III. Nursing As An Art

NURSING AS AN ART
LEARNING OUTCOMES
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
1. Discuss the meaning of caring.
2. Identify nursing theories that focus on caring.
3. Analyze the importance of different types of
knowledge in nursing.
I. CARING I. CARING
 Major ingredients of caring that provide structure and
 sharing deep and genuine concern further description of this process:
about the welfare of another person. a)knowing means understanding the other’s needs and how
 a process that develops over time, to respond to these needs;
b)alternating rhythm signifies moving back and forth
resulting in a deepening and between the immediate and long-term meanings of
transformation of the relationship. behavior, considering the past;
Recognizing the other as having c)patience enables the other to grow in his way and time;
potential and the need to grow, the d)honesty includes awareness and openness to one’s own
feelings and genuineness in caring for the others;
caregiver does not impose direction e)trust involves letting go, allowing the other to grow in his
but allows the direction of the other way and own time;
person’s growth to help determine f) humility means acknowledging that there is always more
to learn, and that learning may come from any source;
how to respond (Milton Mayeroff
g)hope is a belief in the possibilities of the other’s growth;
(1990). h)courage is the sense of going into the unknown, informed
by insight from past experiences.
P R O F E S S I O N A L I Z AT I O N O F C A R I N G
 Caring practice
• involves connection, mutual recognition, and involvement
between nurse and client.
NURSING THEORIES ON CARING

 The focus of any professional discipline is derived from its
belief and value system, the nature of its service, and its area of
knowledge development.
 Caring is at the heart of nursing’s identity; indeed, the root of
the word nursing means “nurturance” or “care” (Smith, 2013).
Culture Care Diversity and Universality (Leininger)

 Leininger notes that caring, as nurturing behavior, has been present
throughout history and is one of the most critical factors in helping
people maintain or regain health. Leininger emphasizes care as a
“distinct, dominant, unifying, and central focus of nursing” (George,
2011, p. 406).
 Her theory of culture care diversity and universality is based on the
assumption that nurses must understand different cultures to function
Culturally congruent care involves three action–
decision care approaches:
1) preservation of the client’s familiar lifeways
2) accommodations that help clients adapt to or
negotiate for satisfying care
3) repatterning nursing care to help the client move
toward wellness
Theory of Bureaucratic Caring (Ray)

 The theory suggests that caring in nursing is
contextual and is influenced by the organizational
structure.
 In Ray’s research (Coffman, 2010), the meaning
of caring varied in the emergency department,
intensive care unit, oncology unit, and other areas
of the hospital.
 “Spiritual-ethical caring for nursing does not
question whether or not to care in complex
systems, but intimates how sincere deliberations
and ultimately the facilitation of choices for the
Caring, the Human Mode of Being (Roach) Nursing as Caring (Boykin and Schoenhofer)
 focuses on caring as a philosophical concept  Boykin and Schoenhofer suggest that the
and proposes that caring is the human mode purpose of the discipline and profession of
of being. nursing is to know people and nurture them
 Roach (2013) visualizes caring to be unique as individuals living and growing in caring
in nursing however, because caring is the (Purnell, 2010).
center of all attributes, she uses to describe
nursing.
 Roach defines these attributes as the six C’s Theory of Human Care (Watson)
of caring:  Watson’s theory of human care views caring
• Compassion as the essence and the moral ideal of
• Competence nursing.
• Confidence  Human care is the basis for nursing’s role in
• Conscience society; indeed, nursing’s contribution to
• Commitment society lies in its moral commitment to
human care. Nursing as human care goes
• comportment.
beyond the realm of ethics
Social and Ethical Responsibilities of
Nurses in Relation to Caring
 The nurse must care for the self to care for
others.
 Nurses must remain committed to human
care ideals.
 Cultivation of a higher/deeper self and a
higher consciousness leads to caring.
 Human care can only be demonstrated
through interpersonal relationships.
 Honoring the connectedness of all (unitary
consciousness) leads to transpersonal caring
healing.
 Education and practice systems must be
based on human values and concern for the
welfare of others.

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III. Nursing As An Art

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NURSING AS AN ART

NURSING THEORIES ON CARING

Culture Care Diversity and Universality (Leininger)

Theory of Bureaucratic Caring (Ray)

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