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Computer Organization
Introduction Engr. Osama Bin Naeem What is this course about? To understand organization of a computer system To gain an insight knowledge about the internal architecture and working of microprocessors. To understand working of memory devices, interrupt controllers Course and I/O devices. Objectives To learn Assembly Language To understand how low level logic is employed for problem solving by using assembly language as a tool.
3 Basic Structure & Components of a Computer System Difference in Computer Organization & Computer Architecture Computer Evolution Microprocessor & Microcontrollers Interconnection Structures Course Memory Organization Contents Data Representation Instruction Set Processor Structure & Function Interrupts Processor Registers & FLAGS
4 Assembly Language Syntax Basic Instructions Flow Control Instructions High Level Language Structures Course Logic, Shift and Rotate Instructions Contents The Stack Multiplication & Division Instructions Contd.. Array & Addressing Modes String Instructions Procedures & Macros Translation of high level language into assembly language.
5 An Example System Consider this advertisement: z? ? MH
e? ? a ch MB? C ? L1
CI ? ? P US B? ?
What does it all mean??
6 An Example System
The microprocessor is the “brain” of
the system. It executes program instructions. This one is a Pentium (Intel) running at 4.20GHz.
A system bus moves data within the
computer. The faster the bus the better. This one runs at 400MHz.
7 An Example System
This system has 256MB of (fast)
synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM) . . .
… and two levels of cache memory, the level 1 (L1)
cache is smaller and (probably) faster than the L2 cache. Note that these cache sizes are measured in KB.
8 An Example System Hard disk capacity determines the amount of data and size of programs you can store.
This one can store 80GB. 7200 RPM is the rotational
speed of the disk. Generally, the faster a disk rotates, the faster it can deliver data to RAM. (There are many other factors involved.)
9 An Example System
ATA (advanced technology attachment) which describes how the
hard disk interfaces with (connects to) other system components.
10 An Example System Ports allow movement of data between a system and its external devices.
This system has ten ports.
• Serial ports send data as a series of pulses along one or two data lines. • Parallel ports send data as a single pulse along at least eight data lines. • USB (Universal Serial Bus), is an intelligent serial interface that is self- configuring. (It supports “plug and play.”) 11 ARCHITECTURE is those attributes visible to the programmer. Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.
Is there a multiply instruction?
Architecture & Organization ORGANIZATION is how features are implemented. Computer organization mainly deals with how a particular hardware works. Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?
Computer Architecture refers to those attributes of a system visible to a programmer Those attributes that have direct impact on logical execution of a program. Architectural attributes include: the instruction set, Computer no. of bits used to represent various data types (numbers, Architecture characters etc), I/O mechanisms and technology for addressing memory.
Example: Architectural design issue whether a computer will
have multiply instruction or not.
13 Organization is how features are implemented. How does a Computer Work? For Example: Is there a special hardware multiply unit for multiplication operation or is it done by repeated addition? What is Computer Organization refers to the operational units and their Computer interconnections that realize the architectural specifications. Organizational attributes: Organization? hardware details transparent to the programmer such as control signals, interfaces between peripherals and the computer, the memory technology used.
14 Architecture: Logical aspects of computer hardware that are visible to the Computer programmer What instruction a computer understands! Organization vs. Organization: Architecture Physical aspects of computer hardware that are invisible to the programmer How does the computer hardware carries out instructions!
15 Computer Organization must be designed to implement a particular architectural specifications. Computer Organization It is possible to have same architecture but different vs. organizations. Architecture All computers in the Intel Pentium series have the same architecture. Each version of the Pentium has a different organization or Contd.. implementation.
16 Architectural Issues: Computer Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) Organization Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) Pipeline etc vs. Architecture Organizational Issues: Contd.. I/O, control unit, memory etc
17 Understand how computer works! Computer functional components, their characteristics, their Why Study performance, and their interactions.
Computer Organization? How to select a system? Understand tradeoff among various components, such as memory size, CPU clock speed etc.
18 All Intel x86 family share the same basic ARCHITECTURE. This gives code compatibility. Architecture & ORGANIZATION differs between different versions.
Organization Composed of applications and is the level with which everyone is most familiar.
THE At this level, we run programs such as word processors, graphics
packages, or games. The lower levels are nearly invisible from the COMPUTER - User Level.
Level Hierarchy
Level - 6 The level with which we interact when we write programs in languages such as C, C++ and Java. These languages must be translated to a language the machine can understand. (using either a compiler or an interpreter) Level – 5 Compiled languages are translated into assembly language High-Level Language and then assembled into machine code. (They are translated to the next lower level.) The user at this level sees very little of the lower levels. Acts upon assembly language produced from Level 5, as well as instructions programmed directly at this level
As previously mentioned, compiled higher-level
languages are first translated to assembly, which is then Level-4 directly translated to machine language. This is a one-to- one translation, meaning that one assembly language Assembly Language instruction is translated to exactly one machine language Level instruction.
By having separate levels, we reduce the signicant gap
between a high-level language, such as C++, and the actual machine language Deals with operating system instructions.
Level-3 This level is responsible for multiprogramming,
protecting memory, synchronizing processes, and System Software various other important functions. Level Often, instructions translated from assembly language to machine language are passed through this level unmodified Consists of instructions OR ISA(instruction set Level-2 architecture) that are particular to the architecture of the machine Machine Level Programs written in machine language need no compilers, interpreters, or assemblers. A control unit decodes and executes instructions and moves data through the system.
Control units can be microprogrammed or hardwired.
Level -1 A microprogram is a program written in a low-level language Control Level that is implemented by the hardware.
Hardwired control units consist of hardware that directly
executes machine instruction This level is where we find digital circuits (the chips).
Digital circuits consist of gates and wires.
Level – 0 These components implement the mathematical logic of all
other levels. Digital Logic Level Programming High-Level Languages (HLL) Languages Assembly Language Machine Language
27 Allow programmers to write programs that look more like natural language. Examples: C++, Java, C#.NET etc A program called Compiler is needed to translate a high-level language program into machine High-Level code. Language Each statement usually translates into multiple machine language instructions.
28 The "native" language of the computer Numeric instructions and operands that can be stored in memory and are directly executed by computer system. Each ML instruction contains an op code (operation code) and zero or more operands. Machine Examples: Language Opcode Operand Meaning ------------------------------------------------- 40 increment the AX register 05 0005 add 0005 to AX
29 Use instruction mnemonics that have one-to-one correspondence with machine language. An instruction is a symbolic representation of a single machine instruction Assembly Consists of: label always optional Language mnemonic always required operand(s) required by some instructions comment always optional
31 Assembler is a program that converts source-code programs into a machine language (object file). Linker joins together two or more object files and produces a single executable file. Essential Tools Debugger loads an executable program, displays the source code, and lets the programmer step through the program one instruction at a time, and display and modify memory. Emulator allows you to load and run assembly language programs, examine and change contents of registers. Example: EMU8086
32 Learn how a processor works Explore the internal representation of data and instructions How to structure a program so it runs more efficiently. Why Learn Assembly Compilers/Device Drivers/ OS codes Language? Games/Embedded System
33 Structure STRUCTURE is the way in which components relate to each other. & Function FUNCTION is the operation of individual components as part of the structure. Peripherals Computer
Central Main Processing Memory Unit STRUCTURE Computer Systems Interconnection
Top Level Input Output Communication lines CPU
Computer Arithmetic Registers and STRUCTURE I/O System CPU Login Unit Bus Internal CPU Interconnection Memory
