Respiratory System

Respiratory System
Human respiratory system
Parts of the respiratory

system include:
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Bronchioles
• Alveoli
What Is Respiration?
• Respiration is the process of gas exchange—

the release of carbon dioxide and the uptake
of oxygen that occurs between RBCs and
alveoli
• Breathing is the actual mechanical intake of

air
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Breathing
•Lungs are sealed
in pleural
membranes inside
the chest cavity.
•At the bottom of

the cavity is a
large, flat muscle
known as the
diaphragm.

The Breathing Process Consists
of Two Phases:
Breathing In Inspiration
• Breathing Out Expiration
Inspiration is the active phase of breathing; expiration

the passive phase. The rate and depth of breathing can
be adjusted to meet any change in the consumption of
oxygen and expiration of carbon dioxide.
Moving air in and out
• During inspiration
(inhalation), the
diaphragm and
intercostal muscles
contract.
• During exhalation,
these muscles relax.
The diaphragm domes
upwards.
Breathing
•During inhalation, the
diaphragm contracts and the rib
cage rises up.
•This expands the volume of the

chest cavity.
•The chest cavity is sealed, so

this creates a partial vacuum
inside the cavity.
•Atmospheric pressure fills the

lungs as air rushes into the
breathing passages.
Breathing
Air Exhaled
•Often exhaling is a passive Rib cage

event. lowers
•When the rib cage lowers and

the diaphragm relaxes, pressure
in the chest cavity is greater
than atmospheric pressure.
•Air is pushed out of the lungs.

Exhalation
How Breathing Is Controlled
• Control of breathing is centered in the respiratory

centre of the brain. The human requires no conscious
effort to breathe; although the rate of breathing can be
altered voluntarily.
• The brain monitors the levels of both carbon dioxide

and oxygen in order to make any changes in the
respiration rate.
• Breathing is controlled by the medulla oblongata.
• The medulla oblongata monitors carbon dioxide

in the blood.
• As carbon dioxide increases, nerve impulses

make the diaphragm contract, bringing air into
the lungs.
• The higher the carbon dioxide level, the stronger

the impulses.
How Breathing Is Controlled

The Human Respiratory System
RESPIRATION Pulmonary
artery
•Alveoli are grouped in clusters.
•A network of capillaries Pulmonary

vein
surrounds each alveolus.
Capillaries
Gas Exchange
O2
RESPIRATION
• Gas exchange takes place

CO2
in the alveoli.
• Oxygen diffuses into the

blood.
• Carbon dioxide in the

blood diffuses into the
alveolus.
Capillary
Alveoli
• The alveoli are
moist, thin-walled
pockets which are
the site of gas
exchange.
• A slightly oily
surfactant prevents
the alveolar walls
from collapsing and
sticking together.
Circulation and Gas Exchange
• Recall the
interconnection
between circulation
and the respiratory
system.
• Gas exchange at the

lungs and in the
body cells moves
oxygen into cells
and carbon dioxide
out.
What happens when you breathe in?
1. The rib muscles relax.

2. The diaphragm contracts.
3. Air leaves the alveoli.
4. Air moves between the chest wall and
the lung.
Oxygen transport
• Hemoglobin binds
to oxygen that
diffuses into the
blood stream.
• What are some

advantages to using
hemoglobin to
transport oxygen?
Carbon dioxide transport
• Carbon dioxide can
dissolve in plasma,
and about 70%
forms bicarbonate
ions.
• Some carbon
dioxide can bind to
hemoglobin for
transport.
Diffusion of O2 from lungs to blood is
rapid because:
1. Active transport moves oxygen.

2. Hemoglobin takes up oxygen, keeping
plasma concentration low.
3. Blood plasma is oxygen-rich.
Most of the oxygen in blood is:
1. In the white cells.

2. Bound to hemoglobin.
3. Combined with carbon to
make carbon dioxide.
4. Dissolved in the plasma.
What happened if oxygen concentration
in our body below the normal level?
Hypoxia is an abnormal conditions
which can be happen because of the
deficiency of oxygen until the level of
tissue, so the cell doesn’t get enough
oxygen then it will disturb the cell
metabolism.
The symptoms of Hypoxia are many and
individuals will differ in their reactions to the
onset. The symptoms are listed below:
• Increasing of heart rate

• Muscle weaknesses
• Losing consciousness
• Stomach cramps
Susceptibility to Hypoxia
• Altitude : At higher altitudes Hypoxia onset can

be measured in seconds not minutes.
• Time :The longer the pilot is without Oxygen the
greater the effect.
• Exercise :Exercise increases the need for the body
to produce more energy. Hence, the need for more
Oxygen.
• Cold :When cold, the body uses energy to get
warm. To warm the body heat is generated from the
oxidation of food.
• Illness :Illness increases the demands on the
body’s need for energy.
• Fatigue :Tiredness and fatigue lower the body’s
resistance to the onset of Hypoxia.
• Drugs/Alcohol :Hypoxia impairs the body’s higher
mental functions. The combination of the two has an
obvious cumulative effect.
• Smoking :CO has a greater affinity for

haemoglobin than Oxygen. By reducing the amount of
haemoglobin available for an Oxygen bond the body is
already part way to being Hypoxic.
Below 10.000 ft
Hypoxia should not be a problem
except in those people who are old or have
respiratory problems. The rate and depth of
breathing should be slowed down.
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Respiratory System

Human respiratory system

Parts of the respiratory

• Respiration is the process of gas exchange—

• Breathing is the actual mechanical intake of

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

•At the bottom of

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

• Breathing Out Expiration

Inspiration is the active phase of breathing; expiration

•This expands the volume of the

•The chest cavity is sealed, so

•Atmospheric pressure fills the

•Often exhaling is a passive Rib cage

•When the rib cage lowers and

•Air is pushed out of the lungs.

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

• Control of breathing is centered in the respiratory

• The brain monitors the levels of both carbon dioxide

• The medulla oblongata monitors carbon dioxide

• As carbon dioxide increases, nerve impulses

• The higher the carbon dioxide level, the stronger

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

•Alveoli are grouped in clusters.

•A network of capillaries Pulmonary

• Gas exchange takes place

• Oxygen diffuses into the

• Carbon dioxide in the

• Gas exchange at the

1. The rib muscles relax.

• What are some

1. Active transport moves oxygen.

1. In the white cells.

• Increasing of heart rate

• Altitude : At higher altitudes Hypoxia onset can

• Smoking :CO has a greater affinity for

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