Water Storage, Transport & Distribution

Water Storage, Transport & Distribution
WATSAN 2
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ERU Water Storage, Transport and Distribution
Contents
1. Needs
2. Crucial principles
3. Storage
4. Transport and Distribution
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1. Needs
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Water-related emergency operations

have the aim to provide
safe and sufficient water for …
1. Drinking
2. Cooking
3. Personal hygiene
4. Domestic hygiene
THE SPHERE PROJECT
WATER SUPPLY STANDARD 1

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2. Crucial principles
- Quantity
- Proximity
- Water sources protection
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Crucial principles
Quantity
• Every reduction in the available quantity directly
affects people's health
15 litres per person per day (minimum)

• In emergencies people use more water than in a
normal situation
THE SPHERE PROJECT
WATER SUPPLY
STANDARD 1
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It is preferable a large quantity of water of

acceptable quality than a small quantity of water
of high quality.
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Proximity
Water consumption directly depends on the
distance to the water source.
Distance shorter than 500 metres
THE SPHERE PROJECT

WATER SUPPLY
STANDARD 1
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Protection of water sources
Without sufficient and immediate

protection, water sources quickly
become sources of diseases and
epidemics.
THE SPHERE PROJECT

WATER SUPPLY
STANDARD 2
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3. Storage
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A water supply basic system
1. Raw water abstraction

and storage 2. Treatment
4. Distribution 3. Drinking water

© Santiago Arnalich 2002
storage
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Beneficiaries participation
The participation of benefiaries at all
levels leads to the following advantages:
1. System culturally accepted

2. Reinforcement of ownership
3. Provides sustainability to the system
4. Improves self-esteem in crisis time
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Relevance of water storage:

1. Improves water quality
2. Absorbs flow demand peaks and water
source fluctuations
3. Allows maintenance & repairs but
providing the service
4. Keeps pressure in water points
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• To ensure water distribution

during flow demand peaks
Carry out storage calculation to satisfy demand

(see handout)
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Planning water storage

We must store the largest amount as
possible, 24 hours minimum supply.
Storage is a crucial element in

any water supply system.
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Planning water storage

• Choose small tanks (5 and 10 m3)
• Avoid large earth movements to elevate the tanks
• Carry out an adequate drainage
• Cover open tanks
• Fence working area
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ERU WATSAN MOD.15 Water Tanks SRC

Open tank with metallic structure Seine (30 m3)
Raw water / Pre
Treatment / Mass water
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Open flexible onion tank Seine (30 m3)
Raw water / Pre Treatment / Mass water

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Open flexible onion tank Seine (10 m3)
Raw water / Pre
Treatment / Mass water
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Closed flexible bladder tank Seine (10 m3)
Drinking water
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Closed flexible bladder tank Seine with interior screens to avoid
water movement, adequate for water transport in lorries (5 m3)
Drinking water
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ERU WATSAN MOD.15 SRC

STORAGE CAPACITY (NEW 2008)
Each box CAP/01 (total 5 boxes): 1 onion tank 30 m3
Each box CAP/03 (total 5 boxes): 1 onion tank 10 m3
Each box DIS/01 (total 5 boxes): 2 bladder tank 5 m3
Each box (total 5 boxes) : 1 bladder tank 10 m3
TOTAL STORAGE CAPACITY:

Closed tanks (drinking water): 150.000 litres
Open tanks (raw water and/or mass water): 200.000 litres
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Maintenance
• Disinfect the onion tanks before packing. Pour 1,000 litres of clean
water with 150 gr. of chlorine. Move the water in the tank to reach all
parts and leave it 30 minutes to work.
• Empty the tanks and leave then to totally dry.
• Fold and pack the tanks in the original packing.
• Do not store in damp places or where there are rodents.
• Do not store with sharp objects above or bellow the tanks.
• Disinfect the bladder tanks before using them in the same way as the
onion tanks before packing them.
• Use the repair kit in case of cuts.
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4. Transport & Distribution

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Water transport or tankering to:

• Static water tanks
• Directly to the benefiaries
Tankering operations are complex and expensive,
thus, we have to avoid then if possible although they
are unavoidable in many occasions in emergencies.
AIM: Maximum distance between homes and water
points must not exceed 500 metres (Sphere Project
pg.73).
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Tankering conditions :
• Quick installation of static tanks where to unload water
• Equal distribution
• Easy access and turning space for lorries
• Good drainage at water points
• 1 day consumption storage reserve
• Possibility of site improvement
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Direct distribution from lorries to population:

• Clean containers to collect water
• Equal distribution
• Volunteers to organise queuing system
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Tankering operations must be well-organised

specially during the first stages of the
emergency, to avoid chaos and unrest.
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Tankering
Water
distribution
with a 5,000
litre flexible
tank
disposed on
a lorry.
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Tankering
7,000 litre
tanker
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Tankering
Water
distribution
with a 5,000
litre PVC
rigid tank
with pump
disposed on
a lorry
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Calculation of the
number of lorries
Nº of deliveries per tanker in a day = Working hours in a day / gross turnaround time (A)
Total number of deliveries in a day = Daily tankered water / volume per tanker (B)
Number of tankers = B / A + 25%

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Location of drinking water tanks :

• In elevation regarding tapstands (or water ramps or
water horses): pressured water flow by gravity.
• Tanks no too high regarding water treatment plant
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Tank location
Earth base. Approximately 30º slope.
Tie with ropes
Sand bags base. Approximately 45º slope
Earth-filled metallic barrels and planks

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Tank location
10,000 closed
flexible tanks
on a wooden
structure
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Tapstands
THE SPHERE PROJECT

Minimum one tap per 250 people on the account
of a water flow per tap of 7,5 litres per minute
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Tapstands
• Watch out peak demand collection
• Volunteer surveillance
• System ramification
• Avoid stagnant water
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Tapstands
Tapstand with
a emergency
drainage
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Tapstands
Detail of the
connection of
two tapstands
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Tapstands
Tapstand with
permanent
drainage
(1%
gradient)
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Thank you……….

Water Storage, Transport & Distribution

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Water Storage, Transport & Distribution

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Water Storage, Transport & Distribution

Water-related emergency operations

THE SPHERE PROJECT

WATER SUPPLY STANDARD 1

15 litres per person per day (minimum)

It is preferable a large quantity of water of

Distance shorter than 500 metres

THE SPHERE PROJECT

Protection of water sources

Without sufficient and immediate

THE SPHERE PROJECT

A water supply basic system

1. Raw water abstraction

4. Distribution 3. Drinking water

1. System culturally accepted

Relevance of water storage:

• To ensure water distribution

Carry out storage calculation to satisfy demand

Planning water storage

Storage is a crucial element in

Planning water storage

ERU WATSAN MOD.15 Water Tanks SRC

ERU WATSAN MOD.15 Water Tanks SRC

Raw water / Pre Treatment / Mass water

ERU WATSAN MOD.15 Water Tanks SRC

ERU WATSAN MOD.15 Water Tanks SRC

ERU WATSAN MOD.15 Water Tanks SRC

ERU WATSAN MOD.15 SRC

Each box CAP/03 (total 5 boxes): 1 onion tank 10 m3

Each box DIS/01 (total 5 boxes): 2 bladder tank 5 m3

Each box DIS/02 (total 5 boxes): 1 bladder tank 5 m3

Each box DIS/03 (total 5 boxes): 1 bladder tank 5 m3

Each box (total 5 boxes) : 1 bladder tank 10 m3

TOTAL STORAGE CAPACITY:

4. Transport & Distribution

Water transport or tankering to:

Direct distribution from lorries to population:

Tankering operations must be well-organised

Number of tankers = B / A + 25%

Location of drinking water tanks :

Earth base. Approximately 30º slope.

Tie with ropes

Sand bags base. Approximately 45º slope

Earth-filled metallic barrels and planks

THE SPHERE PROJECT

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