Magnetic Properties

MAGNETIC
PROPERTIES
How is electricity and magnetism similar or related to each other?
What are the applications of magnetism in the field of Electrical Engineering?
MODULE 6
INTRODUCTION
BASIC CONCEPTS
TYPES OF MAGNETIZATION
DOMAINS
CONTENTS MAGNETIZATION OF A MATERIAL
HYSTERESIS
CLASSIFICATION OF MAGNETS
MAGNETIC STORAGE
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
I. INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS MAGNETISM?
• IT IS A PHENOMENON BY WHICH MATERIALS ASSERT AN
ATTRACTIVE OR REPULSIVE FORCE OR INFLUENCE ON
OTHER MATERIALS
• SOME OF OUR MODERN TECHNOLOGICAL DEVICES RELY
ON MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS ARE:
ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATORS AND TRANSFORMERS
ELECTRIC MOTORS
RADIO AND TELEVISION
TELEPHONES, SOUND AND VIDEO SYSTEMS
Introduction
MAGNETIC
LINES OF FORCE
A magnetic lines of They are directed from

force is defined as the north pole to south pole
curved lines outside the magnet and
surrounding a bar from south to north
magnet. The magnetic inside the magnet.
field lines of a bar
magnet form
continuous closed
loops.
BASIC
CONCEPTSMAGNETIC DIPOLES
MAGNETIC FORCES
MAGNETIC FIELD OR LINES OF FORCE
MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH
MAGNETIZATION OF THE SOLID
MAGNETIC DIPOLES MAGNETIC FORCES Basic Concepts
• MAGNETS ATTRACT METALS AND MAY

• EXISTS IN MAGNETIC MATERIALS ATTRACT OR REPEL OTHER METALS
• SMALL BAR MAGNETS DEPENDING ON THE ORIENTATION OF
COMPOSED OF OF NORTH AND THE MAGNETIC POLES
SOUTH POLES
• VECTOR HAVING A MAGNITUDE
AND DIRECTION WHERE THE
DIRECTION POINTS FROM SOUTH
TO THE NORTH
• SPLITTING A
MAGNET WILL
PRODUCE TWO
NEW MAGNETS
Basic Concepts
MAGNETIC FIELD OR LINES OF

FORCE Imaginary lines of force may be drawn to indicate the
direction of force at positions in the vicinity of the
filed source
• The magnetic field •
• distribution as indicated by
lines of force are shown for a
current loop and a bar magnet
Basic Concepts
MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH,

H
• For a magnetic field generated by a cylindrical
coil (solenoid), with N closely spaces turns, and
a length L or l, with current I,;
• Where:
H = Magnetic field strength;
Ampere-turns per meter
N = Number of turns
I = Current, Amperes
L or l = Length, meter
Basic Concepts
MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH,

H
• Represents the magnitude of the internal filed strength within a
substance that is subjected to an H field.
• Unit of β is in Tesla or Weber per square meter (Wb/m2)
• μ = Permeability, a property of the medium through which H field passes

and in which β is measured, in units of Webers per Ampere-meter
(Wb/A-m) or Henries per meter (H/m).
• μ0 = permeability in a vacuum = 4πx10−7 H/m
• μR = relative permeability, measure of the degree to which the material

can be magnetized, unitless
Basic Concepts
MAGNETIZATION OF THE
• Orbital motion of an electron around the nucleus. Being
SOLIDa moving charge, an electron may be considered to be
a small current loop, generating a very small magnetic
• Defined by the
field, and having a magnetic moment along its axis of
expression rotation. (left figure)
β = μ0H + μ0M • Magnetic moment can also originate from an electron
 Where M = xmH spinning around an axis.(right figure)
xm = μR − 1

•  xm is called the
magnetic susceptibility,
an indication of the
magnetization of a
material in response to
an applied magnetic
field.
Basic Concepts
MAGNETIZATION OF THE
SOLID
• Bohr magneton μ , which is of magnitude 9.27 x 10 A-m
B
fundamental magnetic moment.
−24 2
is the most
• For each electron in an atom the spin magnetic moment is ± μ B (plus sign for
up and minus for down.)
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
TYPES OF
MAGNETIZATION
DIAMAGNETISM, PARAMAGNETISM, FERROMAGNETISM, AND
FERRIMAGNETISM
DIAMAGNETISM PARAMAGNETIS
M
Induced by a change in the orbital This results when the dipoles of
motion of electrons due to an solid materials with permanent
applied external magnetic field. A dipole moment align with an
weak form of that is temporary external field. The orientation of
and persists only while the magnetic moments are random
external field is being applied. without an external magnetic
field, meaning it has no
macroscopic magnetization.
• Results from atomic moments due to
electron spin. Coupling interactions cause
net spin magnetic moments of adjacent
atoms to align with one another, even in the
absence of an external magnetic field. FERROMAGN
• It also Occurs in materials whose magnetic moment ETISM coupling results in an
antiparallel alignment. The alignment of the neighboring atoms or ions are in
exactly opposite directions.
• Having permanent magnetic moment in the absence of an external field, and
manifest very large and permanent magnetizations:
β = μO M
Saturation Magnetization, Ms, or maximum possible magnetization
MS = μbN
Where μ = 9.27 x 10−24A-m2
FERROMAGNETISM - MAGNETIC
CERAMIC
Occurs in ionic compounds as a
result of the crystal structure. The
magnetic structure is composed of
two magnetic sublattices (A and B)
separated by oxygens.
Superexchange interactions result
in an antiparallel alignment of spins
between A and B sublattices. The
magnetic moments of the A and B
sublattices are not equal and result
in a net magnetic moment.
DOMAINS
Ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic
materials below the Curie
Temperature consist of small-
volume regions with mutual
alignment of dipole moments
called domains.
· Left: Domains in a
ferromagnetic represent the
atomic magnetic dipoles.
· Right: Gradual change in
magnetic dipole orientation
across a domain wall.
MAGNETIZATION OF A
MATERIAL
The B-versus-H behavior for a

ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic
material that was initially
unmagnetized. Domain configurations
during several stages of
magnetization are represented.
Saturation flux density βS,
magnetization MS, and initial
permeability μi are also indicated.
HYSTERESIS
Hysteresis effect occurs when B field lags behind H field, resulting in
remanence at zero H field, indicating material remains magnetized without
external H field.
•
• Hysteresis behavior and permanent magnetization are explained by domain wall

motion. When the field direction reverses, domain structure changes, resulting in a
rotation of the single domain and the formation of domains with aligned magnetic
moments.The resistance to movement of domain walls in response to magnetic
field increases in the opposite direction. When the applied field reaches zero, there
is still some net volume fraction of domains oriented in the former direction, which
explains the existence of the remanence Br.
HYSTERESIS
• To reduce the B field in a specimen to zero, an H field (-Hc) is applied in a reverse
direction, achieving saturation at point S'. A second reversal completes the
symmetrical hysteresis loop, resulting in negative remanence (-Br) and positive
coercivity (+Hc).
CLASSIFICATI
ON OF
MAGNETS
HARD MAGNETS AND SOFT MAGNETS
CLASSIFICATIO
N OF MAGNETS
1. HARD MAGNETS
• Hard magnets are materials • Hard magnets have a high

that retain their magnetism magnetic field strength. They
even when they are not in are used in a variety of
the presence of another applications, including
magnetic field. They have a motors, generators, electronic
large hysteresis loop, which devices, medical devices, toys,
means that they retain a lot and games.
of energy when they are
magnetized.
CLASSIFICATIO
N OF MAGNETS
2. SOFT MAGNETS
• Soft magnets are materials

•Soft magnets are used in
that can easily be magnetized
transformers, magnetic tapes,
and demagnetized. They have and disks. They are also
a small hysteresis loop, which prepared to have high resistance
means that they lose very little to reduce AC loss.
energy when they are
magnetized and demagnetized.
MAGNETIC
STORAGE
HARD DISK DRIVE AND MAGNETIC TAPES
MAGNETIC
STORAGE
Magnetic storage is used to store information. The two main types
of magnetic storage are hard disk drives and magnetic tapes.
1. HARD DISK DRIVE 2. MAGNETIC TAPES
Hard disk drives use small Magnetic tape uses either

grains of a cobalt-chromium needle-shaped or plate-shaped
alloy to store information. These ferromagnetic particles to store
grains are magnetized in a information. The particles are
particular direction. very small, on the order of tens
of nanometers.
SUPERCONDUCTI
VITY
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
Superconductivity is a special state of
matter where certain materials have
zero electrical resistance.
• This means that they can conduct
electricity without losing any energy.
• Superconductivity only occurs at very
low temperatures, close to absolute Superconductivity can be destroyed by
zero applying a strong magnetic field or an
electric current.
• New materials are being developed that
have higher critical temperatures, which
means that they can superconduct at
higher temperatures. This could make
superconductivity more practical for use
in real-world applications.
THANK YOU

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MAGNETIC

CONTENTS MAGNETIZATION OF A MATERIAL

A magnetic lines of They are directed from

• MAGNETS ATTRACT METALS AND MAY

MAGNETIC FIELD OR LINES OF

MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH,

MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH,

• μ = Permeability, a property of the medium through which H field passes

• μR = relative permeability, measure of the degree to which the material

The B-versus-H behavior for a

• Hysteresis behavior and permanent magnetization are explained by domain wall

• Hard magnets are materials • Hard magnets have a high

• Soft magnets are materials

1. HARD DISK DRIVE 2. MAGNETIC TAPES

Hard disk drives use small Magnetic tape uses either

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