ALL ABOUT VACCINE

PREVENTABLE
DISEASES
 VACCINE PREVENTABLE
DISEASES
• Some diseases can’t be prevented and can only be treated
after a person gets sick.
• Some diseases can be prevented by receiving a vaccine
before we come into contact with them, so we don’t have to
get sick!
• These are called vaccine preventable diseases.
 VACCINE PREVENTABLE
DISEASES
• Some vaccines prevent diseases that are still common in the United States.
• Some vaccines prevent diseases that are no longer common in the U.S.
– But if we didn’t vaccinated against them, they could easily come back.
• One vaccine was used so efficiently that smallpox, the disease it prevented,
was eradicated.
– This means the disease was eliminated from the world.
– This vaccine is no longer available because it is no longer necessary.
• Two vaccines prevent infections that can lead to cancer.
– Human papillomavirus vaccine and Hepatitis B vaccine
WHY DO WE ALL NEED TO BE
VACCINATED??

http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/whatifstop.htm
 PRE-TEEN & ADOLESCENT
VACCINES
• HPV Vaccine—Human Papillomavirus
• Tdap—Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough)
• Meningococcal—Neisseria meningitidis
– Two vaccines (MCV4 and MenB protect against different types of the bacteria)
• HPV, Tdap, and Meningococcal are needed at 11-12 years old.
– Meningococcal is needed again at 16-18 years old.
• Chickenpox catch-up
– 2 doses if you haven’t already received them or had the disease.
• Influenza Vaccine—You should get a flu shot every season
HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS
(HPV)
• HPV is a group of more than 150 related
viruses.
• HPV can cause genital warts.
• Some other HPV types can lead to cancer
in the cervix, penis, and throat.
• There are more than 40 HPV types that
can infect the genital areas of males and
females.
 HPV
• Every 20 minutes, someone in the US is diagnosed
with cancer due to HPV.

• About 14 million people become newly

infected each year.

• About 79 millions Americans are currently infected with HPV.

• HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection.

• HPV is spread by intimate skin to skin contact-Not just sex.

HPV
• HPV is transmitted through contact during vaginal or anal sex, during
oral sex, and during genital-to-genital contact.
• HPV is transmitted even when the infected person has no signs or
symptoms.
• Most people who are infected do not know that they have the disease,
so they can pass it on to others without knowing.
• Most new cases of HPV are in teens and young adults.
HPV AND CANCER
• Cervical cancer is the most common cancer caused by HPV.
• Cervical cancer is the 2nd leading cause of cancer deaths in women
around the world.
• In the United States:
– 11,000 women get cervical cancer every year
– 4,000 are expected to die from the disease
• There are other cancers caused by HPV:
– About 17,600 women in the US each year are affected by a cancer caused by HPV
– About 9,300 men in the US each year are affected by a cancer caused by HPV
HPV AND CANCER
• Oral HPV is HPV that infects the mouth and throat.
• Oral HPV can cause cancers in the head and neck.
• Every year in the United States, 9,000 people are diagnosed with these
types of cancers that may be caused by HPV.
• Theses cancers are 4 times more common in men than in
women.
• Some studies have shown oral HPV might be passed from
one person to another during oral sex or even during open
mouthed kissing.
HPV AND GENITAL WARTS
• HPV also causes genital warts.
• About 360,000 people in the United States get genital warts each
year.
• About 1 in 100 sexually active people in the US have genital warts.
HPV VACCINE PROTECTS US
AGAINST
CANCER!
• We have a vaccine that protects against HPV infections.
• This in turn protects against genital warts and certain kinds of cancer.
• All 11-12 year olds should get the HPV vaccine.
• Unfortunately, only 6 in 10 girls are vaccinated and only 4 in 10 boys
are vaccinated for HPV in the United States.
• You can get HPV vaccine at your doctors office or at your Local
Public Health Unit.
• The vaccine works best when you get it at 11-12 years.
• You should receive 3 doses of HPV vaccine over 6 months to be fully
protected from HPV.
HPV TRIVIA
• HPV is so common, that experts estimate almost every
person who is sexually active will acquire HPV at some
point in their life.
MENINGOCOCCAL
DISEASE
MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE
• Caused by a bacterium called Neisseria meningitidis.
• The bacteria can result in meningitis, blood stream infection or
other infections.
– Meningitis: Inflammation around the brain or spinal cord
• Very serious, can be deadly. Death can occur in a few hours.
– Can also result in brain damage, hearing loss, or learning disabilities.
• Meningococcal disease can be treated with antibiotics if they are
started right away.
MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE
• Symptoms may include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, stiff neck,
rash, sensitivity to light, or confusion
• Even with antibiotic treatment, 10 to 15 out of 100 people will die.
• About 11 to 19 out of every 100
survivors will have long-term
disabilities, such as loss of limb(s),
deafness, nervous system problems,
or brain damage.
 MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE
• There are different types of the bacteria that causes Meningococcal disease.
– The different groups are called serogroups, and are given different letters to differentiate between them.
• The vaccine you are required to get before starting 7th grade contains 4
serogroups (A, C, Y, & W-135) –also required to live on a college campus in
North Dakota
• There is another vaccine that protects against serogroup B that you can get
when you are16-18 years old
– This is MenB vaccine

• 2015: 341 cases of meningococcal disease in the United States

• 2015: No cases of meningococcal disease in North Dakota
SEROGROUP B OUTBREAKS ON
COLLEGE CAMPUSES
• From 2008-2010, a prolonged outbreak of serogroup B on a university
campus in Ohio led to 13 cases and one death.
• In 2013, two universities in New Jersey and California experienced
serogroup B outbreaks with a combined 13 cases and one death
reported.
• In 2015, the University of Oregon experienced a serogroup B outbreak
with 7 cases.
• In 2016, Santa Clara University experienced an outbreak with three
cases reported.
 MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE ON
COLLEGE CAMPUSES
There have been many outbreaks of
meningococcal disease on college campuses
across the country.

Dark blue States— Campus outbreak occurred.

Light blue States—Single case occurred on a

college campus.

= Serogroup B Meningococcal case occurred.

= Meningococcal case other than serogroup B
occurred.
http://www.nmaus.org/disease-prevention-information/serogroup-b-meningococcal-disease/
VACCINATION
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Meningococcal vaccination (MCV4) protects against A, C, Y, W-135.
– One dose required for Middle School Entry.
– Should be received at age 11 through 12 and again at age 16.

• Also required for students under 21 in order to live on campus at North

Dakota Universities.
• Students living on campus should also consider getting the vaccine that
protects against serogroup B.
– MenB vaccine: Bexsero or Trumenba
MENINGOCOCCAL TRIVIA
•Many strains of the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis do not cause
any symptoms. As many as 10% of adolescents and adults have
some type of the bacteria somewhere in their body, but it doesn’t
cause disease.
PERTUSSIS
PERTUSSIS/WHOOPING
COUGH
• Coughing illness caused by a bacteria called Bordetella pertussis.
• Symptoms can include cold-like symptoms, coughing fits, posttussive
vomiting, whoop, and apnea.
• Cough lasts for at least 14 days-the disease is also known as the 100 day
cough
• Important to be vaccinated so you don’t get the disease, and
– You don’t pass it on to a household member who is young or who is pregnant.
• May result in certain complications
– The most common complication is pneumonia.
– Infants may also suffer from seizures .
– Death is rare but does occur. Most deaths are in unvaccinated infants.
VACCINATION
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Both DTaP and Tdap protect against Diphtheria, Tetanus, and pertussis.
• DTaP vaccination when you are young.
• Tdap vaccination at age 11 through 12 years.
– Tdap is required for seventh grade entry in North Dakota.

• When a pregnant women gets a Tdap vaccine, it actually protects her

baby from pertussis!
PERTUSSIS TRIVIA
•Thomas Jefferson’s daughter, Lucy, died of pertussis when she
was two and a half.
DIPHTHERIA
 DIPHTHERIA
• Caused by a bacteria: Corynebacterium diphtheria that
releases a toxin when it infects someone.
• Spread through coughing and sneezing.
– Can also be transmitted from touching open sores (but this is rare).
– Can also be transmitted if a person touches an object that has the bacteria on it.
• Initial symptoms usually include a sore throat, difficulty swallowing,
low fever, and swollen neck.
• Eventually a thick gray coating can build up in the throat or nose,
making it hard to breath or swallow.
• About 10% of people who get diphtheria will die.
DIPHTHERIA IN NORTH
DAKOTA AND THE UNITED
STATES
• We have not had a case of Diphtheria in North
Dakota in a very long time.
• The last cases of diphtheria in North Dakota were
reported in 1975; six cases were reported that year.
• Before the vaccine, up to 15,000 people in the United
States died from diphtheria every year.
• We are still vaccinated with DTaP or Tdap so the
disease doesn’t come back.
DIPHTHERIA TRIVIA
• In 1925, an outbreak of diphtheria broke out in Nome, Alaska and
threatened to kill most of the region’s population.
• Fresh antitoxin was necessary, but had to be sent from Seattle,
Washington.
• The only way to get the antitoxin to Nome was via sled dogs.
• The trip involved 150 dogs along a 674 mile trail. The trail usually took 15
to 20 days but the dogs were able to complete the trip in 5 days and 7
hours.
• The annual Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race is held annually to commemorate
this run.
TETANUS
 TETANUS
• Tetanus is usually a fatal disease caused by a bacteria.
– Not spread from person to person.
– Found in soil, dust, and manure.
– Enters the body through cuts or puncture wounds.
• Causes uncontrolled spasms of muscle.
– These spasms may cause bones to break and difficulty breathing.
– Leads to death in about 10-20% of cases.
• Uncommon in the United States:
– Usually only about 29 cases per year of tetanus.
– In addition to the DTaP and Tdap vaccines needed for school, you should also
receive a Tetanus containing vaccine every ten years because it does not last
forever.
TETANUS TRIVIA
• Tetanus is known as lockjaw.

• Causes a person’s neck and jaw muscles to lock.

• This makes it difficult for people to open their mouth and swallow.

http://textbookofbacteriology.net/clostridia_3.html
CHICKENPOX
CHICKENPOX
• Very contagious disease
• Causes a blister-like rash, itching, tiredness and fever.
• Can be serious, especially in babies, adults, and people with
other health conditions.
– Before the chickenpox vaccine, about 4 million people would get
chickenpox each year in the United States,
– 10,600 people were hospitalized, and
– 100 to 150 died.
• Spreads easily through the air through coughing or sneezing.
• A person is contagious 1-2 days before the rash develops until all
lesions have formed scabs.
CHICKENPOX VACCINATION
• All children should receive two doses of chickenpox vaccine.
• The first when you are 1 year old and the second when you are 4-
6 years old.
• If you did not receive the chickenpox vaccine and have never had
the disease, you should still get two doses.
• Children who have had chickenpox disease previously do not
need to be vaccinated because they are already protected from
getting the disease again.
CHICKENPOX TRIVIA
• In the movie, The Goonies, the actor who played
“Chunk” came down with chickenpox. He showed
up to work without informing anyone of his
illness. Chunk was famous for performing the
“truffle shuffle”, if you look closely you can see
his rash.
POLIO
POLIO
• Disease caused by a virus that is very easy to spread from one
person to another.
• Most people either don’t have symptoms or feel like they have the flu.
– A small number of people will have serious symptoms such as paralysis-can’t move parts of
the body.
– Of every group of 100 to 1000 people who get polio, about one will develop paralysis.
– Some people can die from the disease.
• Polio can be passed from one person to another from:
– The stool of an infected person
– When an infected person sneezes or coughs
POLIO IN THE US AND NORTH
DAKOTA
• Eliminated from the United States due to vaccine.
• Vaccinated at 2 months, 4 months, 6 through 18 months, and one dose
after age 4.
• The last case of polio in the US was in 1993.
• This was in a person who traveled to another country, became infected with the
disease, and traveled back.
• Prior to that case the last case was in 1986.
• The last case of paralytic polio in North Dakota was in 1977.
POLIO AND TRAVEL
• Even though we do not have polio in the United States any more, it is
still in other parts of the world.
• We need to be vaccinated because travel can bring these diseases back
to the United States.
• Polio has been eradicated (or eliminated) from most parts of the world
through vaccination. There are only two countries left in the world that
have Polio Virus:
– Afghanistan reported 19 cases of Wild Type Polio in 2015.
– Pakistan reported 53 cases of Wild Type Polio in 2015.
POLIO TRIVIA
• According to the National Toy Hall of Fame®, the game
Candyland was invented to help entertain children recuperating
from polio disease.
MEASLES
MEASLES
• Disease caused by a virus.
• Symptoms typically begin with fever, runny nose, cough
and red watery eyes.
• Rash that covers the body will develop three to five days after
symptoms begin.
– Usually starts on the face.
– Spreads downward to the rest of the body.
MEASLES TRANSMISSION
• Spread through the air by breathing, coughing or sneezing.
– Extremely contagious
– Can live for up to 2 hours outside the body.
– People can spread the disease 4 days before rash appears.
• Can result in other complications.
– 1/10 children get an ear infection
– 1/20 children get pneumonia
– 1-2/1000 children die
MEASLES IN THE US AND
NORTH DAKOTA
• 2014: over 600 measles cases in the United States
• 2015: 189 measles cases in the United States
• The last case of measles in North Dakota was in 2011.
– Our first case of measles in over 23 years!
• The person got measles while traveling on an airplane and gave it
to his sister in South Dakota.
• There were no other known cases associated with this case.
MEASLES VACCINE
• We need to continue to vaccinate so we do not have measles in
North Dakota!
• We receive 2 Doses of MMR vaccine.
– One dose at 12 months and one dose at age 4-6 years.
– Vaccine protects against Measles, Mumps, and Rubella.
MEASLES TRIVIA
• Roald Dahl, author of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory,
Matilda, and James and the Giant Peach, had a daughter who
died from measles.
• She contracted the disease the year before a vaccine was
discovered.
• Both James and the Giant Peach and The BFG were dedicated to
her.
MUMPS
MUMPS
•Disease caused by the mumps virus.
•Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, loss
of appetite and swelling of face and neck.
•Disease is spread by coughing and sneezing, sharing eating
utensils.
MUMPS IN NORTH DAKOTA
• Usually we only see one or no cases in North Dakota a year.
• 2016: 37 possible cases.
• 2016: Outbreaks of mumps occurring all over the United States.
• MMR also contains protection against mumps.
– 2 MMR doses
MUMPS TRIVIA
Actress Holly Hunter is deaf in one ear from a childhood mumps
infection.
INFLUENZA
INFLUENZA
• Seasonal respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus.
• Flu season lasts from October to May.
– Most cases typically occur from January through March.
• Symptoms: fever of 100˚F or greater and a cough and/or sore throat.
• Other symptoms include: body aches, congestion, chills, headache,
earache.
• Flu is spread when people cough, sneeze, or even talk.
• 2014-2015 flu season: 6443 cases of flu in North Dakota
• Flu can be very serious.
– 2014-2015: 275 hospitalized in North Dakota because of influenza
– 2014-2015: 54 deaths due to influenza in North Dakota
WHO SHOULD GET FLU
VACCINE?
• EVERYONE!!!
• Everyone should get a flu shot every year.
• The flu virus changes from year to year, so we need to get a new vaccine every flu
season
• Getting the flu shot reduces your chances of getting the flu-this means less time being
sick
• This also means you are less likely to transfer the disease to someone who is at
increased risk for having a serious case of the flu, such as young children,
grandparents, or people who have other health conditions.
• Even if you do get flu, influenza vaccination can make your symptoms more mild.
INFLUENZA TRIVIA
• The first recognizable influenza
pandemic was in Russia in the 1500s.
• Influenza killed more soldiers than
combat during World War 1
– This was due to the Spanish Flu

United States Public health service flyer, 1918 – Library of Congress, American Memory
http://connecticuthistory.org/the-spanish-influenza-pandemic-of-1918/#sthash.sbtlRaiN.dpuf
ARE VACCINES SAFE?
• YES!!
• Vaccine safety is studied in depth before they are given to the public.
• Vaccines are continuously monitored to ensure they are safe.
• Vaccines, like any medicine, can cause side effects.
• Your arm might hurt where you received the vaccine. This is normal.
• However, serious side effects from vaccines are very rare.
• It is also safe to receive multiple vaccines at one doctors appointment.
• The diseases that vaccines prevent however, can be very dangerous and
even deadly
VACCINES NEEDED FOR
COLLEGE
 North Dakota
MMR, meningococcal
South Dakota
2 doses of MMR,
Minnesota
 MMR, Tetanus, diphtheria
Montana
Measles, rubella