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    CH 27 Bacteria

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    Manny Anthony Taguba
    1) Life began on Earth around 3.5 billion years ago in the form of single-celled prokaryotic organisms like bacteria and archaea. 2) Bacteria are classified as either eubacteria or archaebacteria and play important roles in ecosystems through photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and decomposition. 3) While some bacteria cause disease, others have beneficial effects like producing antibiotics, vitamins, and aiding digestion.

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    CH 27 Bacteria

    Uploaded by

    Manny Anthony Taguba
    32 views49 pages
    1) Life began on Earth around 3.5 billion years ago in the form of single-celled prokaryotic organisms like bacteria and archaea. 2) Bacteria are classified as either eubacteria or archaebacteria and play important roles in ecosystems through photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and decomposition. 3) While some bacteria cause disease, others have beneficial effects like producing antibiotics, vitamins, and aiding digestion.

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    Ch 27 Bacteria

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    1) Life began on Earth around 3.5 billion years ago in the form of single-celled prokaryotic organisms like bacteria and archaea. 2) Bacteria are classified as either eubacteria or archaebacteria and play important roles in ecosystems through photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and decomposition. 3) While some bacteria cause disease, others have beneficial effects like producing antibiotics, vitamins, and aiding digestion.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    32 views49 pages

    CH 27 Bacteria

    Uploaded by

    Manny Anthony Taguba
    1) Life began on Earth around 3.5 billion years ago in the form of single-celled prokaryotic organisms like bacteria and archaea. 2) Bacteria are classified as either eubacteria or archaebacteria and play important roles in ecosystems through photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and decomposition. 3) While some bacteria cause disease, others have beneficial effects like producing antibiotics, vitamins, and aiding digestion.

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    Origin of Life & Bacteria

    CH 27
    • Universe formed 15 billion years ago (Big
    Bang)
    • Galaxies formed from stars, dust and gas
    • Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago
    • Suns energy stripped away 1st atmosphere
    • 2nd atmosphere formed from volcanic outgassing
    • Primitive atmosphere: CO2, water vapor, lesser

    amts of CO, N2, H2, HCl, and traces of NH3 and

    CH4 (3.5 bya)


    • O2 came in 1.5 bya
    • Autotrophic Organisms: photosynthesis
    • Another environmental change
    • Result in evolution
    • 0.5 billion years ago
    • Atmosphere O2 to 1% current
    • Compare to present: 78% N2, 21% O2,
    0.04% CO2, + trace gasses
    • Relatively small, most single cell
    • Start of multicellularity
    • Increase in cell complexity
    Life began~ 3.5 bya
    Organic molecules (C H O N P S) swimming in
    shallow seas
    Stage 1: Abiotic synthesis of organic
    molecules such as proteins, amino acids
    and nucleotides
    Stage 2: joining of small molecules
    (monomers) into large molecules
    Stage 3: origin of self-replicating
    molecules that eventually made
    inheritance possible
    Stage 4: packaging these molecules into
    pre-cells, droplets of molecules with
    membranes that maintained an internal
    chemistry
    Thomas Huxley- Search for origin of life
    Bathybias heckali- primordial ooze

    Wyville Thompson: HMS Challenger (1872-1876) found


    it was actually diatomacous ooze reacting with seawater
    and ethyl alcohol
    Miller & Urey (1953)- mixed water vapor, NH3, CH4, H2
    + electric spark  amino acids and other organic
    compounds

    electrodes
    CH4
    NH3 spark
    H2
    water vapor

    condenser

    water containing
    organic compounds
    boiling water
    Produced:
    • 20 amino acids
    • Several sugars
    • Lipids
    • Purine and pyrimidine bases (found in
    DNA, RNA & ATP)
    Kingdom Monera

    Species number low (~17, 000), but


    most numerous on Earth
    3.5 byo
    Two Divisions
    Eubacteria
    (Bacteria & Cyanobacteria)
    Archaebacteria
    Kingdom Monera
     Prokaryotic
     Single-celled
     Diverse energy types:
    Chemoautotrophic- Purple sulfur bacteria
    Photoautotrophic- cyanobacteria
    Heterotrophic- E. coli

    saprobes

    parasites
    Kingdom Monera
     Some with cell walls, but cell walls
    composed of peptidoglycan, not
    cellulose (as in higher plants).
     Asexual and sexual reproduction
    BASIC SHAPES OF
    EUBACTERIA

    ROD-SHAPED

    SPHERICAL SPIRILLA
    Most Species of Eubacteria may
    be Grouped Based on Staining
    • Gram-Negative • Gram-Positive
    – thin layer of – Thicker layer of
    peptidoglycan peptidogycan
    – Stain purple
    – Stain pink
    – Exotoxins
    – Endotoxins (released when
    bacteria die)
    Gram +

    Gram -
    Kingdom Monera
    Eubacteria

    pneumonia cyanobacteria

    anthrax
    Cyanobacteria

    “Blue-green algae”
    Only 200 species?
    In different conditions
    they grow differently
    Lots of colors
    Photosynthetic
    7,500 ? species
    Cyanobacteria

    3.5 byo
    O2 levels increase by 1.5 bya

    Cyanobacteria were the first organisms on Earth to do


    modern photosynthesis and they made the first oxygen in
    the Earth's atmosphere.
    Stromatolites
    • mainly cyanobacteria
    • 2.8 bya in fossil record

       
    • Dominant, no herbivores

                                                   
                                                                                   
    Mats of cyanobacteria
    Red Sea Turkey

    Iran

    Egypt
    Saudi
    Arabia

    Red Sea

    Red-pigmented cyanobacteria floating on the surface


    Archaebacteria
    Archaebacteria are CHEMICALLY DISTINCT from
    other BACTERIA in several ways:

    1. The Cell Walls, Cell Membranes, and Ribosomal


    RNA are different from those of other
    BACTERIA. No PEPTIDOGLYCAN.
    2. Extremophiles
    3. The PREFIX "ARCHEA" means ANCIENT. 
    4. Archaebacteria live in conditions similar to when
    life first appeared and began to evolve.
    Archaebacteria Types
    Methanogens
    sewage

    Thermoacidophiles
    Hot springs
    Great salt lakes

    Extreme Halophiles
    Archaebacteria

    Purple sulfur
    bacteria
    Chemosynthesis

    6CO2+6H2O+3H2SC6H12O6+3H2SO 4
    Bad Bacteria!
    Bacteria Caused Diseases
    • Bacteria can cause the
    following diseases:
    – Tuberculosis Many sexually
    – Pneumonia transmitted
    – Strep throat diseases (STD’s)
    – Staph infections
    – Scarlet fever
    are caused by
    – Syphilis bacteria.
    – Gonorrhea • Gonorrhea
    – Chlamydia
    – Boils • Syphilus
    – Tetanus • Chlamydia
    – Lyme disease
    – Ear infections
    salmonella

    Helibacter pilori

    E. coli anthrax
    Black Band disease
    Botulism
    • One group of bacteria
    called clostridia, can
    form endospores.
    Clostridium botulinum,
    produces a toxin. If
    canned food is not
    properly sterilized these
    endospores can
    become active inside a
    can and the disease
    “botulism” can occur.
    Antibiotics
    • Antibiotics are drugs that combat bacteria
    by interfering with cellular functions
    – Penicillin – interferes with cell wall production
    – Tetracycline – interferes with protein
    production
    – Sulfa drugs – produced in the laboratory
    – Broad-spectrum antibiotics will affect a wide
    variety of organisms
    Penicillin, an antibiotic, comes from molds of the
    genus Penicillium Notice the area of inhibition
    around the Penicillium.
    Bacteria aren’t all Bad!
    Root Nodules
    Atmospheric N2

    N “fixer”

    Plant roots

    50% to 70% of the


    biological nitrogen fixation
    NifTAL: Nitrogen Fixation of
    Tropical Agricultural Legumes
    Nitrogen Cycle
    • Actinomycetes,
    produce antibiotics
    such as streptomycin
    and nocardicin.
    Bacteria make Vitamin K
    • Bacteria put the tang
    in yogurt and the sour
    in sourdough bread.

    • Saprobes help to
    break down dead
    organic matter.

    • Bacteria make up the


    base of the food web
    in many
    environments.
    Streptococcus thermophilus in yogurt
    Sewage treatment
    Oil Spills
    Bioluminescence
    Bacteria Reproduction

    • Under optimum
    conditions bacteria
    can reproduce every
    20 minutes.
    • Bacteria
    reproduction is
    controlled by various
    factors including :
    temperature and
    food availability.
    Bacteria Reproduction
    Asexual:binary fission Sexual: conjugation
    Binary Fission

    • It involves the
    copying of the
    DNA and the
    splitting into two
    new cells.
    Conjugation
    • Sexual reproduction
    • One bacteria is able
    to transfer its DNA
    into another bacteria
    by means of a pilus
    (pili)

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