q. Hameed Al Faisal UOT- Electrical Engineering Dept. Electronic Engineering branch Frequency triples=35=243 36=729 these six cannot be used as a single cascade because, that would result in a carrier frequency equal to 20 × 103 × 36 = 14.58MHz
the. final frequency deviation required is 10 kHz
NBFM ∆f1=10×103/729=13.71Hz After the frequency conversion stage, we have one more stage Generation of WBFM from NBFM of example multiplication by 3. the carrier frequency at the mixer output fc3 fc3×3=6MHz fc3=2 MHz fLO =6,86 MHz
Communication engineering Asst. Prof. Dr. Ashwaq Q. Hameed Al Faisal UOT- Electrical Engineering Dept. Electronic Engineering branch
Exercise In the indirect FM scheme shown in Fig. 5.17, find the values of fc,i and Δfi for i = 1, 2 and 3 . What should be the centre frequency, f0 , of the BPF. Assume that fLO > fc,2 . Direct FM Method (1) A common method used for generating FM directly is to vary the inductance or capacitance of a tuned electronic oscillator . If L and C are the inductance and capacitance , of a simple tuned circuit .
The oscillation frequency f0 of a parallel tuned circuit with inductance L and capacitance C is given by: Radio freq. chokes Oscillation frequency
Let C be varied by the modulating signal
m(t ) , as given by
k:constan
Frequency deviation constant
c(t ) of the oscillator circuit is
Where Communication engineering Asst. Prof. Dr. Ashwaq Q. Hameed Al Faisal UOT- Electrical Engineering Dept. Electronic Engineering branch Communication engineering Asst. Prof. Dr. Ashwaq Q. Hameed Al Faisal UOT- Electrical Engineering Dept. Electronic Engineering branch Direct FM Method 2
Communication engineering Asst. Prof. Dr. Ashwaq Q. Hameed Al Faisal UOT- Electrical Engineering Dept. Electronic Engineering branch
