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    Engineering Marvels

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    Karthika Karthika
    The Great Wall of China stretches over 13,000 miles across northern China and has been built and rebuilt over centuries, starting in the 7th century BC. It was constructed to protect against invasions by various nomadic groups and is considered one of the most impressive architectural feats in history. Sections are made of materials like rammed earth, stone, and bricks. While most of the ancient walls have eroded, recent studies show the Ming Great Wall's remains measure over 8,800 miles.

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    Engineering Marvels

    Uploaded by

    Karthika Karthika
    47 views8 pages
    The Great Wall of China stretches over 13,000 miles across northern China and has been built and rebuilt over centuries, starting in the 7th century BC. It was constructed to protect against invasions by various nomadic groups and is considered one of the most impressive architectural feats in history. Sections are made of materials like rammed earth, stone, and bricks. While most of the ancient walls have eroded, recent studies show the Ming Great Wall's remains measure over 8,800 miles.

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    The Great Wall of China stretches over 13,000 miles across northern China and has been built and rebuilt over centuries, starting in the 7th century BC. It was constructed to protect against invasions by various nomadic groups and is considered one of the most impressive architectural feats in history. Sections are made of materials like rammed earth, stone, and bricks. While most of the ancient walls have eroded, recent studies show the Ming Great Wall's remains measure over 8,800 miles.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    47 views8 pages

    Engineering Marvels

    Uploaded by

    Karthika Karthika
    The Great Wall of China stretches over 13,000 miles across northern China and has been built and rebuilt over centuries, starting in the 7th century BC. It was constructed to protect against invasions by various nomadic groups and is considered one of the most impressive architectural feats in history. Sections are made of materials like rammed earth, stone, and bricks. While most of the ancient walls have eroded, recent studies show the Ming Great Wall's remains measure over 8,800 miles.

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    ENGINEERING

    MARVELS
    The Great Wall of China (traditional Chinese:  萬里長城 ; simplified Chinese:  万里长城 ; pinyin
    : Wànlǐ Chángchéng, literally "ten thousand li wall") is a series of fortifications that were built
    across the historical northern borders of ancient Chinese states and Imperial China as protection
    against various nomadic groups from the Eurasian Steppe. Several walls were built from as early
    as the 7th century BC,[4] with selective stretches later joined by Qin Shi Huang (220–206 BC), the
    first emperor of China. Little of the Qin wall remains.[5] Later on, many successive dynasties built
    and maintained multiple stretches of border walls. The best-known
    east to Lop Lake in the west, from the present-day 
    Sino–Russian border in the north to Tao River (Taohe) in
    the south; along an arc that roughly delineates the edge of
    the Mongolian steppe; spanning 21,196.18 km
    (13,170.70 mi) in total.[7][3] Today, the defensive system of
    the Great Wall is generally recognized as one of the most
    impressive architectural feats in history.[8]
    Most of the ancient walls have eroded away over the
    centuries, and very few sections remain today. The human cost
    of the construction is unknown, but it has been estimated by
    some authors that hundreds of thousands workers
    None of the Europeans who visited China or Mongolia in the 13th and 14th centuries,
    such as Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, William of Rubruck, Marco Polo, Odoric
    of Pordenone and Giovanni de' Marignolli, mentioned the Great Wall

    The Great Wall concept was revived again under the Ming in the 14th century,[30] and following the Ming army's defeat
    by the Oirats in the Battle of Tumu. The Ming had failed to gain a clear upper hand over the Mongol tribes after
    successive battles, and the long-drawn conflict was taking a toll on the empire. The Ming adopted a new strategy to
    keep the nomadic tribes out by constructing walls along the northern border of China. Acknowledging the Mongol
    control established in the Ordos Desert, the wall followed the desert's southern edge instead of incorporating the
    bend of the Yellow River.
    In 2012, based on existing research and the results of a comprehensive mapping survey, the 
    National Cultural Heritage Administration of China concluded that the remaining Great Wall associated sites include
    10,051 wall sections, 1,764 ramparts or trenches, 29,510 individual buildings, and 2,211 fortifications or passes, with
    the walls and trenches spanning a total length of 21,196.18 km (13,170.70 mi).[3] Incorporating advanced technologies,
    the study has concluded that the Ming Great Wall measures 8,850 km (5,500 mi).[52] This consists of 6,259 km
    (3,889 mi) of wall sections, 359 km (223 mi) of trenches and 2,232 km (1,387 mi) of natural defensive barriers such as
    hills and rivers.
    NIGHT VIEW OF GREAT WALL OF
    CHINA
    Click icon to add picture
    Before the use of bricks, the Great Wall was mainly built from rammed
    earth, stones, and wood. During the Ming, however, bricks were
    heavily used in many areas of the wall, as were materials such as
    tiles, lime, and stone. The size and weight of the bricks made them
    easier to work with than earth and stone, so construction quickened.
    Additionally, bricks could bear more weight and endure better than
    rammed earth. Stone can hold under its own weight better than brick,
    but is more difficult to use. Consequently, stones cut into rectangular
    shapes were used for the foundation, inner and outer brims, and
    gateways of the wall. Battlements line the uppermost portion of the
    vast majority of the wall, with defensive gaps a little over 30 cm (12 in)
    tall, and about 23 cm (9.1 in) wide. From the parapets, guards could
    survey the surrounding land
    DIFFERENT VIEWS OF CHINA WALL
    THANK YOU
    Bindu Sri.D
    2200560019

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