Personal Dive Skills: Chapter Five

Chapter Five
Personal Dive Skills

• Topics in this Chapter
✓ Introduction
✓ Equipment Handling Skills
✓ Buddy Procedures
✓ Entries and Exits
✓ Descents and Ascents
✓ Mask Skills
✓ Regulator and Snorkel Skills
✓ Weighting and Buoyancy
✓ Finning Skills
✓ In-Water Removal and Replacement of
Equipment
✓ Out-of-Air Emergencies
✓ Basic Rescue Skills
✓ Common Hand Signals
✓ Scuba IQ Review
Introduction
• Basic Skills
– Rather than the number of c-cards in one’s
wallet, or the number of dives in a logbook,
the mark of a good diver is the way a person
conducts himself or herself in the water
• Most of these skills are addressed during the
Open Water Diver Course
• During this Leadership Course, the participant
will hone these skills to demonstration quality
Introduction
• Demonstration Quality
– Performed in a manner so that a student
can clearly understand and readily learn the
skill
• Slow and deliberate
• Exaggerated gestures
• Each individual step is emphasized
• And, of course
– It is performed correctly by the dive leader
– It is made to look easy by the dive leader
Introduction
• Alternate Methods for Skills
– In some cases, there may be more than one
way to perform a skill
• When assisting with a class
– The dive leader must understand the method which will
be taught by the instructor
– Students should practice that same method
– Alternate method should be introduced by the dive
leader only when working with a student who has
encountered significant difficulty
Equipment Handling Skills
• Equipment Assembly
– Standard procedures
• Remove cylinder dust cap and inspect o-ring
• Orient cylinder, attach BCD, and check strap
• Remove first stage dust cap, orient regulator
and hoses, attach first stage to valve, and
attach inflator hose to BCD
• Turn on air (with SPG pointed away), check
SPG reading, test primary and alternate second
stages, and test BCD inflator
• Secure console and alternate second stage
– Additional notes
• With a new BCD and/or an overly-stiff cylinder
strap, it may be helpful to pre-wet the strap (it
will make it easier to tighten the strap)
• The cylinder strap should be straight and level
around the cylinder (not at an angle)
• The cylinder strap can be checked for tightness
by lifting and shaking the attached BCD
• The assembled scuba unit should never be left
standing while unattended
– Common problems encountered by
students
• Regulator not properly oriented
• Cylinder not properly oriented
• Loose BCD cylinder strap
• Low pressure inflator not connected
• Console and/or alternate air source not secured
• Equipment Disassembly
– Standard procedures
• Turn off air and de-pressurize regulator system
• Disconnect inflator hose, alternate second stage,
and console
• Remove first stage from valve, then dry and
replace first stage dust cap
• Remove the BCD, and drain water from inside
• Rinse the BCD and regulator as appropriate
• Store the BCD partially inflated
• It’s important to keep water out of the first stage;
always replace dust cap prior to rinsing, and do
not depress second stage purge while rinsing
• If water accidentally enters the regulator, attach
it to a cylinder, turn on air and depress purge, so
that flowing air will dry internal components
• At many dive operations, the cylinder valve dust
cap is used as an indicator
– When it is on the valve, the cylinder is full and ready
for use
– When it is off the valve, the cylinder has been used
and now needs to be filled
students
• Forgetting to de-pressurize the regulator system
• Forgetting to replace the first stage dust cap
prior to rinsing the regulator
• Forgetting to drain water from inside the BCD
• Inappropriately replacing the dust cap on the
cylinder valve after the dive
Buddy Procedures
• The Buddy System
– Benefits of diving with a buddy
• Practicality
– Help each other in assembling,
checking, and donning equipment
• Safety
– Assist in the event of a problem,
including an out-of-air emergency
– Should be within arm’s length
underwater
• Fun
– Share the experience
Buddy Procedures
• The Buddy System
– Buddy teams
• Usually two divers per team
• Maximum of three divers
• Larger groups should break down into
smaller buddy teams of two or three,
which then dive together
Buddy Procedures
• Pre-Dive Planning
– When participating in a supervised dive,
the dive leader’s briefing normally will
address entry and exit techniques
• Otherwise the buddy team should evaluate the
conditions and agree upon the appropriate
techniques
Buddy Procedures
– Buddies also should review and agree upon
• General course to follow
• Maximum depth and maximum time
• Turn-around time and/or turn-around cylinder
pressure
• Hand signals
• How they will stay together, and what they will
do if separated
• Air sharing and other emergency procedures
Buddy Procedures
– Standard response for buddy team
separation
• Search for no more than one minute
• If buddy is not located, make a safe ascent
• If buddy does not soon appear on the surface,
seek assistance from boat or shore
Buddy Procedures
• Pre-Dive Safety Check
– Performed with buddy before every dive
• A – Air on
• B – BCD inflated
• C – Computer on
• D – Dive equipment on
• E – Enter on “go”
Entries and Exits
• Shore Entries
– When significant surf is present
• Don all equipment, including fins, on shore
• BCD appropriately inflated
• Regulator in mouth
• Enter together with buddy, walking backwards
or sideways
• Swim away from surf zone as soon as water is
sufficiently deep
Entries and Exits
• Shore Entries
– When no significant surf is
present
• Don all equipment, other than
fins, on shore
• Together with buddy, enter the
water
• Don fins in waist-deep water
Entries and Exits
• Giant Stride Entry
– Commonly used from a larger dive boat or
a dock, into deep water (over the diver’s
head)
• Diver positioned with fin tips extending beyond
edge of deck or dock
• Use one hand to hold both mask and regulator,
other hand to secure any dangling equipment
• Look straight ahead towards the horizon
• Step out (as if stepping across hole in sidewalk)
Entries and Exits
• Controlled Seated Entry
– Commonly used from a dive boat
or a dock, into deep or shallow
water
• Diver sits on edge of deck or dock
• Mask and regulator in place
• Reach across body while turning
• With both hands on deck or dock,
lower self into water
Entries and Exits
• Back-Roll Entry
– Commonly used from a smaller
boat or inflatable rubber raft
• Diver sits on side of boat or raft,
with back towards the water
• Legs or ankles crossed
• One hand holds mask strap at
back of head
• Lean back and roll into water
Entries and Exits
• Shore Exits
– When no significant surf is present
• Stand in waist deep water and remove fins
• Walk out of the water together with buddy
Entries and Exits
• Shore Exits
– When significant surf is present
• Swim as close as possible to shore
• Leave fins in place
• Together with buddy walk backwards or
sideways out of water
• If balance is lost and diver falls, he may simply
crawl out of water rather than trying to stand
Entries and Exits
• Deep Water Exits
– If a ladder is present
• Keep all equipment in place
• Remove fins (unless it’s a
“Christmas Tree” ladder, which may
be climbed with fins)
• Climb ladder when clear (do not get
below anyone else, in case they fall)
• Keep regulator in place until both
feet are on deck or dock
Entries and Exits
• Deep Water Exits
– If no ladder is present
• Remove weights and place on deck or dock
• Remove BCD and pass it to buddy in water, or
to someone up on deck or dock
• Climb onto deck or dock
• Then assist buddy with his or her equipment
Descents and Ascents
• Descent Procedures
– Six steps: “ORCES-DD”
• O –Orient (to shore, boat, or
descent line)
• R – Regulator in mouth
• C – Computer on
• E – Equalize
• S – Signal
• D – Deflate and Descend
– Alternate: “Same Old Thing Each and
Every Dive”
• S – Signal
• O – Orient (to shore, boat, or descent line)
• T – Turn on computer
• E – Exchange regulator for snorkel
• E – Equalize
• D – Deflate and Descend
– Students normally are taught to make a
feet-first descent
• Often it is easier to equalize in this position
• Kicking or sculling should be avoided, as it
tends to move the buddies apart
• Use a line if available, otherwise buddies
should link up, to stay together
• If one buddy experiences a squeeze during
descent, both buddies should stop
• Ascent Procedures
– If an ascent line is available
• Hold onto line
– Helps to keep the buddies together
– Helps each diver to control the ascent
– If no ascent line is available
• Right hand held straight up, to protect against
overhead obstruction
• Left hand straight up, holding BCD deflator
• Look up and rotate while ascending
• Ascent Procedures
– “CYA” – Computerize Your Ascent
• Do not exceed the maximum ascent rate
specified by the computer
• Follow the most conservative computer in
the buddy team
• If one buddy experiences a reverse block
during ascent, both buddies should stop
Mask Skills
• Mask Clearing
– It is not usual for a small amount of water to
enter the mask during a dive
• At times, to flush a fogged mask, a diver will
add a small amount of water by slightly breaking
the mask’s seal at the top of the skirt
• To clear, press the top edge of the mask to the
face, look upwards, and exhale through nose
• If equipped with a purge, press the entire mask
to the face, look slightly downwards, and exhale
through nose
Mask Skills
• Mask Clearing
– While exhaling though the nose
• A slow “push” of air usually is more effective
than a sudden blast of air
Mask Skills
• Mask Clearing
students
• Pulling the bottom of the mask completely away
from the face while clearing (allows additional
water to enter the mask)
• Exhaling through the mouth rather than nose
• Mask becomes displaced and rides up on the
face, so nostrils are no longer covered by mask
• Dropping (or spitting out) the regulator while
clearing the mask
Mask Skills
• Mask Removal and Replacement
– A mask may be accidentally knocked ajar,
or its strap may slip and come free
• To replace, first orient the mask (right side up,
snorkel towards the left), clear hair out of the
way, place mask over face and place strap
behind head, then clear
• Continue to breathe through the regulator while
the mask is off
Mask Skills
• Mask Removal and Replacement
students
• Holding one’s breath
• Not properly orienting the mask
• Hair (or hood) caught under the mask
• Mask not properly positioned on face
Mask Skills
• No-Mask Swimming
– If a diver’s mask is lost or seriously
damaged during a dive
• Diver’s vision will be impaired
– Won’t be able to clearly see his instruments, and may
not be able to locate ascent line
– Should seek and accept assistance of buddy to make
a safe ascent
• This skill normally is practiced with the student
swimming horizontally along bottom of the pool,
while guided by a buddy
Regulator and Snorkel Skills
• Regulator Clearing
– Two ways to clear water from the second
stage
• Exhalation method
– Simply exhale into the regulator, to push the water
out of the exhaust port
• Purge method
– Depress the regulator purge button, so that flowing
air pushes the water out
– Place the tip of the tongue against the roof of the
mouth, while purging, to block water droplets from
entering the throat
• Regulator Recovery
– If the regulator is dislodged while the diver
is swimming
• It usually falls in front of and below the diver
• The diver only needs to look down to locate
and retrieve the second stage
– If the regulator drifts out of
view behind the diver’s back
• Sweep technique
– While upright, sweep outstretched
right arm from front to rear (close to
body), to hook the hose
• Reach technique
– Reach back with right hand to
grasp the hose near the first stage
– If a lost regulator cannot be quickly
recovered
• The diver should switch to his or her own
alternate air source
• Regulator Recovery and Clearing
students
• Holding one’s breath
• Sweeping arm in wrong direction while trying
to recover regulator
• Choking – the diver should hold the regulator
firmly in place and cough through it
• Breathing from a Free-Flowing Regulator
– Typically the first stage and second stage
have a “fail-safe” downstream design
• In the event of a malfunction, the regulator will
deliver more air than needed (free-flow)
• This skill is practiced by depressing and holding
the second stage purge button
• Without sealing the mouth around the regulator,
the diver may “sip” air from the flow
• Naturally, if a free-flow occurs during a dive, the
dive should be aborted immediately
• Snorkel Clearing
– To clear water from the snorkel, without
lifting the face from the water
• A forceful blast of air is exhaled through the
snorkel
• Inhale cautiously after clearing, and place the
tip of the tongue against the roof of the mouth
to block water droplets from entering the throat
• Snorkel Clearing
students
• Insufficient blast of air – it should originate from
the diver’s lungs and diaphragm (a puff of air,
from the cheeks, will not suffice)
• Some water remains in the snorkel after initial
clearing – provided that the diver inhales
cautiously, any remaining water can be cleared
with a subsequent blast of air
• Snorkel - Regulator Exchange
– This is an airway control exercise, used
during training, to practice the preceding
regulator and snorkel clearing skills
• The student is asked to make a series of
exchanges (perhaps three or four exchanges)
without lifting the face from the water
• Several breaths are taken from the snorkel or
regulator between each exchange
Weighting and Buoyancy Skills
• Proper Weighting
– Wearing all equipment, and with no air in the
BCD, the diver should float at eye level while
holding a normal breath
• The diver then should be able to descend by
exhaling deeply
• This weight check is best performed at the end of a
dive, when the cylinder is near empty
• If the weight check is performed at the beginning of a
dive, add about 2 kilograms or 5 pounds of weight to
account for the air which will be consumed during the
dive
– Weighting also should be evaluated
throughout the dive, and especially near the
end of the dive
• The diver should be able to maintain a safety
stop while hovering at 5 m / 15 ft
• During the safety stop (when the cylinder is near
empty) there should be little or no air in the BCD
students
• Under-weighting
– May have trouble descending, may struggle to stay
down, and may unexpectedly pop to the surface
• Over-weighting
– Additional air must be added to the BCD, increasing
drag as the diver moves through the water
• Buoyancy Control
– A diver controls his or her buoyancy with
the BCD
• When the BCD is inflated, more water is
displaced (making the diver more buoyant)
– Air is added via the low pressure inflator
– If a malfunction occurs, the BCD can be orally
inflated (at the surface or underwater)
• When the BCD is deflated, less water is
displaced (making the diver less buoyant)
– Air may be released via the primary or auxiliary
exhaust mechanisms
– The diver always should be
• Positively buoyant at the surface
– Any attempt to tread water will quickly lead to over-
exertion
• Neutrally buoyant underwater
– Enables the diver to move through the water in a
streamlined horizontal position
– Less exertion
– Improved air consumption
– Hovering
• These are the steps often provided to a student
– Kneel on bottom of pool, negatively buoyant
– Air is slowly added to BCD until the diver begins to lift
off the bottom
– Diver then pushes himself up into mid-water
– No sculling with hands or feet
– Fine tune buoyancy with lung volume
– Fin pivot
• Useful in learning buoyancy control, and may
be introduced prior to hovering
– Prone on bottom of pool, negatively buoyant
– Air is slowly added to BCD until the diver’s upper
body begins to lift off the bottom
– Diver maintains a rigid posture, pivoting up and down
on fin tips with each breath
– Fine tune buoyancy with lung volume
– A diver’s buoyancy characteristics will vary
during a dive
• When the diver is at rest, breathing may be
more relaxed (less lung volume)
• When the diver is swimming, breathing likely
will be more active (greater lung volume)
• As air is consumed during the dive, the cylinder
becomes lighter
students
• Diver is impatient and either over-inflates or
over-deflates the BCD
– Often there is a short delay, between the time that a
diver makes an adjustment to the BCD, and the time
that the effect becomes apparent
• Diver is reluctant to add sufficient air to BCD
and remains somewhat negatively buoyant
• Balance and Trim
– While hovering
• If the diver rotates towards a head-up position
– Some weight can be moved higher on body
– Cylinder may be shifted slightly upward
• If the diver rotates towards a head-down position
– Some weight can be moved lower on body
– Cylinder may be shifted slightly downward
• If the diver tends to roll onto his or her back
– Some weight can be moved forward on body
Finning Skills
• Common Techniques
– Scissors kick
• Longer and usually slower up-and-down stroke
of the fins, with much of the movement and
power coming from the hips
• Experienced divers tend to use this kick for
normal swimming
Finning Skills
– Flutter kick
• Shorter and faster up-and-down stroke, with
slight additional movement at the knees and
ankles to snap the fins
• Experienced divers tend to use this kick for a
burst of speed
Finning Skills
– “Bicycling”
• Impromptu fining method sometimes adopted by
inexperienced divers
• Excessive movement at the knees, with the feet
moving back and forth horizontally, as the diver
pushes at the water with the bottom of the fins
• Very inefficient, and should be avoided
Finning Skills
• Alternate Techniques
– Frog kick
• Knees are bent outward and upward towards
torso while lower legs are spread apart, and then
the legs are straightened and trust rearward in
an arc, snapping the fins together
• Force is directed rearward, which helps avoid
stirring up silt
• Cave and wreck divers often use this technique
Finning Skills
– Modified frog kick
• Similar to frog kick, but the knees are less bent
and the arc is proportionally reduced
• May be used as an alternative for more leisurely
swimming
Finning Skills
– Sculling
• Subtle back-and-forth horizontal movement of
fins, while simultaneously rotating the fin blades
around their own axis
• Provides effective but limited propulsion, while
expending little effort
• May be used for very casual swimming
Finning Skills
– Backwards kick
• The fin tips are extended straight towards the
rear, the ankles are flexed so that the fin tips
“dig” into the water, then the angled fins are
drawn back towards the body
• Limited application, but handy when needed
In-Water Removal and
Replacement of Equipment
• BCD Removal and Replacement, at Surface
– May need to be performed at times
• For a specific type of entry or exit
• To check or fix an equipment problem
– To remove
• Appropriately inflate the BCD
• Slip out of the BCD
– If needed, disconnect the release on a shoulder strap
• Keep hold of the BCD (especially when wearing
a weight belt)
– To replace
• If a buddy is available to assist by holding the
BCD, it may be possible to don it like a jacket
• Otherwise
– Position the well-inflated BCD with the cylinder down
and the straps spread wide
– Back onto and sit on top of the BCD
– Reach down with both hands through the arm holes,
lean back, and slip into BCD
• BCD Removal and Replacement,
Underwater
• To free an entanglement
Underwater
– To remove
• Kneel on the bottom
• Vent all air from BCD
• Slip out of BCD
– If needed, disconnect the release on a shoulder strap
• Always remove BCD from left shoulder first, to
avoid wrapping the regulator hose around neck
• Keep hold of the BCD (especially when using a
weight-integrated BCD)
Underwater
– To replace
• Kneel on the bottom, with BCD upright in front
of the diver
• Don it like a jacket, starting with right arm
• Right hand then can be used to hold cylinder in
place at the diver’s back, while slipping the BCD
onto the left shoulder
• Weight Removal and Replacement, at Surface
• For a specific type of entry or exit
• For positive buoyancy in an emergency
– To remove
• When using a weight-integrated BCD, pull the
handles to release the weight pockets
• When using a weight belt, undo the buckle and
pull the belt free of the body
– To replace
• When using a weight-integrated BCD, reinsert
the weight pockets (may need to lean back)
• When using a weight belt
– Hold the free end of belt against right hip
– Lean back
– Roll towards left, wrapping belt around waist
– Remain in a face-down position and re-fasten the
buckle
• Weight Removal and Replacement,
Underwater
– To remove
• When using a weight-integrated
BCD, pull the handles to release the
weight pockets
• When using a weight belt, undo the
buckle and pull the belt free of the
body
• Weight Removal and Replacement,
Underwater
– To replace
• When using a weight-integrated BCD, reinsert
the weight pockets
• When using a weight belt
– Lean forward
– Pass the belt behind the back
– Re-fasten the buckle
Out-of-Air Emergencies
• Alternate Air Source Use
– Switching to an alternate air source is the
best all-around option in dealing with an
out-of-air emergency
– With an alternate second stage (“octopus”)
• Donor passes the alternate to the out-of-air diver
• Alternate should be properly oriented
– May leak water if turned upside down
• Divers should be positioned face-to-face
– Grasp onto each other with right hand
– Allow the out-of-air diver to calm down
• Start the ascent together
– Keep left hand free to vent air from BCD
– If the out-of-air diver grabs the donor’s
primary second stage from the diver’s
mouth
• The donor should simply switch to his own
alternate
– With an inflator-integrated second stage
• The donor passes his primary second stage to
the out-of-air diver, while the donor switches to
his own alternate
– With a redundant alternate air source (pony
bottle or bail-out system)
• The out-of-air diver may simply switch to his own
redundant alternate
• A donor also may pass his redundant alternate
to an out-of-air buddy
• Emergency Swimming Ascent
– With the regulator in place (to avoid inhaling
water), the diver should
• Immediately start an ascent making “ahhh” sound
• When appropriate, vent air from BCD to avoid an
overly-rapid ascent
• As a precaution, the diver should pull at least one
weight pocket from the BCD or unfasten the
weight belt, and hold it in his hand
• When forced to drop the weights, the diver should
lean back and flare at 5 m / 15 ft to slow ascent
Basic Rescue Skills
• Cramp Releases
– A cramp may occur anywhere in the leg or
foot
• An affected diver may release the cramp by
grasping the fin tip, extending the leg, and
pulling the fin towards the torso
• A buddy can assist by supporting the affected
diver’s ankle, helping extend the leg, and
pressing on the lower portion of the fin
Basic Rescue Skills
• Tired Diver Tows
– Following a cramp, or due to over-exertion,
a buddy may need assistance back to the
boat or shore
• First concern: get the affected buddy positively
buoyant on the surface
– In some cases (especially over-exertion) the affected
buddy may be more comfortable if he removes his
mask
Basic Rescue Skills
– Cylinder valve tow
• The diver is positioned at the affected buddy’s
head, grasps the cylinder valve with both hands,
and swims on his or her back while kicking
immediately below the buddy
• Advantage: with two hands on the valve, the
diver can control a panicky buddy, and prevent
the buddy from climbing on top of the diver
• Disadvantage: diver cannot easily see where
they are going
Basic Rescue Skills
– Tired swimmer carry / underarm push
• Diver is positioned next to the affected buddy
facing the direction of travel, grasps the buddy’s
upper arm, and pushes the buddy along surface
• Advantage: diver can see where they are going,
and can more easily communicate with buddy;
voice and touch also may help to calm the buddy
• Disadvantage: if the buddy panics, diver is in a
vulnerable position
Basic Rescue Skills
– Fin push
• Diver is positioned at buddy’s feet with buddy’s
fins resting against diver’s shoulders, and diver
pushes buddy along surface
• Advantage: most streamlined towing technique
• Disadvantage: requires relatively calm surface
conditions and a fully cooperative buddy
Common Hand Signals
• Underwater Communication
– Most communication between dive buddies,
and between dive leaders and students or
supervised divers, is accomplished with hand
signals
• Signals have been standardized by the RSTC, and
all of these are included in the Leadership manual
• Students are introduced to these signals during the
Open Water Diver Course
• Of course the dive leader should be familiar with all
of these signals
Common Hand Signals
• Summary
✓ Introduction
✓ Equipment Handling Skills
✓ Buddy Procedures
✓ Entries and Exits
✓ Descents and Ascents
✓ Mask Skills
✓ Regulator and Snorkel Skills
✓ Weighting and Buoyancy
✓ Finning Skills
✓ In-Water Removal and Replacement of Equipment
✓ Out-of-Air Emergencies
✓ Basic Rescue Skills
✓ Common Hand Signals
Scuba I.Q. Review
Scuba I.Q. Review
1. What actions should a diver take to prevent a BCD

strap from slipping on the cylinder?
– Wet strap prior to attaching to cylinder.
– Lift BCD with cylinder attached to ensure it is secure.
2. If a diver is unable to easily detach the regulator
from the cylinder after a dive, he has probably
– (B) Forgotten to turn off the cylinder valve.
– (C) Failed to completely purge air from the lines.
3. What are three benefits of the buddy system?
– Safety, Practicality, Fun
Scuba I.Q. Review
4. If buddies become separated underwater, what

actions should each diver take?
– Search underwater for no more than 1 minute, then
make a normal ascent to surface to reunite with buddy.
If buddy does not appear at the surface, summon
assistance.
Scuba I.Q. Review
5. What are the critical steps in the pre-dive safety

check?
– (A-B-C-D-E)
– Course to Follow
– Depth and Time Limits
– Turn Around Time and/or cylinder pressure
– Hand signals
– Buddy contact and separation procedures
– Air sharing and emergency procedures
Scuba I.Q. Review
6. Common types of entries include surf, ,

controlled seated, and back roll.
– Giant Stride
7. When exiting the water onto a boat, a diver should:
– Follow the procedure outlined in the briefing for that
particular boat.
8. True or False: Buddies should descend individually
and meet on the bottom.
– False
Scuba I.Q. Review
9. SDI students are taught to in order to

control the speed of ascent.
– CYA-Computerize Your Ascent
10. If a diver is unable to recover a lost mask during a
dive, he should:
– (B) Seek and accept assistance from buddy.
11. If a regulator malfunction results in a free flow
during a dive, a diver should alert his buddy, and
the dive.
– Abort
Scuba I.Q. Review
12. Proper weighting is best determined:

– (C) near the end of a dive.
13. A properly weighted diver should be able to
simply by exhaling deeply.
– Descend
14. When buoyancy is properly adjusted, a diver is
able to move through the water in a ,
position.
– Streamlined, horizontal
Scuba I.Q. Review
15. The process of re-positioning weight to achieve an

effortless horizontal swimming position is called:
– D: Trim
16. The most common finning techniques are:
– Scissors Kick, Flutter Kick
17. The best way of handling an out of air emergency
is the use of a(n) .
– Alternate air source
Scuba I.Q. Review
18. True or False: A diver experiencing a cramp in his

foot or leg may be able to relieve the cramp by
grasping his fin tip, extending his leg, and pulling
the fin tip upwards, toward his torso.
– True
19. Three types of tows that may be used to assist a
tired diver are:
– Cylinder Valve Tow
– Underarm Push
– Fin Push
Scuba I.Q. Review
20. Match the following hand signals with the

corresponding pictures:
– Out of air
– Stop
– Up/ let’s go up
– OK
– Something wrong
– Distress/need assistance
Any Questions ?

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What are some of the basic skills covered in scuba diving?

What are the standard procedures for equipment assembly?

Chapter Five

Personal Dive Skills

1. What actions should a diver take to prevent a BCD

4. If buddies become separated underwater, what

5. What are the critical steps in the pre-dive safety

6. Common types of entries include surf, ,

9. SDI students are taught to in order to

12. Proper weighting is best determined:

15. The process of re-positioning weight to achieve an

18. True or False: A diver experiencing a cramp in his

20. Match the following hand signals with the

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