Migration

MIGRATION
Y8 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES
VOLUNTARY VS INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION
Voluntary Migration
 Voluntary migration refers to the movement of individuals or groups
who choose to relocate from one place to another willingly.
 People undertaking voluntary migration are generally free to make

choices based on their preferences and aspirations.
EXAMPLES OF VOLUNTARY
MIGRATION
Economic Migration: Individuals or families may voluntarily migrate to another region or
country in search of better job opportunities, higher wages, or improved economic prospects.
For instance, someone moving from a rural area to an urban center for employment.
Educational Migration: Students often engage in voluntary migration to pursue higher
education in institutions located in different cities or countries. This type of migration is driven
by the desire to access quality education and expand academic or professional horizons.
Family Reunification: People may choose to migrate voluntarily to be with family members who
have already moved to another location. Family reunification is a common motive for voluntary
migration, where individuals seek to maintain or strengthen familial ties.
Quality of Life: Individuals might opt for voluntary migration seeking an improved quality of life.
This could involve moving to a location with better healthcare, a more favorable climate, or a
safer environment.
Involuntary Migration
 Involuntary migration, on the other hand, occurs when individuals or
groups are compelled to move due to external factors beyond their
control.
 These factors often include conflict, persecution, natural disasters, or

environmental changes. Involuntary migrants may face displacement and
may not have the same degree of choice as voluntary migrants.
EXAMPLES
 Refugees: People who flee their home countries due to fear of
persecution, war, or violence become refugees. This type of migration is
involuntary, as individuals are forced to seek safety and protection in
other countries.
 Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs): Individuals who are forced to

leave their homes but remain within the borders of their own country due
to conflict, natural disasters, or human-made disasters are considered
internally displaced. Their migration is often involuntary.
CONT’D
 Asylum Seekers: Individuals who seek international protection in a
foreign country but have not yet been granted refugee status are known
as asylum seekers. They may be forced to flee due to persecution or
other threats in their home country.
 Environmental Displacement: In cases of environmental disasters
such as hurricanes, floods, or droughts, people may be compelled to
migrate involuntarily to escape the immediate dangers or due to the
long-term impacts on their livelihoods
IMPACTS OF REMITTANCES ON RECEIVING COUNTRIES
Remittances, or the funds sent by migrants to their home countries, have a multifaceted impact on
receiving nations. Here are some key aspects of the impact of remittances on receiving countries:
Economic Stability and Development
Remittances contribute to the receiving country's foreign exchange reserves, stabilizing the local
currency and improving the overall balance of payments.
The additional financial resources from remittances can stimulate economic growth by increasing
consumer spending, investment, and entrepreneurial activities.
Poverty Reduction
Remittances directly enhance the income of recipient households, helping them meet basic needs,
reduce poverty, and improve their overall standard of living.
Wealth Redistribution: Remittances often play a role in redistributing wealth within the community,
contributing to a more equitable distribution of resources
Financial Inclusion
Banking and Savings: Increased access to remittances often
encourages financial inclusion, as recipients open bank accounts and
engage in formal financial systems, promoting savings and financial
stability.
Reduced Pressure on Social Services
Private Support: Remittances can alleviate the burden on public

services by providing private financial support for education,
healthcare, and social welfare, reducing the strain on government
resources.
ECONOMIC FACTORS AND MIGRATION TRENDS
Employment Opportunities
•Pull Factor: Regions or countries offering better job opportunities attract
migrants seeking employment and economic stability. Economic disparities in
wages and job availability often drive individuals to move in search of better
prospects.
Income Disparities
Push Factor: Economic inequalities and disparities in income distribution can
act as push factors for migration. People from economically disadvantaged
areas may seek better earning potential in regions with higher wages and
economic opportunities.
Unemployment Rates
Push Factor: High levels of unemployment in certain regions may
prompt individuals to migrate in search of job opportunities and
reduced competition for available positions.
Economic Development
Pull Factor: Regions experiencing economic growth and development
often attract migrants looking for improved living standards, access to
amenities, and overall economic well-being.
Cost of Living
Push/Pull Factor: Variations in the cost of living, including housing,
healthcare, and education expenses, can influence migration patterns.
People may move to areas with a lower cost of living for financial
reasons, while others may relocate to areas with better amenities.
Tax Policies
Pull Factor: Favourable tax policies in certain regions may attract
individuals seeking to optimise their tax burdens, including
entrepreneurs, investors, and high-income earners.
THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES IN SHAPING
MIGRATION
 Immigration Policies
Governments establish rules and regulations regarding who can enter and
reside in their country. Immigration policies set criteria for admission, such as
education, skills, employment opportunities, and family reunification.
Quotas, points systems, and visa categories are often used to manage the flow
of migrants and address specific economic or demographic goals.
 Emigration Policies
Some countries implement policies that encourage or discourage emigration.
For example, certain nations may encourage their citizens to work abroad
temporarily, while others may have strict regulations or restrictions on citizens
leaving the country.
Refugee and Asylum Policies:
Governments establish procedures for providing
protection to refugees and asylum seekers. Policies
related to the recognition of refugee status, asylum
application processes, and resettlement programs
contribute to shaping migration trends, particularly in
response to global conflicts and humanitarian crises.
Border Control and Enforcement
Governments implement measures to control and monitor

borders, including the use of border patrols, checkpoints, and
border security technologies. Stringent border control policies
can deter illegal migration, while lax enforcement may
encourage it.
Diplomatic Agreements and
Regional Cooperation
Bilateral and multilateral agreements between countries

influence migration patterns. Regional cooperation on
migration issues, such as the European Union's Schengen
Agreement, can impact the ease of movement within certain
regions.
Anti-Trafficking and Human
Rights Policies
Policies aimed at combating human trafficking and protecting
the human rights of migrants contribute to shaping migration
trends. These policies focus on preventing exploitation and
ensuring the well-being of migrants.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND MIGRATION
Climate change has profound effects on migration patterns as it alters
environmental conditions, increases natural disasters, and disrupts
ecosystems. The impact of climate change on migration is complex,
involving both internal and international movements.

Environmental Displacement
◦ Sea Level Rise: Coastal areas are vulnerable to sea-level rise, leading
to the displacement of populations living in low-lying regions. This can
result in the migration of individuals and communities to higher ground
or inland areas.
◦ Extreme Weather Events: Increased frequency and intensity of

hurricanes, cyclones, floods, and droughts can force people to move
temporarily or permanently as they seek safety or search for more
habitable conditions.
Loss of Livelihoods
◦ Impact on Agriculture: Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can
affect agricultural productivity, leading to loss of livelihoods for communities’
dependent on farming. This can prompt rural-to-urban migration or cross-border
movements in search of better opportunities.
◦ Disruption of Fishing Communities: Coastal communities reliant on fisheries

may experience disruption due to changes in ocean temperatures, affecting fish
migration patterns and leading to migration for alternative livelihoods.
Water Scarcity
Drought and Desertification: Regions experiencing
prolonged droughts and desertification may witness migration
as communities, especially those dependent on agriculture,
move to areas with more reliable water sources.
Conflict and Resource Competition
◦ Scarce Resources: Climate-induced resource scarcity, such as competition for
water and arable land, can intensify existing conflicts and trigger displacement.
This may lead to both internal and cross-border migration as people seek safety
and stability.
◦ Migration as an Adaptation Strategy: Some communities may choose

migration as an adaptive strategy to cope with changing environmental conditions
and resource scarcity.
REMOVAL COSTS
In the context of international migration, "removal costs" typically refer

to the expenses associated with the process of relocating an individual or
family from one country to another. These costs can include various
expenditures incurred during the migration process, and they may vary
depending on the circumstances of the move.
Visa and Immigration Fees
Charges associated with obtaining the necessary visas and permits for
entry into the destination country. These fees can vary depending on the
type of visa, processing times, and the policies of the destination country.
Transportation Expenses
Costs related to transportation, including airfare or other
modes of travel, for the migrant and potentially their family.
This may also include costs associated with shipping
belongings or household goods.

Documentation Costs
Expenses related to obtaining and authenticating required
documents such as passports, birth certificates, marriage
certificates, academic transcripts, and other legal paperwork
necessary for immigration.

Medical Examinations and
Vaccinations
Fees for medical examinations, vaccinations, and health
screenings that may be required for immigration purposes.
Some destination countries have specific health requirements
for incoming migrants.

Financial Reserves
Many destination countries require migrants to demonstrate
proof of financial means to support themselves initially.
Migrants may need to set aside funds in a bank account or
provide evidence of financial stability.

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MIGRATION

 People undertaking voluntary migration are generally free to make

 These factors often include conflict, persecution, natural disasters, or

 Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs): Individuals who are forced to

Private Support: Remittances can alleviate the burden on public

Governments implement measures to control and monitor

Bilateral and multilateral agreements between countries

Policies aimed at combating human trafficking and protecting

the human rights of migrants contribute to shaping migration

trends. These policies focus on preventing exploitation and

ensuring the well-being of migrants.

Climate change has profound effects on migration patterns as it alters

environmental conditions, increases natural disasters, and disrupts

ecosystems. The impact of climate change on migration is complex,

involving both internal and international movements.

◦ Extreme Weather Events: Increased frequency and intensity of

◦ Disruption of Fishing Communities: Coastal communities reliant on fisheries

◦ Migration as an Adaptation Strategy: Some communities may choose

In the context of international migration, "removal costs" typically refer

Costs related to transportation, including airfare or other

modes of travel, for the migrant and potentially their family.

This may also include costs associated with shipping

belongings or household goods.

Expenses related to obtaining and authenticating required

documents such as passports, birth certificates, marriage

certificates, academic transcripts, and other legal paperwork

necessary for immigration.

screenings that may be required for immigration purposes.

Some destination countries have specific health requirements

for incoming migrants.

proof of financial means to support themselves initially.

Migrants may need to set aside funds in a bank account or

provide evidence of financial stability.

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