SOM Ch-3

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC
MIRZAPUR
Structural Mechanics(SOM)
CHAPTER – 3
SHEAR FORCE AND
BENDING MOMENT
BEAM
"BEAM" typically refers to a structural element that is designed to carry loads primarily
by resisting bending. Beams are fundamental components in buildings, bridges, and
various other structures. They are characterized by their ability to support loads primarily
through flexural (bending) deformation rather than axial (tensile or compressive)
deformation.
CLASSIFICATION OF BEAM
1. BASED ON
GEOMETRY:
•Straight beam: Beam with straight profileCurved beam: Beam with curved profileTapered
beam: Beam with tapered cross sectionBased on the shape of cross section:
(i) I-beam: Beam with 'I' cross section

(ii) (ii) T-beam: Beam with "T" cross section
(iii) (iii) C-beam: Beam with 'C' cross section
2. BASED ON EQUILIBRIUM
CONDITION:
Statically determinate beam: For a statically determinate beam, equilibrium conditions
alone can be used to solve reactions.
Statically indeterminate beam: For a statically indeterminate beam, equilibrium

conditions are not enough to solve reactions. Additional deflections are needed to solve
reactions.
3. BASED ON TYPES OF SUPPORT:
•Simply supported beam
•Cantilever beam
•Overhanging beam
•Continuous beam
•Fixed beam
•SIMPLY SUPPORTED
BEAM
A simply supported beam is a common structural
element in civil engineering and construction. It is a
type of beam that is supported at its ends, typically
by columns, walls, or other structural elements. The
term "simply supported" refers to the fact that the
beam is supported in a simple manner without any
additional constraints such as fixed or pinned
connections
•CANTILEVER
BEAM
A cantilever beam is a structural element that is
supported at only one end and is free to deflect under
load. Unlike a simply supported beam, which is
supported at both ends, a cantilever beam extends
horizontally from a support, creating a projecting
arm. This type of beam is commonly used in various
engineering and architectural applications where a
structural element needs to extend over an empty
space without additional supports.
•OVERHANGING
BEAM
An overhanging beam, also known as a simply supported
beam with an overhang, is a structural element that
combines the characteristics of both a simply supported
beam and a cantilever beam. It has one or more sections
that extend beyond one or both of its supports. This
overhanging section behaves like a cantilever beam, while
the supported section behaves like a simply supported
beam.
•CONTINUOUS BEAM
A continuous beam is a structural element that

spans multiple supports without any hinges or
discontinuities along its length. Unlike simply
supported beams, which are supported only at
their ends, or cantilever beams, which are
supported at one end only, continuous beams are
supported at multiple points along their length.
This support configuration allows for the transfer
of loads from one span to another, distributing the
load more evenly and reducing bending moments
and deflections.
•FIXED
BEAM
A fixed beam, also known as a fixed-ended
beam or built-in beam, is a structural element
that is supported at both ends and rigidly fixed
against rotation and translation at those
supports. This means that a fixed beam is
restrained from both vertical movement and
rotation at its supports, providing significant
resistance to bending and deformation.
•TYPES OF SUPPORT IN
STRUCTURE
•TYPES OF
LOADS
Dead Load: Dead loads refer to the permanent, static loads exerted on a structure due to
the weight of its own components, materials, and fixtures. Examples include the weight of
walls, floors, roofs, beams, columns, and permanent equipment.
Live Load: Live loads are temporary or dynamic loads that change in magnitude and
position over time. These loads are typically associated with the occupancy or use of a
structure and may include people, furniture, vehicles, equipment, or stored materials.
Wind Load: Wind loads are horizontal or vertical forces exerted on a structure due to
wind pressure. These loads vary based on factors such as wind speed, direction, exposure,
and the shape and orientation of the structure. Wind loads can cause bending, twisting,
and vibration in buildings and other structures.
Snow Load: Snow loads represent the weight of accumulated snow and ice on the roof or
other exposed surfaces of a structure. These loads can vary significantly depending on
factors such as snow density, duration of accumulation, and geographical location
Seismic Load: Seismic loads are forces exerted on a structure during an earthquake.
These loads result from ground motion and can cause lateral displacement, torsion, and
bending in buildings and other structures. Seismic loads are influenced by factors such as
soil conditions, building height, and local seismicity.
•TYPES OF LOADS IN
STRUCTURE
In structural engineering, beams are subjected to various types of loads depending on the
application and the environment in which they are used. Here are the primary types of
loads that can act on beams
Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL): A uniformly distributed load is a load that is

evenly distributed along the length of the beam. It can represent the weight of a slab, a
uniform layer of soil, or any other load that is distributed over the entire span of the
beam.
Concentrated Load: A concentrated load is a load applied at a specific point or over a

small area on the beam. It represents the weight of an object or a point load such as a
person standing on the beam, a piece of equipment, or a column transferring load to the
beam.
Uniformly Varying Load (UVL): A uniformly varying load is a load that varies linearly
along the length of the beam. It can be represented as a triangular load distribution and is
commonly encountered in certain types of bridges or structures subject to changing
loading conditions.
•CONCEPT SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT IN
BEAMS
Shear force and bending moment are two fundamental concepts in the analysis of beams,
providing insights into how forces and moments are distributed along the length of the
beam. These quantities are crucial for understanding the structural behavior of beams
under various loading conditions. Let's delve into each concept:
Shear Force (V):

•Shear force refers to the force acting perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the beam,
causing adjacent segments of the beam to slide past each other.
•It represents the internal resistance of the beam to transverse loads, such as those caused
by applied forces or distributed loads.
•Shear force is denoted by the symbol "V" and is typically measured in units of force (e.g.,
Newtons or pounds).
•Shear force is positive when it tends to shear the beam in the downward direction on the
left side of a section and in the upward direction on the right side of the section. It is
negative when the direction is reversed.
Bending Moment (M):
•Bending moment refers to the internal moment or torque that causes a beam to bend about a
particular axis. In beams, it's typically about the vertical (y) axis.
•It arises due to the external bending loads applied to the beam, causing the beam to deform
and bend.
•Bending moment is denoted by the symbol "M" and is typically measured in units of force
multiplied by distance (e.g., Newton-meters or pound-feet).
•Bending moment is positive when it tends to induce concave bending (i.e., tension on the
bottom and compression on the top) and negative when it tends to induce convex bending
(i.e., compression on the bottom and tension on the top).
•SIGN CONVENTION FOR SHEAR
FORCE
•SIGN CONVENTION FOR BENDING MOMENT
•POINT OF CONTRAFLEXURE
The point of contraflexure, also known as the point of inflection, is a critical point along
the length of a beam where the bending moment is zero. At this point, the curvature of the
beam changes sign, transitioning from concave upwards to concave downwards, or vice
versa. This change in curvature indicates a change in the bending moment's direction.
•NUMERICALS
2.
THAN
K YOU

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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC

(i) I-beam: Beam with 'I' cross section

Statically indeterminate beam: For a statically indeterminate beam, equilibrium

3. BASED ON TYPES OF SUPPORT:

•Simply supported beam

A continuous beam is a structural element that

Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL): A uniformly distributed load is a load that is

Concentrated Load: A concentrated load is a load applied at a specific point or over a

Shear Force (V):

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