The document discusses computer organization and architecture, explaining that organization refers to the physical components and interactions, while architecture refers to attributes visible to programmers. It describes the structural components of a computer including the central processing unit, main memory, and input/output, and how they function together via a system interconnection. The document also presents different levels of abstraction in computing from the physical hardware level up through instruction set architecture, operating systems, and applications.
The document discusses computer organization and architecture, explaining that organization refers to the physical components and interactions, while architecture refers to attributes visible to programmers. It describes the structural components of a computer including the central processing unit, main memory, and input/output, and how they function together via a system interconnection. The document also presents different levels of abstraction in computing from the physical hardware level up through instruction set architecture, operating systems, and applications.
The document discusses computer organization and architecture, explaining that organization refers to the physical components and interactions, while architecture refers to attributes visible to programmers. It describes the structural components of a computer including the central processing unit, main memory, and input/output, and how they function together via a system interconnection. The document also presents different levels of abstraction in computing from the physical hardware level up through instruction set architecture, operating systems, and applications.
The document discusses computer organization and architecture, explaining that organization refers to the physical components and interactions, while architecture refers to attributes visible to programmers. It describes the structural components of a computer including the central processing unit, main memory, and input/output, and how they function together via a system interconnection. The document also presents different levels of abstraction in computing from the physical hardware level up through instruction set architecture, operating systems, and applications.
Why study Organization and Architecture Structural and Functional View A Multi-level machine 3 Why study? - Students read part 0.3 “why study computer organization & architecture”
Understanding a computer system’s functional components, their
characteristics, their performance, and their interactions.
Understanding computer architecture in order to make best use of
the software tools and computer languages they use to create programs. 4 Why study? Understand the complex trade-offs between CPU clock speed, cache size, bus organization, number of core processors,…
What determines the performance of a program, and how can a
programmer improve the performance.
Understand other areas of computing curriculum such as operating
system, passing parameter/pointers, stack frame in high-level language, 5 Organization and Architecture - Students read part 1.1 “Organization and Architecture”
Computer organization:
Deals with all physical components of computer systems that
interacts with each other to perform various functionalities.
The lower level of computer organization is known as
microarchitecture.
Examples of Organizational attributes include hardware details
transparent to the programmer such as circuits, pin of chips, control signal and peripheral. 6 Organization and Architecture - Students read part 1.1 “Organization and Architecture”
Computer architecture:
Refers as a set of attributes of a system as seen by programmer
Examples of the Architectural attributes include the instruction set,
the no of bits used to represent the data types, Input Output mechanism and the techniques for addressing memories. 7 Structure and Function Structure: The way in which the components are interrelated.
Function: The operation of each individual component as part of
the structure 8 Structural Components Central processing unit (CPU) or simply Processor: the "brains" of the computer controls the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions.
Main memory: storage device that stores data.
I/O: manages and performs the work associated with reading (or writing) information that is added to (subtracted or copied from) portions of the computer's memory, moves data between the computer and its external environment.
System interconnection: Some mechanism that provides for
communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O. 9 Functional View
Function Data Movement Data processing Apparatus Data storage Data movement Control
Control Mechanism
Data Data Storage Processing Facilities Facilities Computer Top-level structure
IO 10 Computer
System bus Main memory CPU Registers
CPU Internal Bus Control Unit ALU Control Unit
Control unit registers Sequencing and Control logic decoder Memory 11 Computer Abstraction Problem-oriented Application language Compiler
Assembly language
Assembler Gap Operating system
Partial intepretation Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) Microprogram
