Biological Macromolecules

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Biological macromolecules
biomolecules
 Most biological molecules are made from covalent combinations of
six important elements, whose chemical symbols are “CHNOPS” the
letters stand for the chemical abbreviations of carbon, hydrogen,
nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
 The four most important elements, which account for more than 99%
of the atoms found in living things, are:
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
The biological macromolecules of life
CARBOHYDRATES
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Carbohydrates
 It is the most abundant organic molecules in nature.
 They are present in human, animal tissue, plant and in
micro-organisms.
 Carbohydrates are also present in tissue fluids, blood,
milk, secretion and excretions of animals.
Carbohydrates
 Sugars can be categorized into four namely:
a) Monosaccharide,
b) Disaccharides
c) Oligosaccharides
d) Polysaccharides
monosaccharides
 The simplest sugars such as glucose, which is
known as a blood sugar.
Disaccharides
 This is composed of two simple sugars like
sucrose, which is a table sugar and made of
glucose and fructose bonded together.
OLIGOsaccharides
 are a type of carbohydrate naturally found in an
array of plant foods.
POLYsaccharides
 It is made of series of bonded glucose molecules
like starch.
 Starchy foods are eaten such as potatoes and
pasta, enzymes in the body breaks them down
and this makes glucose available as a nutrient
for your cells.
Polysaccharides
General function of carbohydrates
 STORAGE form of energy (starch and glycogen)
 Main SOURCE of energy in the body (glycogen)
 Excess carbohydrate is converted to fat.
 Structural basis of many organisms
1. Cellulose of plants
2. Exoskeleton of insects
3. Cell wall of microorganisms
General function of carbohydrates
 Components of several animal structure and plant structures
(cartilage, tendons)
 Carbohydrates are components of blood group substances.
 Ascorbic acid, a derivative of carbohydrate is a water-
soluble vitamin.
PROTEIN
protein
 The term protein is from the Greek proteios, or
“primary”.
 These molecules appear in very diverse structures.
Proteins are composed of hydrogen (H), carbon (C),
oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) and sometimes sulfur (S).
protein
 Proteins function for bodily growth, repair, and
replacement of cells and enzymes catalyze cellular
chemical reactions.
 The basic unit of protein is the amino acid.
 Amino acids are the building blocks that form
polypeptides and ultimately proteins.
Amino acids
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AMINO ACIDS
 Not all amino acids can be synthesized by our body.
 They must be obtained from food for us to make
proteins and to survive.
 These amino acids are called essential amino acids
that are readily available in our body and considered
non-essential amino acids.
Two most important functions of proteins
 Structural Proteins- Proteins are the major structural
components of most living tissues. They function for
growth, repair and replacement of tissues.
 Catalytic Proteins- These are the enzymes ( catalyst)
which increase the rate of biological reactions inside
the living organisms.
General Functions of Proteins
 Transport substances in the body, such as hemoglobin transports
oxygen.
 Enzymes which catalyze chemical reactions in the body.
 Defense function such as immunoglobulin (antibodies).
 Hormones are proteins. That control many biochemical events.
 Contraction of muscles. Ex. Muscle proteins (actin and myosin
 Gene expression. They control gene expression and translation. Ex.
histones
 Nutrient and storage. Ex. albumen of egg, casein of
milk, Ferritin that stores iron.
 Proteins acts as buffers. Ex. Plasma proteins
 Proteins function as anti-vitamins. Ex. Avidin of
egg.
 Proteins are infective agents.
LIPID
S
LIPIDS
 Lipids are fatty, waxy, or oily
compounds that are essential to many
body functions serves as the building
blocks of all living cells.
a. It helps regulate hormones
b. Transmit nerve impulses
c. Cushion organs
d. Store energy in the form of body fats
Three main types of lipids
a. Phospholipids
b. Sterols (cholesterol)
c. Triglycerides
Too much lipids can cause

atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries),
hypertension (high blood pressure)
and coronary artery disease.
Some examples of Lipids
A. Triglycerides which include
fats and oils
Saturated Fats - These
molecules contain fatty acids
which all of the carbon-carbon
bonds are single bonded. Most
animal fats are solid at room
temperature.
Examples: Bacon, meat, oils,
sour cream and butter
 Unsaturated Fats - They are
from the plant, vegetable and
fish fats. Plant and fish fats
are liquid at room
temperature and are known
as oils.
 Trans fats (hydrogenated
oils)
Artificially made to have
certain texture desired for
processed foods.
Eating Trans fats can lead to
high level of LDL (bad) and
low level of HDL (good).
B. Sterol – a kind of steroids. A group of hormones
the body makes using lipids.
Example. Phytosterols (plant sterols) – found in
plants same the main sterol in human(cholesterol)
C. Phospholipids – makes the outer layer of cells in
the bodies of animals and humans.
However, they can cause antiphospholipid syndrome.
(lupus)
lupus
 Lupus occurs when the immune system,
which normally helps protect the body
from infection and disease, attacks its
own tissues.
 This attack causes inflammation, and in
some cases permanent tissue damage,
which can be widespread – affecting the
skin, joints, heart, lung, kidneys,
circulating blood cells, and brain.
Roles of lipids in the body
 Supporting cells and aiding in essential functions
 Protecting nerve cells
 Helping the body absorb certain vitamins
 Helping produce hormones, including estrogen,
testosterone and cortisol (increase glucose)
 Energy storage
 Structural component of cells
NUCLEI
C ACID
NUCLEIC ACID
 Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that play essential
roles in all cells and viruses.
 A major function of nucleic acids involves the storage
and expression of genomic information.
 Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, encodes the
information cells need to make proteins.
 These are large molecules containing carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus.
Types of
Nitrogen Bases
 Purines
a) Adenine (A)
b) Guanine (G)
 Pyrimidines
a) Thymine (T)
b) Cytosine (C)
c) Uracil (U)
Comparison between DNA and RNA
There are two types of Nucleic Acids:
 Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) –These molecules have two
strands that twisted around an imaginary axis to form a double
helix. They provide the template for all the information
necessary to every new life. DNA codes determine the sequence
of the amino acids.
 Ribonucleic acid (RNA) - RNA molecule is a single
polynucleotide chain. Nitrogenous base Uracil links to adenine
instead of thymine. This store and transfers genetic information
for making proteins.
ACTIVITY
 What is the importance of each of the following biological
macromolecules in our daily lives?
a. Carbohydrates
b. Protein
c. Lipids
d. Nucleic acid
(Note: 1 paragraph per biomolecule)

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presentation title 20XX

Too much lipids can cause

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