Work and Energy

Work & Energy
Koronga ako
Understand and use the concept of

work.
Apply the principle of
conservation of energy
Understand kinetic Energy and
potential energy
Work
The work, W, done by a force on an object is
defined as the product of the component of the
force along the direction of displacement and the
magnitude of the displacement
W  ( F cos  ) x
F is the magnitude of the force
Δ x is the magnitude of the
object’s displacement
q is the angle between F and x.
Work
Work is a scalar quantity
SI Unit
Newton • meter = Joule
N•m=J
J = kg • m2 / s2 = ( kg • m / s2 ) • m
W  ( F cos  ) x
Work: + or -?
Work can be positive, negative, or zero. The sign of the

work depends on the direction of the force relative to
the displacement
W  ( F cos  ) x
Work positive: W > 0 if 90°> q > 0°

Work negative: W < 0 if 180°> q > 90°
Work zero: W = 0 if q = 90°
Work maximum if q = 0°
Work minimum if q = 180°
Work Can Be Negative
 You exert a force on the car opposite to the
direction of travel. The distance traveled
in the direction of the force is negative,
you do negative work on the car.
 Work is positive when lifting the box

Work would be negative if lowering the box
When you put it back down, you are still
exerting an upward force to keep it from
falling, but the displacement is downward
and hence the work you do on the object is
negative.
Work done on the bucket?
A man carries a bucket of

water horizontally at
constant velocity.
The force does no work on the
bucket
Displacement is horizontal
Force is vertical
cos 90° = 0
W  ( F cos  ) x
Questions!
Q1. You drop a stone weighing 5.0N from the top of a
50m high cliff. What is the work done by the force of
gravity?
Q2. An Eskimo pulls a sled as shown in fig. The total

mass of the sled is 50.0 kg, and he exerts a force of 1.20
× 102 N on the sled by pulling on the rope. How much
work is done on the sled if θ = 30°and he pulls the sled
5.0 m in the direction of force ?
Q3. A satellite orbits the earth at a

constant height and a constant
speed. The weight of satellite is
500N. What is the work done by
the force of gravity?
What is Energy
Energy is needed to put objects into motion, but what is
the scientific definition of energy?
Energy is the ability to do work. Energy
is a scalar quantity. It does not have a direction associated
with it.
What is Energy
Energy is a property of the state of a system, not a property of
individual objects: we have to broaden our view.
Some forms of energy:
Mechanical:
Kinetic energy (associated with motion, within system)
Potential energy (associated with position, within
system)
Chemical
Heat energy
Electromagnetic
Nuclear
https
://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/energy-forms-and-changes/l
atest/energy-forms-and-changes_en.html
Energy
Consider a bowling ball rolling down the lane. It
has energy in the form of motion.
What happens to this energy when the ball hits
the pins?
Energy
The energy from the bowling ball is transferred to the
pins. This gain in energy causes the pins to “go flying”.
None of the energy was destroyed or lost. It was just

transformed from a rolling motion to a pushing force.
Some of this motion energy was also transformed into
sound energy and even a little heat energy.
Conservation Of Energy
Energy is conserved. It can be transferred from one object
to another or change in form, but cannot be created or
destroyed.
The Law of Conservation of Energy states
that the total amount of energy remains the
same in a closed system.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dgyPRA86K0
Potential Energy
Energy that is stored due to position or
shape.
It is stored energy.
There are 2 types of Potential Energy

Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)
Elastic Potential Energy
There are two “types” of Potential energy:
 Potential: “stored” energy (able or about to do something but isn’t just yet)
There are two basic examples

The ball could fall,
of Potential Energy:
but it hasn’t yet!
Gravitational
Elastic
The boulder can fall but it hasn’t yet
The “bow” can shoot the arrow
but isn’t right now.
Elastic Energy is caused by changing the shape of an object

(“stretching”, “bending”, “pulling”, “squishing”)
Gravitational Energy is caused by the force of gravity

Pulling down on an object while the object is being held up!
Potential Energy
Potential Energy that depends upon an objects

height above a reference point
PE = mgh

Potential energy is calculated by:
The object’s mass (m), multiplied by the earth’s
gravitational pull (g) (9.8 m/), multiplied by the
height (h) the object can fall.
Potential Energy
Books on a shelf have

Gravitational Potential Energy.
Which books have the most

Gravitational Potential Energy?
Why?
Potential Energy
A man and his cell phone are on a

ledge outside a very tall building.
Which object (the man or his cell

phone) has the most Gravitational
Potential Energy? Why?
Potential Energy Converted to Kinetic
Energy
When stored energy begins to move, the object

now transfers from potential energy into kinetic
energy.
Standing Running
still
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy is the energy of motion or energy in use

Any matter in motion has Kinetic Energy

K.E = mv2

Kinetic energy is calculated by:
Squaring the velocity (v), multiply by the object’s
mass (m) and then multiplying by .
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic: Energy of movement
This container is
full of a red liquid
But there is a hole!
Gravity pulls the

liquid down through
the hole!
The motion of the liquid is

an example of a substance
Ball falling down = Movement
with Kinetic Energy
Movement = Kinetic Energy
Examples of Kinetic Energy
Shooting a rubber
band.
Water falling over the

fall.
A Yo-Yo in motion.
Releasing the arrow

from the bow.
What is the unit for Kinetic and Potential Energy?
 Unit:
 Joule
1 Joule = 1kg m2/s2
KE = ½ m(kg) v(m/s) 2
PE = m(kg) g(m/s) 2 height(m)
Potential vs. Kinetic:
https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/hew0
The Roller Coaster has 6.sci.phys.maf.rollercoaster/energy-in-a-roller-co
potential energy at the aster-ride
top of the hill /
The rocket has potential energy
when the fuel hasn’t been lit
The rocket has Kinetic

energy when it’s fuel is
lit and it flies through the air
Wow!
There’s a lot of
potential
energy in this
sucker!
But it has Kinetic energy

when it rolls down the hill!
Conservation of Energy
Energy can not be created nor destroyed.
BUT it can be converted from one form to another.
For example:
● When a ball is held up high, it has gravitational energy.
● If it is released, it falls to earth, the whole time losing gravitational potential energy
while gaining kinetic energy (because it is speeding up).
● The total amount of energy the ball has is constant throughout, but what makes up
this energy (a mix of ΔEp and Ek) changes
To complete what is going on,

● When the ball hits the ground, it squishes
up and is not moving. All the original
energy is now elastic potential energy.
● The elastic potential energy is then
returned to kinetic energy when the ball
bounces.
● As the ball gains height, it loses kinetic
energy (slows down) but gains
gravitational energy
Work and Energy
W = Work done = energy gained, units joules (J)
F = force (applied over a distance)
d = distance that the force is applied over (m)
Note that the direction of the force (or the component of the
force used in the formula) must be in the same direction as
the resulting movement.
Ek = kinetic energy (in joules, J)
= energy associated to moving objects
m = mass (kg)
v = speed (ms-1)
ΔEp = change in gravitational potential energy (J)

m = mass (kg)
g = value of gravity, on earth: approximately 9.8 ms-2
Δh = change in height (m)
Hei Mahi
1. How much work is it required to lift a sack of 10kg of potatoes vertically 6.5m?
2. A girl pushes her little brother on his sled with a force of 300 N for 750 m. How much work is this
if the force of friction acting on the sled is (a) 200N. (b) 300N
3. Calculate the kinetic energy of a 45 g travelling at: (a) 20 m/s, (b) 40 m/s, (c) 60 m/s
4. When the speed of an object is halved, does its kinetic energy gets halved?
5. A coconut falls out of a tree 12.0 m above the ground and hits a bystander 3.00 m tall on the top
of the head. It bounces back up 1.50 m before falling to the ground. If the mass of the coconut is
2kg, calculate the potential energy of the coconut relative to the ground at each of the following
sites:
(a) while it is still in the tree.
(b) when it hits the bystander on the head.
(c) when it bounces up to its maximum height.
(d) when it lands on the ground.
(e) when it rolls into a ground hole, and falls 2.50 m to the bottom of the hole.
POWER
Power
A measure of the rate at which energy is transferred.
For example:
How quickly work is being done
How quickly gravitational energy is gained
How quickly kinetic energy is gained
A large power means a lot of work is done (and hence energy gained) within a short
time
A small power, means the same amount of work is done in a longer time.
P = power in joules/second = watt (W)

W = work done/energy gained/energy transferred, in joules (J)
t = time taken, s
Look at the units in the power

equation, note that 1 W = 1Js-1
Power
For example:
if 200 J of energy is transferred in 10 seconds, then the power
is 200 / 10 = 20 Watts (or 20 W)
Moving Power: P = Force x velocity = F x v
Human average Power: 116 W

Power Questions
1. The motor of a lift provides a force of 20kN to raise the
lift by 18m in 10seconds. Calculate the output power of
the motor.
2. A car of mass 1100kg starting from rest reaches a speed
of 18m/s in 25s. Calculate the average power developed
by the engine of the car.
3. A 950kg sack of cement is lifted to the top of the
building 50m high by an electric motor.
(a) Calculate the increase in the gravitational potential
energy of the sack of cement.
(b) The output power of the motor is 4kW. Calculate how
long it took to raise the sack to the top of the building.
Efficiency
Efficiency can be calculated with the equation:
Useful Energy Output X
Efficiency 
100 Total Energy Input
Energy
Conversion
Device
Efficiency
We want a car engine to supply kinetic energy. The diagram shows that only 25% of the
energy supplied to the engine ends up as kinetic energy. The efficiency is only 25%
Efficiency
Efficiency
A wind turbine is typically 30-45% efficient – rising to
50% efficient at times of peak wind. If that sounds low to you,
remember that if turbines were 100% efficient, the wind would
completely drop after going through the turbine.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBGY4FJ-liQ
https://interactives.ck12.org/simulations/physics/wind-turbine/app/index.html
?screen=sandbox
Questions
Q1: A crane moved 200kg hot tub from the ground to the top
of the hotel, 53m above the ground. If the crane used
200,000J of energy. How efficient was the crane?
Q2: A stone falls from the top of a cliff 80m high. When it
reaches the foot of the cliff, its speed is 38ms-1. Calculate
the fraction of the stone's initial GPE that is converted to KE.
What happens to the rest of the stone’s initial energy?

Work and Energy

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Work & Energy

Understand and use the concept of

Work can be positive, negative, or zero. The sign of the

Work positive: W > 0 if 90°> q > 0°

 Work is positive when lifting the box

A man carries a bucket of

Q2. An Eskimo pulls a sled as shown in fig. The total

Q3. A satellite orbits the earth at a

None of the energy was destroyed or lost. It was just

There are 2 types of Potential Energy

There are two basic examples

Elastic Energy is caused by changing the shape of an object

Gravitational Energy is caused by the force of gravity

Potential Energy that depends upon an objects

Books on a shelf have

Which books have the most

A man and his cell phone are on a

Which object (the man or his cell

When stored energy begins to move, the object

Kinetic Energy is the energy of motion or energy in use

But there is a hole!

Gravity pulls the

The motion of the liquid is

Water falling over the

Releasing the arrow

The rocket has Kinetic

But it has Kinetic energy

To complete what is going on,

ΔEp = change in gravitational potential energy (J)

P = power in joules/second = watt (W)

Look at the units in the power

Moving Power: P = Force x velocity = F x v

Human average Power: 116 W

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