Chapter 13 - Magnetically Coupled Circuits

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Chapter 13- Magnetically Coupled Circuits
Key Concepts
 Introduction to Magnetically Coupled Circuits

 Mutual Inductance
 Energy Considerations
 The Ideal Transformer
• Chapter 13- Magnetically Coupled Circuits 3
INTRODUCTION
• The circuits we have considered may be regarded as
conductively coupled, because one loop affects the
neighboring loop through current conduction. When two
loops with or without contacts between them affect each
other through the magnetic field generated by one of them,
they are said to be magnetically coupled.
• The transformer is an electrical device designed on the basis
of the concept of magnetic coupling. It uses magnetically
coupled coils to transfer energy from one circuit to another.
• Transformers are used in power systems for
– stepping up or stepping down ac voltages or currents.
– They are used in electronic circuits such as radio and
television receivers for such purposes as impedance
matching, isolating one part of a circuit from another

INTRODUCTION 4
• Whenever current flows through a conductor, a magnetic

field is generated about that conductor. In circuits, we often
refer to the magnetic flux through a loop of wire. When a
time-varying magnetic field generated by one loop
penetrates a second loop, a voltage is induced between the
ends of the second wire. In order to distinguish this
phenomenon from the “inductance’’ we will define a new
term, mutual inductance.
• A transformer consists of two coils of wire separated by a
small distance, and is commonly used to convert ac voltages
to higher or lower values depending on the application.
• Electrical appliance that requires dc current to operate but
plugs into an ac wall outlet makes use of a transformer to
adjust voltage levels prior to rectification, a function
typically performed by diodes.

5
13.1 MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
• When we defined inductance in previous course, we did so
by specifying the relationship between the terminal voltage
and current,
• The physical basis for such a current-voltage characteristic

rests upon two things:
1. The production of a magnetic flux by a current, the
flux being proportional to the current in linear inductors.
2. The production of a voltage by the time-varying
magnetic field, the voltage being proportional to the time
rate of change of the magnetic field or the magnetic flux.

6
Coefficient of Mutual Inductance
• A current flowing in one coil establishes a magnetic flux
about that coil and also about a second coil nearby. The
time-varying flux surrounding the second coil produces a
voltage across the terminals of the second coil; this voltage
is proportional to the time rate of change of the current
flowing through the first coil. Fig a shows a simple model of
two coils L1 and L2, sufficiently close together that the flux
produced by a current i1(t) flowing through L1 establishes an
open-circuit voltage v2(t) across the terminals of L2. We
define the coefficient of mutual inductance, or simply mutual
inductance, M21 , as

7
Coefficient of Mutual Inductance
• The order of the subscripts on M21 indicates that a voltage
response is produced at L2 by a current source at L1. If
the system is reversed, as indicated in Fig. 13.1b, then we
have

8
• Thus, M12 = M21 = M. The existence of mutual coupling

between two coils is indicated by a double-headed arrow,
as shown in Fig. 13.1a and b.
• Mutual inductance is measured in henrys and, like
resistance, inductance, and capacitance, is a positive
quantity. The voltage M di/dt, however, may appear as
either a positive or a negative quantity depending on
whether the current is increasing or decreasing at a
particular instant in time.
Dot Convention
• The inductor is a two-terminal element, and we are able to
use the passive sign convention in order to select the
correct sign for the voltage L di/dt or jωLI.
• If the current enters the terminal at which the positive
voltage reference is located, then the positive sign is
used. 
9
Dot Convention
• Mutual inductance, however, cannot be treated in exactly
the same way because four terminals are involved. The
choice of a correct sign is established by use of one of
several possibilities that include the “dot convention,”
• The dot convention makes use of a large dot placed at one
end of each of the two coils which are mutually coupled. We
determine the sign of the mutual voltage as follows:
– A current entering the dotted terminal of one coil produces
an open circuit voltage with a positive voltage reference at
the dotted terminal of the second coil.
Thus, in Fig a, i1 enters the dotted
terminal of L1, v2 is sensed positively
at the dotted terminal of L2, and
v2 = M di1 /dt .
10
Dot Convention
• For example, it may be more convenient to represent v2 by a
positive voltage reference at the undotted terminal, as shown
in Fig. 13.2b; then v2 = − M di1 /dt.
• Currents that enter the dotted terminal are also not always
available, as indicated by Fig. 13.2c and d. We note then
that:
• A current entering the undotted terminal of one coil

provides a voltage that is positively sensed at the
undotted terminal of the second coil.
11
12
13
Combined Mutual and Self-Induction Voltage
• The voltage across the terminals of L1 will be composed of
two terms, L1 di1 /dt and M di2 /dt, each carrying a sign
depending on the current directions, the assumed voltage
sense, and the placement of the two dots. In the portion of a
circuit drawn in Fig, currents i1 and i2 are shown, each
entering a dotted terminal. The voltage across L1 is thus
composed of two parts,
as is the voltage across L2,

Combined Mutual and Self-Induction Voltage 14
• In Fig. 13.5 the currents and voltages are not selected with the
object of obtaining all positive terms for v1 and v2. By inspecting
only the reference symbols for i1 and v1, it is apparent that the
passive sign convention is not satisfied and the sign of L1 di1 /dt
must therefore be negative. An identical conclusion is reached for
the term L2 di2/dt. The mutual term of v2 is signed by inspecting the
direction of i1 and v2; since i1 enters the dotted terminal and v2 is
sensed positive at the dotted terminal, the sign of M di1/dt must be
positive. Finally, i2 enters the undotted terminal of L2, and v1 is
sensed positive at the undotted terminal of L1; hence, the mutual
portion of v1, M d i2/dt, must also be positive. Thus, we have
OR
EXAMPLE 13.2: For the circuit shown in Fig. a, find the ratio15
of the output voltage across the 400 Ω resistor to the source
voltage, expressed using phasor notation.
16
EXAMPLE 17
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19
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21
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13.2 ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS 23
Let us now consider the energy stored in a pair of mutually coupled
inductors. The results will be useful in several different ways. We will
first justify our assumption that M12 = M21, and we may then
determine the maximum possible value of the mutual inductance
between two given inductors.
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
EXAMPLE
31
32
33
Practice
13.4 THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER 34
An ideal transformer is a very tightly coupled transformer in

which the coupling coefficient is essentially unity (k=1) and
both the primary and secondary inductive reactances are
extremely large in comparison with the terminating
impedances. These characteristics are closely approached by
most well-designed iron-core transformers over a reasonable
range of frequencies for a reasonable range of terminal
impedances.
Turns Ratio of an Ideal Transformer
One new concept arises with the ideal transformer: the turns
ratio ‘a’. The self-inductance of a coil is proportional to the
square of the number of turns of wire forming the coil (μN2A/l).
If a current i flows through a coil of N turns, then N times the

magnetic flux of a single-turn coil will be produced. Thus, the
voltage induced in the N-turn coil must be N2 times the single-
turn voltage. From this, the proportionality between inductance
and the square of the numbers of turns arises. It follows that
Figure 13.25 shows

an ideal transformer
to which a secondary
load is connected.
The ideal nature of the transformer is established by several

conventions: the use of the vertical lines between the two coils
to indicate the iron laminations present in many iron-core
transformers, the unity value of the coupling coefficient, and
the presence of the symbol 1:a, suggesting a turns ratio of N2
to N1. Let us analyze this transformer in the sinusoidal steady
state. The two mesh equations are
First, consider the input impedance of an ideal transformer. By

solving Eq. [23] for I2 and substituting in Eq. [22], we obtain
Besides a unity coupling coefficient, another characteristic of

an ideal transformer is an extremely large impedance for both
the primary and secondary coils, regardless of the operating
frequency. This suggests that the ideal case would be for both
L1 and L2 to tend to infinity. Their ratio, however, must remain
finite, as specified by the turns ratio. Thus,
Use of Transformers for Impedance Matching

A practical example of the use of an iron-core transformer as a
device for changing impedance level is in the coupling of an
amplifier to a speaker system. In order to achieve maximum
power transfer, we know that the resistance of the load
should be equal to the internal resistance of the source; the
speaker usually has an impedance magnitude (often assumed
to be a resistance) of only a few ohms, while an amplifier may
possess an internal resistance of several thousand ohms.
Thus, an ideal transformer is required in which N2 < N1. For
example, if the amplifier internal impedance is 4000 Ω and
the speaker impedance is 8 Ω , then we desire that
Zg = 4000 = ZL / a2 = 8 / a2
or
a = 1 / 22.4
and thus
N1 / N2 = 22.4
Use of Transformers for Current Adjustment

There is a relationship between the primary and secondary
currents I1 and I2 in an ideal transformer. From Eq. [23],
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Use of Transformers for Voltage Level Adjustment
Since the power delivered to the ideal transformer is identical
with that delivered to the load, whereas the primary and
secondary currents are related by the turns ratio, it should
seem reasonable that the primary and secondary voltages
must also be related to the turns ratio. If we define the
secondary voltage, or load voltage, as
44
13.4 THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER
Combining the voltage and current ratios, Eqs. [27] and [28],
V2 I2 = V1 I1
and we see that the primary and secondary complex
voltamperes are equal. The magnitude of this product is
usually specified as a maximum allowable value on power
transformers. If the load has a phase angle θ, or
ZL = | ZL| ∟θ
then V2 leads I2 by an angle θ. Moreover, the input impedance
is ZL / a2 , and thus V1 also leads I1 by the same angle θ. If we
let the voltage and current represent rms values, then |V2| |I2|
cos θ must equal |V1| |I1| cos θ, and all the power delivered to
the primary terminals reaches the load; none is absorbed by
or delivered to the ideal transformer.
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
46
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Chapter 13- Magnetically Coupled Circuits

 Introduction to Magnetically Coupled Circuits

• Whenever current flows through a conductor, a magnetic

• The physical basis for such a current-voltage characteristic

• Thus, M12 = M21 = M. The existence of mutual coupling

• A current entering the undotted terminal of one coil

as is the voltage across L2,

An ideal transformer is a very tightly coupled transformer in

If a current i flows through a coil of N turns, then N times the

Figure 13.25 shows

The ideal nature of the transformer is established by several

First, consider the input impedance of an ideal transformer. By

Besides a unity coupling coefficient, another characteristic of

Use of Transformers for Impedance Matching

Use of Transformers for Current Adjustment

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