Types of Flexural Failure

TYPES OF
FLEXURAL FAILURE
IN BEAMS
CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION
▪ Introduction
▪ Types of Flexural Failure
▪ Tension-controlled section
▪ Balanced section
▪ Compression-controlled section
▪ Recommended failure mode
▪ Strength reduction factor and its variation
INTRODUCTION
Why it is important to know the type of flexural Failure of RCC
structural members ?
 Analysis and Design of Reinforced Cement Concrete structural members is
based on Strength Design or Ultimate Strength Design approach as included
in ACI code.
 In strength design approach of analysis and design of various RCC structural
members the required strength (i.e., factored design load) is determined by
multiplying the actual applied loads, the dead load, live load and other loads
such as wind , seismic, earth pressure etc by load factors (based on ASCE 7-
05).
 Moreover, the nominal strength of a section (Mn) for flexural members,
calculated in accordance with the requirements of the ACI Code provisions
must be multiplied by the strength reduction factor,φ, which is less than 1.
CONTD,
▪ In Strength Design approach for a RCC structural member the strength
reduction factor value depends on type failure that the structural member
undergoes. So, to select appropriate value of strength reduction factor
for a structural member it is important to understand and know the type
of flexural failure.
TYPES OF FLEXURAL FAILURE
▪ Depending on the percentage of steel used in the section, three types of
flexural failures of a structural member can be expected.
1. Balanced Failure
2. Tension-controlled failure
3. Compression-controlled failure
BALANCED SECTION
▪ The type of flexural failure of RCC structural member in which steel (i.e.,
reinforcement bar(s)) may reach its yield strength at the same time as
concrete reaches its ultimate strength as shown in Fig below. This type of
section is called a balanced section or economical section or critical
section.
Source: Structural
Concrete by M. Nadim
Hassoun
TENSION-CONTROLLED SECTION
▪ The type of flexural failure of RCC member in which steel (i.e.,
reinforcement bar(s)) may reach its yield strength before the concrete
reaches its maximum strength as shown in Fig below. In this case, the
failure is due to yielding of steel reaching a high strain equal to or greater
than 0.005. This type of section contains relatively small amount of steel
and is called a tension-controlled section or under-reinforced section.
Source: Structural
Hassoun
COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED SECTION
▪ The type of flexural failure of RCC member in which concrete may fail before the
steel reaches its yield strength, as shown in Fig below, due to presence of a high
percentage of steel in the section. In this case, the concrete strength and its
maximum strain of 0.003 are reached, but the stress in steel is less than the yield
strength (i.e, fs is less than fy).This section is called a compression-controlled
section or over-reinforced section.
Source: Structural
Hassoun
WHICH TYPE OF FAILURE IS PREFERABLE?
▪ In beams designed as tension-controlled sections, steel yields before the
crushing of concrete. Cracks widen extensively, giving warning before
the concrete crushes and the structure collapses.
▪ Whereas in beams designed as balanced or compression-controlled
sections, the concrete as a brittle material fails suddenly, and the beam
collapses immediately without warning.
▪ So, the ACI recommends design of tension-controlled section and does
not allow either of compression-controlled and balanced sections.
CONTD.,
Figure 4: Strain limit distribution, c1 > c2 > c3: (a) compression-controlled section,
(b) transition region, and (c) tension-controlled section
Source: Structural Concrete by M. Nadim Hassoun

CONTD.,

STRENGTH-REDUCTION FACTOR φ
▪ The nominal strength of a section, say Mn, for flexural members, calculated
in accordance with requirements of ACI Code provisions must be
multiplied by the strength reduction factor, φ.
▪ Thus, once the type of failure of the RCC structural member is determined,
the strength reduction factor can be obtained for different type of failures
that will be used for the analysis and design of the structural member based
on strength design method.
VALUES OF φ FOR DIFFERENT FAILURE MODES
Where,ϵt is net tensile strain, c= depth of Neutral Axis (c= α/ β1),dt= distance from extreme
concrete fiber to extreme tension steel
Figure :Variation of φ, with net tensile strain for grade 60 steel and for prestressed steel

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Source: Structural Concrete by M. Nadim Hassoun

Source: Structural Concrete by M. Nadim Hassoun

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