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    Analog & Digital Signals

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    Nouman Memon
    Digital and analog signals can be summarized as follows: 1) Analog signals are continuous with an infinite range of values, whereas digital signals are discrete with a finite set of possible values (typically high and low logic levels). 2) An analog signal's amplitude, period, frequency, and other characteristics can be measured precisely, but they are more difficult to process electronically than digital signals. 3) Digital signals represent information using only high and low logic levels, making them easier to process electronically than analog signals, although with less precision.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Analog & Digital Signals

    Uploaded by

    Nouman Memon
    52 views15 pages
    Digital and analog signals can be summarized as follows: 1) Analog signals are continuous with an infinite range of values, whereas digital signals are discrete with a finite set of possible values (typically high and low logic levels). 2) An analog signal's amplitude, period, frequency, and other characteristics can be measured precisely, but they are more difficult to process electronically than digital signals. 3) Digital signals represent information using only high and low logic levels, making them easier to process electronically than analog signals, although with less precision.

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    AnalogDigitalSignals1

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    Digital and analog signals can be summarized as follows: 1) Analog signals are continuous with an infinite range of values, whereas digital signals are discrete with a finite set of possible values (typically high and low logic levels). 2) An analog signal's amplitude, period, frequency, and other characteristics can be measured precisely, but they are more difficult to process electronically than digital signals. 3) Digital signals represent information using only high and low logic levels, making them easier to process electronically than analog signals, although with less precision.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    52 views15 pages

    Analog & Digital Signals

    Uploaded by

    Nouman Memon
    Digital and analog signals can be summarized as follows: 1) Analog signals are continuous with an infinite range of values, whereas digital signals are discrete with a finite set of possible values (typically high and low logic levels). 2) An analog signal's amplitude, period, frequency, and other characteristics can be measured precisely, but they are more difficult to process electronically than digital signals. 3) Digital signals represent information using only high and low logic levels, making them easier to process electronically than analog signals, although with less precision.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    Analog & Digital Signals

    Digital Electronics
    Analog & Digital Signals
    This presentation will
    • Review the definitions of analog and digital signals.
    • Detail the components of an analog signal.
    • Define logic levels.
    • Detail the components of a digital signal.
    • Review the function of the virtual oscilloscope.

    2
    Analog and Digital Signals
    Analog Signals Digital Signals
    • Continuous • Discrete
    • Infinite range of values • Finite range of values (2)
    • More exact values, but • Not as exact as analog,
    more difficult to work with but easier to work with
    Example:
    A digital thermostat in a room displays a temperature
    of 72. An analog thermometer measures the room
    temperature at 72.482. The analog value is
    continuous and more accurate, but the digital value is
    more than adequate for the application and
    3
    significantly easier to process electronically.
    Example of Analog Signals
    • An analog signal can be any time-varying signal.
    • Minimum and maximum values can be either positive or negative.
    • They can be periodic (repeating) or non-periodic.
    • Sine waves and square waves are two common analog signals.
    • Note that this square wave is not a digital signal because its
    minimum value is negative.

    0 volts

    Sine Wave Square Wave Random-Periodic


    (not digital) 4
    Parts of an Analog Signal

    Period
    (T)

    Frequency:
    Amplitude
    (peak) 1
    F  Hz
    Amplitude
    (peak-to-peak)
    T

    5
    Logic Levels
    Before examining digital signals, we must define logic levels.
    A logic level is a voltage level that represents a defined
    digital state.
    Logic HIGH: The higher of two voltages, typically 5 volts
    Logic LOW: The lower of two voltages, typically 0 volts
    5.0 v

    Logic High
    Logic Level Voltage True/False On/Off 0/1

    2.0 v HIGH 5 volts True On 1


    Invalid LOW 0 volts False Off 0
    Logic
    0.8 v Level

    0.0 v Logic Low 6


    Example of Digital Signals
    • Digital signal are commonly referred to as square waves or clock
    signals.
    • Their minimum value must be 0 volts, and their maximum value must
    be 5 volts.
    • They can be periodic (repeating) or non-periodic.
    • The time the signal is high (tH) can vary anywhere from 1% of the
    period to 99% of the period.

    5 volts

    0 volts

    7
    Parts of a Digital Signal
    Amplitude:
    For digital signals, this will ALWAYS be Falling Edge
    5 volts.
    Period:

    Amplitude
    The time it takes for a periodic signal to
    repeat. (seconds) Time Time
    High Low
    Frequency: (tH) (tL)
    A measure of the number of
    occurrences of the signal per second.
    (Hertz, Hz)
    Rising Edge
    Time High (tH):
    Period (T)
    The time the signal is at 5 v.
    Time Low (tL):
    The time the signal is at 0 v. Frequency:
    Duty Cycle: 1 tH
    The ratio of tH to the total period (T). F Hz DutyCycle   100%
    T T
    Rising Edge:
    A 0-to-1 transition of the signal.
    Falling Edge: 8
    A 1-to-0 transition of the signal.
    Oscilloscope
    • The Oscilloscope is a piece of electronic test
    equipment that is used to capture and
    measure time-varying signals, both analog
    and digital.
    • Oscilloscopes can be found on the
    workbench (physical) as well as part of a
    simulation tool (virtual).
    • We will limit our usage to the virtual
    oscilloscope.
    9
    Virtual Oscilloscope: Multisim
    Oscilloscope Instrumentation Oscilloscope
    Component

    Markers:
    Displayed Signals Movable markers
    T1 & T2

    Marker Display:
    Displays the voltage & time
    intersect for the markers T1
    & T2.

    Timebase: Channel_X: Channel Selection


    Adjusts the time scale and Adjusts the horizontal
    offset of the signals. This is scale and offset of the
    common for all channels. selected channel. 10
    Example: Digital Signal
    Example:
    Determine the following information for the digital signal shown:
    •Amplitude
    •Period (T)
    •Frequency (f)
    •Time High (tH)
    •Time Low (tL)
    •Duty Cycle (DC)

    11
    Example: Digital Signal
    Solution:
    Amplitude:
    2V
    Amplitude  2.5 div 
    div
    Amplitude  5 v
    2 ms / div

    2 v / div
    Period (T):
    2 ms
    T  4 div 
    div
    T  8 ms

    Frequency (f):
    1 1
    f 
    T 8 ms
    f  125 Hz
    12
    Example: Digital Signal
    Solution:
    Time High (tH):
    2 ms
    t H  2.4 div 
    div
    t H  4.8 ms
    2 ms / div

    2 v / div
    Time Low (tL):
    2 ms
    t L  1.6 div 
    div
    t L  3.2 ms

    Duty Cycle (DC):


    tH
    DC   100%
    T
    4.8 ms
    DC   100%
    8 ms
    13
    DC  60%
    Period Measurement with Markers
    The markers can be used to measure the
    period tH & tL (next slide).

    Period (T):
    T  8 ms

    14
    tH & tL Measurement with Markers
    Low High ( tL):
    t L  3.214 ms

    Time High ( tH):


    t H  4.786 ms
    15

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