Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 69 views

    Theory Final Na 1

    Uploaded by

    Rosmari Aquino Pascual
    Forces acting on a body are said to be concurrent if they all intersect at a single point. When forces are concurrent, their vector sums can be used to find the resultant force. If the body is not accelerating, it must be in equilibrium, meaning the resultant force is zero. For concurrent forces, the body is treated as a point, so concurrent forces in equilibrium means the vector sum of all the forces results in zero.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Theory Final Na 1

    Uploaded by

    Rosmari Aquino Pascual
    69 views45 pages
    Forces acting on a body are said to be concurrent if they all intersect at a single point. When forces are concurrent, their vector sums can be used to find the resultant force. If the body is not accelerating, it must be in equilibrium, meaning the resultant force is zero. For concurrent forces, the body is treated as a point, so concurrent forces in equilibrium means the vector sum of all the forces results in zero.

    Original Title

    THEORY-FINAL-NA-1

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Forces acting on a body are said to be concurrent if they all intersect at a single point. When forces are concurrent, their vector sums can be used to find the resultant force. If the body is not accelerating, it must be in equilibrium, meaning the resultant force is zero. For concurrent forces, the body is treated as a point, so concurrent forces in equilibrium means the vector sum of all the forces results in zero.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    69 views45 pages

    Theory Final Na 1

    Uploaded by

    Rosmari Aquino Pascual
    Forces acting on a body are said to be concurrent if they all intersect at a single point. When forces are concurrent, their vector sums can be used to find the resultant force. If the body is not accelerating, it must be in equilibrium, meaning the resultant force is zero. For concurrent forces, the body is treated as a point, so concurrent forces in equilibrium means the vector sum of all the forces results in zero.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 45

    Equilibrium of Concurrent

    Forces
    Conditions of equilibrium under the
    action of parallel coplanar forces
    Resultant of Concurrent
    Force System
    Reaction of three-hinged arch
    Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces

    Concurrent means that the forces intersect through a


    single point.
    If forces are concurrent, we can add them together as
    vectors to get the resultant. 
    If the body is not accelerating, it must be in equilibrium, so
    that means the resultant is zero.
    For concurrent forces, the body is a point.
    So for concurrent forces in equilibrium, the forces should
    all add up to give zero.
    If a body is not accelerating is in equilibrium, so
    resultant of all forces = 0.

    A typical concurrent force situation is a lifting eye. The pulling


    forces in any cables must pass through the centre of the eye. If
    there is only one eyebolt (correctly positioned over the centre
    of gravity) and the load is suspended, the bolt force must pass
    through the same centre. Hence all forces pass through one
    point (the centre of the eye), so we have concurrent
    equilibrium.

    All forces on a suspended load are concurrent. (Assuming the


    load remains level when lifted). It is possible to maintain
    equilibrium even when the cables are at different angles. In the
    example below, Cable B must have less tension than Cable A;
    Diagrams
    1. The Space Diagram (SD)
    The initial problem is usually sketched. This illustration or picture shows the layout and dimensions. If this
    diagram was drawn to scale, the units would be length (mm, m etc). It is nice to be accurate, but it does
    not have to be to scale.
    2. The Free Body Diagram (FBD)
    The Free Body Diagram is a strict diagram that isolates the body for study. See Free Body Diagrams for more
    information. The idea of the FBD is to focus on one particular part or group of parts (called the body) and
    replace every external member with the force they would apply.
    1. Isolate the body. (An outline is best because we are supposed to forget about the inside of the body)
    2. Locate border crossings. Identify the contact points where forces are crossing the boundary. Gravity acts
    through centre.
    3. Line of Action. Some types of connections have a known direction. E.g. Cables have force running through
    the centreline.
    4. "To the Body". Since Newton's 3rd law has every action with an opposite reaction, we must eliminate half the
    forces. Identify those forces that are applied "to the body", and eliminate those done "by the body".

    If the FBD were drawn to scale, the body might be length (mm, m etc) and the forces might be another scale (N,
    kN etc). 
    Warning! Do not get Linear dimensions and Force dimensions mixed up. You cannot add metres and Newtons
    together!
    3. The Force Polygon (FP)
    The force polygon must be drawn strictly to scale, and everything is a Force. The only information
    coming from the FBD is;
    Force magnitudes
    Force Angles
    Warning! Do not attempt to bring any FBD Lengths into the FP. There are no metres in the Force
    Polygon.

    In some cases the Free Body diagram does not even look like the original. This is most obvious for
    concurrent forces. Since all forces go through one point, we can treat the body as a DOT!
    Example Diagrams. These cranes are not accelerating, so they are in
    equilibrium. Therefore all the forces on any body should add up to zero. The body
    is actually the connection point which is probably a lifting eye of a hook. The FBD
    shows as much as we know from the Space diagram - in this case angles are
    known but only one magnitude. The force polygon should form a closed loop
    (since resultant = 0), so this defines the lengths (and hence the magnitudes) of
    F1 and F2. 
    CAD programs are very helpful when working with force polygons.
    The Equilibrium Equations
    Equilibrium simply says the resultant is zero. Mathematically,
    this can be stated that the Fx and Fy components are zero.
    So, for concurrent forces in 2 dimensions (planar),
    equilibrium means that...
    Example: A Lifting Eye
    Two ropes are attached to this
    lifting eye. Force A is at 75o, and
    Force B is at 60o from the
    horizontal. 
    If the load is 240kg, what are
    the tensions in cable A and cable
    B?
    The Free Body Diagram
    •1. Isolate: Take the eye as a dot
    2. Border crossings: There are 3
    forces
    3. Line of action: Must run along cable
    centrelines
    4. "To the body": Cables always pull

    Notes:
    You should convert to 360o notation in
    the FBD.
    •A FBD is almost always compulsory.
    Graphical (CAD) method
    Start with what you know.
    We know the weight (gravity force) of 240kg load.
    Fg = 240 * 9.81 = 2354.4N

    See instruction for How to add forces in Solid Edge.

    1. Start somewhere on the page (draw a small circle


    to show the start point).
    2. Draw the gravity force: 2354.4 at 270o
    3. Now draw Fa as a line from the end of the last
    one. Use an unknown length (take 1000 for starters)
    at 75o.
    4. Go back to origin and draw Fb as another
    unknown length (say 1000) at 120o.
    5. Now trim-corner Fa & Fb, Fb & Fg, into a triangle.
    6. Add dimensions.
    Mathematical (components) method
    Step 1: Convert angles to 360 Notation:
    Fa = Fa N at 75o
    Fb = Fb N at 120o 
    Fg = 240 * 9.81 = 2354.4N at 270o

    Step 2: Get X and Y components:


    Fax = Fa * cos(75) = 0.2588*Fa
    Fay = Fa * sin (75) = 0.9659*Fa
    Fbx = Fb * cos(120) = -0.5*Fb
    Fby = Fb * sin (120) = 0.8660*Fb
    Fgx = 2354.4 * cos(270) = 0 N
    Fgy = 2354.4 * sin (270) = -2354.4 N

    Step 3: Write Equilibrium equations;


    Fx = 0;
    Fax + Fbx + Fgx = 0
    0.2588*Fa  -  0.5*Fb + 0 = 0                    (eqn 1)
    Fy = 0;
    Fay + Fby + Fgy = 0
    0.9659*Fa  +  0.8660*Fb - 2354.4 = 0        (eqn 2)

    Step 4: Solve equations; 


    These are simultaneous equations that can be solved by substitution
    (Or matrices for many variables)
    From eqn 1:  Fb = 0.5176*Fa             
    Substitute this into eqn 2...
    0.9659*Fa  +  0.8660*0.5176*Fa - 2354.4 = 0 
    Now we have one variable so we can solve it:
    Fa = 2354.4 / 1.4142 = 1664.8 N 
    Now subs back into eqn 1..
    Fb = 0.5176 * Fa = 861.77 N A
    Mathematical (Triangle Geometry) Method
    Since there are only 2 forces, the Force
    Polygon is a triangle. However, it is not a
    right-angle triangle, so we need the Cosine
    rule or the Sine rule.

    Find the angles from geometry;  


    B = 90 - 75 = 15o
    C = 75 + (180-120) = 135o
    A = 180 - B - C = 30o

    So we can use the Sine Rule: (Whew!)


    c/sin(C) = 3329.6
    Amazing eh? This is the sine number for this
    triangle...
    OK now, since
    b/sin(B) = 3329.6 •Most maths books use capital letters for
    then angles and lower case for the length of
    the opposite sides. Therefore;
    b = 3329.6*sin(15) = 861.77 N
    COSINE RULE: a2 = b2 + c2 - 2*b*c*Cos (A)
    Also  •SINE RULE: a/sin(A) = b/sin(B) = c/sin(C)
    a = 3329.6 * sin(30) = 1664.81 N
    By Graphical method or
    Slide Rule
    By Algebraic Method
    .
    F4sin(ϴ) - F3cos(30) – F2( = 0 Eq. 1
    .
    F4cos(ϴ) + F3sin(30) – F2( – F1 = 0 Eq. 2
    Set F4sinϴ as Fy and F4cos(ϴ) as Fx
    F1 = 60N, F2 = 75N, F3 = 90, F4 = ?
    Fy – 90cos(30) – 75() = 0
    Fy = 111.48N
    Fx + 90sin(30) – 75() – 60 = 0
    Fx = 82.08N
    Tan(ϴ) =
    Tan(ϴ) = 1.35, ϴ = 53.64˚
    F4 =
    F4 =
    F4 = 138.45N
    Conditions of equilibrium under the
    action of parallel coplanar forces
    Coplanar forces are forces that lie in the some pane.  Parallel forces are forces whose tings of action are all parallel to each other.

    A body acted upon by several forces said to be in equilibrium if it does not move or rotate.  Under this equilibrium condition,
    the sum of the forces acting in one direction (e.g. upwards) must be equal to the sum of the forces acting in opposite direction
    acting downwards must balance the total prices acting downwards.

    Also, the body can only remain in equilibrium if the moments of the forces about any point act,  in such a way as to cancel each
    other.  That is, the total clockwise moments of all the forces about any point of the object must be exactly counter balanced by
    the total anti-clockwise moment about the same point.

    Hence the two conditions for equilibrium of parallel coplanar forces can be stated as follows;
    1)        Forces:  The algebraic sum of the forces acting on the body in any given direction must be zero. That is, the sum of the
    upward forces must be equal the sum of the forces acting in one direction must be equal to the sum of the forces acting opposite
    in direction.
    2)        Moments: The algebraic sum of the moments of all forces about any point on the body must be zero or the total clockwise
    moments of the forces about the same point.  The second condition above is known as the principle of moments.

    The principle of moments states that if a body is in equilibrium, then the sum of the clockwise moments about any point on the
    body is equal to the sum of anti-clock-wise moments about the same point.
    By Graphical Method
    By Algebraic Method
    .
    F5 + F2 + F4 = F1 + F3
    F5 = 60N, F4 = ?, F3 = 40N, F2 = 100N, F1 = 80N
    60N + 100N + F4 = 80N + 40N
    F4 = -40N (Downward Direction)
    .
    F5(x) – F2(4) + F3(9) + F4(12) = 0
    60(x) – 100(4) + 40(9) + 40(12) = 0
    x = -7.33m From F1 (to the Right)
    By Graphical Method
    By Algebraic Method
    .
    VA(8) + 5(2) = 20(3) + 15(1)
    VA = 8.125N
    .
    8.125N + VB = 20 + 15 + 5
    VB = 31.875N
    .Checking….
    .
    VB(8) = 15(7) + 5(10) + 20(5)
    VB = 31.875N
    Resultant of Concurrent
    Force System
    Resultant of Concurrent Force System

    Resultant of a force system is a force or a couple


    that will have the same effect to the body, both in
    translation and rotation, if all the forces are
    removed and replaced by the resultant.
    The equation involving the resultant of force system are the following

    1.Rx=ΣFx=Fx1+Fx2+Fx3+...Rx=ΣFx=Fx1+Fx2+Fx3+...
    The x-component of the resultant is equal to the summation of forces in the x-
    direction.
     
    2.Ry=ΣFy=Fx1+Fx2+Fx3+...Ry=ΣFy=Fx1+Fx2+Fx3+...
    The y-component of the resultant is equal to the summation of forces in the y-
    direction.
     
    3.Rz=ΣFz=Fx1+Fx2+Fx3+...Rz=ΣFz=Fx1+Fx2+Fx3+...
    The z-component of the resultant is equal to the summation of forces in the z-
    direction.
    Resultant of Coplanar Concurrent Force System
    The line of action of each forces in coplanar concurrent force
    system are on the same plane. All of these forces meet at a
    common point, thus concurrent. In x-y plane, the resultant can
    be found by the following formulas:
     
    Rx=ΣFxRx=ΣFx
    Ry=ΣFyRy=ΣFy
    R=Rx2+Ry2−−−−−−−−√R=Rx2+Ry2
    tanθx=RyRx
    Example:
    By both the algebraic & graphic methods find the
    magnitude direction and position of F4, If the four
    coplanar forces are in equilibrium.

    Solution:

    ∑F4x=0 ∑Fv=0
    F4x-100cos60-80-120( -120(
    F4x=202N F4y=9.40N
    By Graphical Method
    By Algebraic Method
    .
    F4x – F1cos(60) – F2 – F3() = 0
    F4 = ?, F3 = 120N, F2 = 80N, F1 = 100N
    F4x = 202N
    .
    -120 + 100sin(60) + F4y = 0
    F4y = 9.40N
    F4 =
    F4 =
    F4 = 202.22N
    Tanϴ = ϴ = 2.66˚
    .
    100sin60(30) + 100cos(60)(1) + 50(20) – 120(2)() + 120(5)() x= = 85.75N
    =805.81N y = = 4N
    Reaction of three-hinged arch
    In case of beams supporting uniformly
    distributed load, the maximum bending
    moment increases with the square of
    the span and hence they become
    uneconomical for long span structures.
    In such situations arches could be
    advantageously employed, as they
    would develop horizontal reactions,
    which in turn reduce the design bending
    moment.
    Type of arches
    There are mainly three types of arches
    that are commonly used in practice:
    three hinged arch, two-hinged arch and
    fixed-fixed arch. Three-hinged arch is
    statically determinate structure and its
    reactions / internal forces are evaluated
    by static equations of equilibrium. Two-
    hinged arch and fixed-fixed arch are
    statically indeterminate structures. The
    indeterminate reactions are
    determined by the method of least
    work or by the flexibility matrix
    method. In this lesson threehinged arch
    is discussed.
    Analysis of three-hinged arch

    In the case of three-hinged


    arch, we have three hinges:
    two at the support and one at
    the crown thus making it
    statically determinate
    structure. Consider a three
    hinged arch subjected to a
    concentrated forceP as shown
    in Fig 32.5.
    . For Lo
    .
    (9) + (3) + 20(9) – H5(9) –V5(L5) = 2
    H5 =
    H5 =
    H5 = 73.18KN
    .For La
    .
    -30(9) – L9(3) – 20(6) + H5(6) – V5(12) = 0
    V5 =
    V5 = -5.91KN
    .
    5.91 – 30 – 40 + V9 = 0
    V9 = 64.09kN
    .
    -20 + 73.18 – H9 = 0
    H9 = 53.18kN

    You might also like