Classification of microorganisms-MTN

Classification of
microorganisms.
BY NANGENDO TENDO MAYRAH
VU-BPH-2307-0094-DAY
 Microorganisms are tiny microscopic organisms
that are too small to be seen with naked eyes
and thus, can only be seen with a microscope.
 Microorganisms include microscopic organisms
like bacteria, fungi, archaea, protozoa, and
viruses.
Viruses and their characteristics.
 Viruses are small.
 Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and are
completely dependent upon the cell for replication.
 While living things have dsDNA genomes, the genetic
material of viruses can be composed of DNA or RNA,
and single- or double-stranded.

Classification of viruses.
 Viruses are classified by phenotypic characteristics such as

nucleic acid type, morphology, mode of replication, host organism
and the type of disease they cause.
 According to the Baltimore classification system, viruses are
grouped into one of seven groups;
 DNA VIRUSES
 Group I: viruses possess double-stranded DNA.
 Group II: viruses possess single-stranded DNA.
 Examples include; HPV, Human parvovirus, cowpox etc.
 RNA VIRUSES
 Group III: viruses possess double-stranded RNA genomes. E.g. rotavirus.
 Group IV: viruses possess positive-sense single-stranded RNA genomes. E.g.
yellow fever virus, rubella virus, corona virus etc.
 Group V: viruses possess negative-sense single-stranded RNA genomes. E.g.
Ebola virus, influenza virus, measles virus etc.
 Reverse transcribing viruses.
 Group VI: viruses possess single-stranded RNA viruses that replicate through
a DNA intermediate. E.g. HIV virus.
 Group VII: viruses possess double-stranded DNA genomes and replicate using
reverse transcriptase. E.g. Hepatitis B virus.
Fungi
 Fungi are classified based on;
 Morphology of mycelieum and manner of spore generation.
 Mode of nutrition.
Classification of fungi.
 Phycomyctes (oomycetes and zygomycetes). Examples include; Rhizopus and
mucor.
 They can be parasites or saprophytes.
 Their mycelium is coenocytic and aseptate.
 They reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexually through zygospores
and asexually through sporangia.
 They can be terrestrial or aquatic.
 Oomycetes are the main group for plant pathogens in the fungi group causing
diseases like sprouting disease, potato blight etc.
Basidiomycota(club fungi).
 Examples include; mushrooms, puffballs etc.
 This group is divided into 2 types; macro fungi (basidiomycota with large fruiting
bodies) and micro fungi (micro fruit bodies).
 They reproduce sexually through basidia forming basidospores and asexually through
conidia.
 Have branched and septate mycelieum.
 They are terrestrial and aquatic.
 Act as wood decomposers.
 Some are eaten as food e.g. mushrooms.
 Some basidiomycetes are poisonous.

Ascomycota.
 Ascomycetes aka sac fungi. Examples include; yeast, penicillium,

candida etc.
 Have specialized reproductive structure called asci and produce
ascospores during sexual reproduction and conidiospores during
asexual reproduction.
 Their mycelium is branched and septate.
 They can be saprophytic, parasitic, decomposers etc.
Deuteromycota(imperfect fungi).
 They are called imperfect fungi due to absence of a known sexual
reproduction stage. They reproduce asexually through conidia.
 Resemble unicellular yeast-like organisms.
 Some are plant pathogens, others wood decomposers, also feed on
decaying matter.
 Usually, mycelieum is branched and septate.
Based on the mode of nutrition.
 Saprophytic Fungi- These fungi live and feed on dead organic matter.
E.g. Penicillium, Rhizopus, Mucor.
 Parasitic Fungi –They feed on hosts, which are either living or dead
organisms. By spreading disease, they cause harm to the hosts.
 Symbiotic Fungi –Symbiotic fungi live in an interdependent

relationship with other species that benefits both parties. For
example Lichens. Lichens are the result of a mutualistic relationship
between algae and fungi. In this case, algae and fungi benefit from
each other because fungi provides shelter for algae and algae
provides carbohydrates for fungi.
Protozoans.
 These are classified into four main groups;
a) Mastigophora (flagellated protozoans).
 Can be parasitic.
 Have flagella for movement.
 They have a pellicle covering their body.
 Forms seen in freshwater have a contractile vacuole.
 Sarcodina
 Sporozoa
 They are endoparasitic.
 Theylack a specially designed organ for
locomotion.
 Thereis a pellicle and its subpellicular
microtubules aid in motility.
 Sporozoites are formed during reproduction.
 Examples include; Myxidium, Globidium, etc.
 Ciliates
 They are aquatic protozoans known as ciliated protozoans, and their cilia assist them to
move actively.
 Because of the pellicle’s coating, they have a set shape.
 They may have tentacles.
 There are contractile vacuoles.
 Trichocysts are a type of defensive organ found in several species.
 Examples include; Paramecium.
BACTERIA
Functions of the different parts.
 Cell wall: protects the cell from mechanical damage and

also prevents it from bursting when it gains water.
 Cell membrane: regulates movement of materials into
and out of the cell.
 Capsule: protect bacteria from desiccation and
phagocytes as well.
 Flagellum: for cell locomotion.
 Pilli: facilitate transfer of genetic material.
 Endospore: enable survival of bacteria cell in adverse
conditions.
Classification of Bacteria.
 Bacteria can be classified according to shapes, gram staining technique and
mode of nutrition.
Gram positive and gram negative
bacteria.
 Gram positive bacteria have a distinctive purple appearance when
observed under a light microscope following Gram staining. Examples
include all staphylococci, all streptococci and some listeria species.
 Gram negative bacteria appear a pale reddish color when observed
under a light microscope following Gram staining. Examples include
enterobacter species, salmonella species and pseudomonas species.
Classification based on mode of
nutrition.
Archaea.
Classification of archea.
 It is divided into five as follows;

 Crenarchaeota. These can survive in a wide range of
habitats. They can also survive in extremely high
temperatures.
 Have special proteins to help them survive extremely
high temperatures.
 These bacteria also survive in highly acidic
environments. The usual habitat of these bacteria is hot
springs, deep-sea vents, and places where there is
super-heated water.
 Euryarchaeota
 This category is specialized in surviving extreme alkaline conditions.
 They are the only bacteria to perform cellular respiration using carbon.
 Korarchaeota
 They have the ability to survive extra extremely high temperatures and these
bacteria are believed to be the oldest existing bacteria on the earth.
 Thaumarchaeota
 The bacteria which have the ability to oxidize ammonia.
 Nanoarchaeota
 These are symbiotic archaea.
References.
 https://byjus.com/biology/cocci-bacteria/
 Gram, H.C. (1884). "Über die isolierte Färbung der Schizomyceten in
Schnitt- und Trockenpräparaten". Fortschritte der Medizin (in
German). 2: 185–189.
 Wikipedia contributors. (2023, August 26). Ascomycota. In Wikipedia,
The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21:19, October 10, 2023, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascomycota&oldid=1172
308714
 Louten J. (2016). Virus Structure and Classification. Essential
Human Virology, 19–29. https://
doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800947-5.00002-8
 Wikipedia contributors. (2023, October 3). Virus classification. In
Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12:17, October 11, 2023,
from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Virus_classification&oldid=1178377392
 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/basidiomycetes/

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Classification of

 Viruses are small.

 Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and are

completely dependent upon the cell for replication.

 While living things have dsDNA genomes, the genetic

material of viruses can be composed of DNA or RNA,

and single- or double-stranded.

 Viruses are classified by phenotypic characteristics such as

 Have branched and septate mycelieum.

 They are terrestrial and aquatic.

 Act as wood decomposers.

 Some are eaten as food e.g. mushrooms.

 Some basidiomycetes are poisonous.

 Ascomycetes aka sac fungi. Examples include; yeast, penicillium,

 Symbiotic Fungi –Symbiotic fungi live in an interdependent

 Cell wall: protects the cell from mechanical damage and

 It is divided into five as follows;

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