CHE101 - Class 03 (Chapter 2)

Chapter 2
Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Atoms
 All matter is made of small particles called atoms
 Atoms can be divided into subatomic particles…
 But, after division they lose their characteristic
properties and become just a pile of electrons,
protons, and neutrons
Molecule
 Molecule is an aggregate of at least two atoms in
a definite arrangement held together by chemical
forces (bonds)
 Molecules can contain atoms of same elements or
different elements.
 They should join in a fixed ratio.
 They are electrically neutral like atoms.
 Example: O2, H2, H2O, C6H12O6 etc.
Classification of Matter
Matter can be classified into two broad categories:
pure substances and mixtures.
Pure substance: is a form of matter that has a constant
composition and properties. They are divided into: Elements
and Compounds
Elements are composed of only one type of atom. Eg., Al,
Fe, Zn etc.
Compounds are composed of two or more types of atoms
chemically combined together in a fixed ratio. Eg., H2O,
HCl, NaCl etc.
Mixture: A mixture is a combination of two or more

substances (elements or compounds) in any ratios. They are
mixed physically but not chemically. Eg., salt and water in the
ocean, gases in the atmosphere.
Elements
 118 known at this time; 94 occur in nature
 Most discovered in last 200 years
 The periodic table lists the atomic symbols for
all the elements
Element Forms
 Monatomic elements:
He, Ne, Ar
 Diatomic molecules:
H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
 Polyatomic molecules:
P4, S8
 Network elements
C* (graphite, diamond); Metals (e.g., Cu, Au, Fe)
There is no such entity as a molecule for network elements
What is baking soda, NaHCO3?
1. An element
2. A compound
3. A mixture
Baking soda, NaHCO3
It’s a COMPOUND since several kinds of atoms

are present
What is chlorine gas, Cl2?
1. An element
2. A compound
3. A mixture
Cl2 gas –
It’s an ELEMENT since only one kind of
atom is present
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
In 1808, John Dalton (English chemist) proposed the atomic theory
to describe all matter in terms of atoms and their properties.
 All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and

indestructible.
 All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and
properties.
 Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more
different kinds of atoms.
 A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms.
Atoms are tiny
 Size range
• 7.4 x 10-11 m for hydrogen (74 pm)
• 5.2 x 10-10 m for cesium (520 pm)
 Mass range
• 1.67 x 10-24 g for hydrogen
• 3.95 x 10-22 g for uranium
Atoms are built from...
 Protons
 Electrons
 Neutrons
Atomic
Structure
• Atoms are neutral

• Numbers of e- and p+ are same in one atom
• Number of proton is fixed for an atom of an element
• Protons and neutrons are packed together tightly in a dense core,
or atomic nucleus, at the center of an atom
• Protons give the nucleus a positive charge.
• The electrons form a sort of cloud of negative charge around the
nucleus
But what holds them together?
Fundamental forces:
 Strong nuclear force
Strong but short range (~10-15 m)
 Electrostatic (electromagnetic) forces
Intermediate and midrange (~10-10 m)
 Gravity
Weak but long range (light years!)
Strong nuclear force
 Used as “glue” between protons and
neutrons in the nucleus
 Protons repel each other, but the strong
nuclear force overwhelms the electrostatic
repulsion
 Beyond 83 protons (bismuth), all nuclei
become unstable
Electrostatic Forces...
 Electrostatic forces are dominant once particles
are more than 10-15 m apart
 Protons and electrons are more than 10 -15 m
apart
Charge behaviors..
 Like charges repel
+ repels + - repels -
 Unlike charges attract
+ attracts -
 Neutral charges are indifferent
0 ignores + and -
The Atomic Nucleus
 Protons and neutrons are packed into a high
density nucleus
 Strong nuclear force

holds nucleus together
 Neutrons can be viewed
as “proton glue”
The electron cloud
Electrons move through the space
surrounding the nucleus in unknown
trajectories
the electron
cloud
An inaccurate diagram of an
atom! http://sciencecabin.com/there-are-three-parts-of-the-atoms/
The electron cloud
 Atoms are mostly empty space
• Nuclear diameter: 10-15 m
• Electron cloud diameter: 10-10 m
 If the nucleus is pea-sized, the electron
cloud is as big as a domed football stadium!
Subatomic Particles
Particle Symbol amu’s grams Charge
Proton p+ 1.0073 1.673 x 10-24 +1
Electron e- 0.0005486 9.110 x 10-28 -1
Neutron n 1.0087 1.675 x 10-24 0
Atomic Mass Units (amu)
Masses of atoms and subatomic particles are so
small that they are often expressed on a relative
scale
1 amu = 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom
= 1.6605 x 10-24 g
= 1 dalton
Atomic Number, Z
 Atomic number is determined by number of
protons in nucleus
# of protons = atomic number
=Z
 Atomic numbers are integers that increase
through the periodic table
Consider a neutral copper atom...
 Number of protons = 29
 Number of electrons ?
Consider a neutral copper atom...
 Number of protons = 29
 Number of electrons = 29
 So, Atomic number (Z) = 29

Mass Number, A
For a specific atom…
# of protons + # of neutrons = mass number
Z + # of n = A
# of neutrons is not fixed for an atom

Carbon-12
The most common type of carbon atom
• 6 protons
• 6 neutrons
• 6 p+ + 6 n = 12 (mass number)
There are 28 protons in a neutral Ni-60
atom. How many electrons in a neutral
Ni-60 atom?
1. 60
2. 0
3. 59
4. 28
How many neutrons in a neutral Ni-60 atom?
1. 60
2. 32
3. 58
4. 28
So,
What’s in a neutral nickel-60 atom?
• Protons = 28
• Electrons = 28
• Neutrons = 60 - 28
= 32
Shorthand notation: 28 p+, 28 e-, 32 n
Ions
 A charged atom (or molecule) is called
an ion
• Ion charge = # of p+ - # of e-
Ions
 An ion is an atom or a group of atoms that has a
net positive or negative charge.
 The number of “proton” in the nucleus remains
same during chemical reaction.
 “electrons” are lost/gained during a reaction.
– The loss of 1/more electrons from a neutral atom
results “cation” : an ion with (+) charge .
– The gain of 1/more electrons from a neutral atom
results “anion”: an ion with (-) charge.
11 protons
Na+ Cl- 17 protons
10 electrons 18 electrons
Cation anion
What’s the charge of an atom that has
16 protons and 18 electrons?
1. -2
2. -1
3. 0
4. +2
Ions are charged species
 Cations are missing a  Anions have a few
few electrons extra electrons
• This imparts a positive • This imparts a
charge negative charge
• e.g., Zn2+ • e.g., Cl- ion
• 30 protons • 17 protons
• 28 electrons • 18 electrons
• 2 e-’s missing • 1 excess e-
Isotopes
 Atoms of the same type that differ in
neutron count are called isotopes
 Most elements in nature occur as a mixture
of several isotopes
 Isotopes DON’T make much difference in a
chemical sense
 Isotopes DO make a difference in weighing
out samples
Hydrogen isotopes
 Most hydrogen atoms have a nucleus with
just 1 proton
• hydrogen-1
 About 15 of every 100,000 hydrogen atoms
has a neutron as well
• hydrogen-2
• deuterium (D) or heavy hydrogen
Hydrogen isotopes (Cont’d.)
 Nuclear reactions create a third isotope with
two neutrons in the nucleus
• hydrogen-3
• Tritium
• This is a radioisotope in that it decays and
gives off harmful radiation
Isotope notation...
Isotopes of Hydrogen
Lessons Learned
• Know the atoms and molecules
• Distinguish between elements, compounds and mixture

• Know fundamental forces - strong nuclear, electrostatic,
gravitational
• Know what cations and anions are.
• Understand what isotopes are, and how to write isotope
notation

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CHE101 - Class 03 (Chapter 2)

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Chapter 2

Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Mixture: A mixture is a combination of two or more

It’s a COMPOUND since several kinds of atoms

 All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and

• Atoms are neutral

 Strong nuclear force

 So, Atomic number (Z) = 29

# of neutrons is not fixed for an atom

• Distinguish between elements, compounds and mixture

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