The Filipino Social

Thinkers
1.JOSE RIZAL (Reformist)
 One of the most renowned social thinkers is
our national hero Jose Rizal, he dedicated
his life through his writings the Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo and social
teachings found in his writings and
depositions.
 Using his skill in writing through the La Liga
Filipina he encouraged every Filipino not to
be enslaved but to believe in sovereignty in
their own country and raise consciousness
from fanaticism, docility, inferiority, and
hopelessness towards freedom.
2. ANDRES BONIFACIO
(Revolutionist)
 Founder of the revolutionary society.
 He authored essay such as “Ang Dapat
Mabatid ng mga Tagalog” and poem
“Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa”, these
literary works encourage Filipinos to
show patriotism and love for country.
3.EMILIO JACINTO
(Revolutionist)
 Also known as a Revolutionist,
patronized the ideals “free reign of
reason, of the freedom to think and
do”.
 Jacinto was committed to the
ideals of the liberty, equality, and
brotherhood.
4. MANUEL L. QUEZON (Political
Philosopher)
 Believed in the democratization of
education for all social classes – a free
education from elementary to high
school.
 Envisioned a government that exercise
equality of wealth.
5. APOLINARIO MABINI (Political
Philosopher)
 Known as "The Sublime Paralytic" and
"The Brains of the Revolution"
 A brilliant thinker who used his pen in the
service of the Filipino people's struggle for
freedom.
 In his political writings “El Verdadero
Decalogo”, “Ordenanzas de la Revucion”
and the “Programa de la Republica
Filipina”, his social philosophies are
depicted.
6. RENATO CONSTANTINO
(NATIONALIST)
 He defined Nationalism as an expression of
reality that “we have a country of our own,
which must be kept our own.”
 He suggested a “bottom-up” economic
approach instead of a “trickle-down”
approach, that will give freedom to the small
and medium enterprises to boost their
capacity in investing in the industrial growth.
7. CAMILO OSIAS
• He advocated that the educational
system must contribute towards the
achievement of the goals of
education by inculcating in the minds
and hearts of the youth the value of
preserving the patrimony of the
country, promoting the general
welfare of the people.
8. RAFAEL PALMA
 He believes in Academic
Freedom and advocated that
“Education must produce
individuals who are both
useful to themselves and to
society
9. JORGE BOCOBO
 In his philosophy - Filipino culture
and tradition should be the basis of
a truly Filipino education, he
equated education with patriotism
and nationalism and believed that
education is means of preparing the
individual for a democratic way of
life.
10.R. ESQUIVEL
EMBUSCADO
 Known for his “art of
dissectionism.”
 In his paintings, Embuscado does
not dwell on glorifying the present
but emphasizes the projection of
the movements of present hidden
reality towards the open future
11.ISABELO DELOS REYES
 He was known as the “Father of Filipino
Socialism”.
 He pioneered research into the customs and
traditions of the Filipino people, compiling them
into El Folk-Lore Filipino. His two-volume work
laid the foundations for studies on Philippine
culture, touching on topics as diverse as pre-
colonial religion, customs and practices, origin
myths, and other pieces of lore from all over the
country. The reason he was also known as the
Father of Philippine Folklore.
12.LOURDES QUISUMBING
 Her tenure [as DECS secretary] marked the
expansion of free public education to the
secondary level, an increase in the share of
education in the national budget,
rationalization of higher education, and an
emphasis on values education
 “Believes that education must strengthen the
dignity of the learner as a human person. As
such, the various dimensions of man’s
personhood have to be fully developed by the
school system through an effective and
systematized values education”
Sikolohiyang
Pilipino
In the year 1970s a concerted effort to
address colonial psychology in the form
of Filipino Psychology took place.
Filipino Psychology, along with advances
in Filipinology and similarly History’s
Pantayong Pananaw, was led by
VIRGILIO ENRIQUEZ, PROSPERO
COVAR, and ZEUS A. SALAZAR in the
indigenization movement of their
respective fields.
Sikolohiyang Pilipino or Filipino
psychology, refers to a psychology based on
the Filipino’s true thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors deriving from indigenous Filipino
sources, language, and methods.
It was formalized in 1975 by the Pambansang
Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino (National
Association for Filipino Psychology) under the
leadership of VIRGILIO ENRIQUEZ, who is
regarded by many as the father of Filipino
Psychology.
Sikolohiyang Pilipino is also referred to Indigenous
Psychology which is the scientific study of the
ethnicity, society and culture of a people and the
application to psychological practice of indigenous
knowledge rooted in the people’s ethnic heritage and
consciousness.
The principal emphasis of Sikolohiyang Pilipino is to
foster national identity and consciousness, social
involvement and psychology of language and
culture. Hence, it has concerns with the proper
applications to health, agriculture, art, mass media,
religion and other aspects of people’s everyday
life.
In 1985, historian Zeus A. Salazar identified four
different traditions upon which Philippine
psychology can be traced:
Academic Scientific Psychology or
Akademiko-siyentipikal na Sikolohiya:
This follows the Western tradition of
Wilhelm Wundt on 1876, and is essentially
the American-oriented Western Psychology
being studied in the Philippines.
Academic Philosophic Psychology or Akademiko-
pilosopiya na Sikolohiya:
This was started by priest-professors in the University of
Santo Tomas during the 17th century Spanish era. This
tradition originally came from the writings of the preachers
and monks in philosophy and "pre-scientific" Spanish elites
and would later join with the American-oriented scientific
psychology. This tradition is mainly focused on what is
called 'Rational psychology'.
Ethnic Psychology or Taal na Sikolohiya:
This is the tradition in which Philippine Psychology is
primarily based. This refers to the indigenous
concepts that are studied using indigenous
psychological orientations and methodologies.
Psycho-medical Religious Psychology or
Sikolohiyang Siko-medikal:
The tradition that fuses native healing techniques and
explains it in an indigenous religious context, this
includes the faith healing practices of the babaylan
and the katalonan.
Basic Values
1.CORE VALUE
Kapwa Psychology Kapwa, meaning 'togetherness', is the core construct of Filipino
Psychology. Kapwa has two categories, Ibang Tao (other people) and Hindi Ibang
Tao (no other people).

 Ibang Tao ("outsider"): There are five domains in this construct:

 Pakikitungo: civility
 Pakikisalamuha: act of mixing
 Pakikilahok: act of joining
 Pakikibagay: conformity
 Pakikisama: being united with the group.

 Hindi Ibang Tao ("one-of-us"): There are three domains in this construct:
 Pakikipagpalagayang-loob: act of mutual trust
 Pakikisangkot: act of joining others
 Pakikipagkaisa: being one with others
2.LINKING SOCIO-PERSONAL VALUE
 Kagandahang-Loob: Shared humanity.
This refers to being able to help other people
in dire need due to a perception of being
together as a part of one Filipino humanity.
3.ACCOMMODATIVE SURFACE VALUES
 Hiya: Loosely translated as 'shyness' by most Western
psychologists, Hiya is actually 'sense of propriety'.
 Utang na loob: Norm of reciprocity. Filipinos are expected by
their neighbors to return favors—whether these were asked for
or not—when it is needed or wanted.
 Pakikisama and Pakikipagkapwa: Smooth Interpersonal
Relationship, or SIR, as coined by Lynch (1961 and 1973). This
attitude is primarily guided by conformity with the majority.
4.CONFRONTATIVE SURFACE VALUES
 Bahala_na: Bahala Na translates literally as "leave it up to God
(Bathala)" and it is used as an expression, almost universally, in
Filipino culture. Filipinos engage in the bahala na attitude as a
culture-influenced adaptive coping strategy when faced with
challenging situations.
 Lakas ng loob: This attitude is characterized by being courageous
in the midst of problems and uncertainties.
 Pakikibaka: Literally in English, it means concurrent clashes. It
refers to the ability of the Filipino to undertake revolutions and
uprisings against a common enemy.
5.SOCIETAL VALUES
 Karangalan: Loosely translated to dignity, this actually refers to what
other people see in a person and how they use that information to
make a stand or judge about his/her worth.
 Puri: the external aspect of dignity. May refer to how other people
judge a person of his/her worth. This compels a common Filipino to
conform to social norms, regardless how obsolete they are.
 Dangal: the internal aspect of dignity. May refer to how a person
judges his own worth.
 Katarungan: Loosely translated to justice, this actually refers to equity
in giving rewards to a person.
 Kalayaan: Freedom and mobility. Ironically, this may clash with the
less important value of pakikisama or pakikibagay (conformity).
Pantayong Pananaw
The Filipino language has two forms for the English word
“we/us”: “tayo” and “kami”.
 “Tayo,” which is described as the inclusive form of “we,”
refers to a collectivity composed of both the speakers and
the listeners in a communication context.
 “Kami,” which is described as the exclusive form of “we,”
refers to a collectivity composed only of those who are
speaking and does not include the receivers of the
message.
The word “Pantayo” was formed by the
combination of the root word “tayo” and the prefix
“pan-.” (Probably the first incidence of this term
was as “pangtayo,” used as the translation of
pronombre/pronoun in the grammar book
Balarilang Tagalog, published in 1910).

The whole word “pantayo” could roughly be

interpreted to mean “from-us-for-us.”
The conceptual contradictory of “pantayo” is the
concept “pangkami,” which was formed from
the root-word “kami” and the prefix “pang-”/
“pam-.” “Pangkami” roughly means “from-us-
for-you.”
The other half of the phrase, “pananaw”
means “perspective.” So “pantayong
pananaw” would be equivalent to the “We”
perspective, while “pangkaming pananaw”
would mean the “This is us” perspective
“Pantayong Pananaw” (The “We” Perspective) is defined as
a method of acknowledging the history and development of
the nation based on the “internal interconnectedness and
linking of characteristics, values, knowledge, wisdom,
aspirations, practices, behavior, and experiences as a
unified whole” — a unity that is framed by and expressed in a
single language; that is, within an autonomous, self-directed
discourse of progress and civilization. This is a reality within
any ethno-linguistic group, among us or anywhere in the
world, with a singular wholeness and identity.
 THE PANTAYONG PANANAW
(also called Bagong Kasaysayan, or New History)

is currently the most theoretically elaborate

articulation of an indigenized social science
perspective that offers a viable alternative to
(Western) positivist social science.
 THE PANTAYONG PANANAW
is the brainchild of Prof. Zeus Salazar, a historian who spent
most of his teaching career at the Department of History at the
University of the Philippines-Diliman; in the course of his
advocacy, Salazar was able to gather a number of historians
who shared his call for a more culturally-sensitive historiography
in the teaching of Philippine history. At present, the pantayong
pananaw has become an established perspective in Philippine
historiography and has spread outside the University’s own
Department of History.
SOCIAL SCIENCES IN THE REAL WORLD /
THE ROLE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES IN
ADDRESSING SOCIAL ISSUES
Background Information for Learners

Each discipline of the social sciences contributes a great deal

of knowledge in understanding our society. Social scientists
help us in understanding the society in general while exerting
efforts to address several pressing issues of our times.

This lesson will take us into several societal issues of our time
and how the professions of the social sciences make things
happen toward addressing these concerns.
Social scientists specializing in the field of Political Science
and those engaged in the government sector can help
formulate and implement projects aimed at strengthening the
bureaucracy and improving governance for efficient delivery of
services to the people. Professions for graduates of Political
Science may include social policy program officer, legislative
analyst, political aide, lobbyist, diplomat, or even politician.
Aside from the government, they can find employment in the
private sector, journalism, academe, and law firms.
Economists are integral in planning and formulating policies aimed at
providing the needed stimulus to boost the economy. Economic experts
may need to evaluate the different economic theories, methodology
and measurement (economic indicators), existing economic policies,
and economic history for them to devise the most appropriate
economic system. Aside from the government, economic majors may
also be employed in the finance sector such as banking, accountancy,
tax, and insurance. Others may get into management, marketing,
human resources, sales and advertising. Economic graduates can also
enter the academe.
Meanwhile, as the Filipino family is now facing numerous
challenges with rapid modernization and urbanization,
sociologists and other social scientists may need to undertake
new studies so as to explain the different phenomena affecting
the Filipino outlook on family as the basic unit in the society.
Graduates of Sociology may become exhaustively involved in
community and social services. While Sociologists are
principally concerned in family being a social organization,
Sociology majors also get decent jobs in business and
industry, education, government, and research.
Climate change has triggered numerous
destructive effects in Philippine society ranging
from the loss of lives to the devastation of
properties. Social scientists engaged in this type
of scenario must constantly strive to protect the
people from the harmful effects of nature and
should develop measures to preserve and protect
the environment from damaging human activities.
All social scientists, such as demographers
and geographers, must work hand in hand to
address alarming environmental concerns.
The Role of Social Sciences in
Addressing Social Issues
Social issues or social problems refer to conditions
that harm any segment of the population which are
induced by society; they may also refer to acts and
conditions that violate the norms and values found
in society (Long, 2007).
Gender inequality
• is an example of a social issue which refers to the
differences between men and women that systematically
favor one group, which is the result of distinct roles and
behaviors that a particular society considers appropriate
for men and women (WHO website, 2015).
• The social construct of women being irrational (liberal
feminism) may be one of the reasons why people create
symbols that signify this belief (symbolic interactionism),
hence propagating gender inequality.
Racial discrimination is another social issue
which refers to the actions, behavior, or
treatment based on prejudice or hatred against
persons based on their race (Hunt and Colander,
2011). Racism can be analyzed using Marxism’s
focus on conflict and structural functionalism’s
emphasis on social harmony.
Another social issue is terrorism which involves the
use of violence or threat of violence with the goal of
instilling fear beyond the immediate victims (Hoffman,
1998). Terrorism can be analyzed using
psychoanalysis and its focus on the unconscious, as
well as rational choice theory with its focus on an
individual being aware of the reasons behind his or her
acts, seeing it as the best possible option with the
least probable costs.
Another social issue is social inequality, or the
existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for
different social positions within a group or society, and
contains structured and recurrent patterns of unequal
distribution of goods, wealth, opportunities, rewards,
and punishments (Crossman, 2014). Social inequality
can be analyzed using Filipino perspectives of
Pantayong Pananaw by explaining social inequality
using the great cultural divide concept. Sikolohiyang
Pilipino when used to analyze social inequality uses
the concept of kapuwa in explaining social inequality.
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