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Geographical Hazards
Group 3
OVERVIE
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W
GEOLOGICA
L HAZARD
One of several types of adverse geological conditions

capable of causing damage or loss of property and life.
These hazards consist of sudden phenomena.
LANDSLIDES
• It is the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a sloped

section of land.
• A landslide is a massive outward and downward movement of slope-
forming materials.
• Initiated when a section of a hill slope is rendered too weak to support
its own weight.
• It is triggered by other natural hazards like typhoon, heavy rainfall,
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and etc.
LANDSLIDES
LANDSLIDES
Types of landslides
• Rainfall-Induced Landslide
 Landslide caused by rainfall
• Submarine Landslide
 (Earthquake shaking and other factors can also induce
landslides underwater.)
 A marine landslide that causes a downslope movement of
sediment or rock under the effect of gravity, which occurs
when stresses acting downslope exceed the available
strength of the sediment on the slope.
LANDSLIDES
MGB HAZARD MAPS
LANDSLIDES
What to do BEFORE landslide

 Know your Landslide situationby coordinating with local authorities
on MGB landslide hazard maps, evacuation protocols, and early
warning system
 Observe for signs of impending landslide in your area.
 Avoid building structures in areas with steep slope and with a
history of previous landslides.
 Always have a “GO BAG” prepared as well as family
communication and evacuation plans.
 If you suspect an iminent landslide, contact your local officials
(M/BDRRMC) and your MGB-Regional office.
LANDSLIDES
What to do DURING landslide

 Stay vigilant for signs of imminent threat of landslide.
 If caught outdoors on foot, stay away from the path of a landslide
and run towards a higher ground.
 If caught outdoors in a vehicle, watch out for falling debris, and do
not cross bridges.
 If caught outdoors in a vehicle, move to safe ground and turn on
hazard lights to alert other motorists.
 If caught inside a structure and escape is not possible, protect
yourself by staying inside or under a sturdy table/bed and curl into
a tight ball while covering your head.
LANDSLIDES
What to do AFTER landslide

 Stay away from the landslide areas as it is prone to secondary
landslides and flooding. Wait for authorities’ go signal to return.
 Have your homie inspected for damage foundation by structural
engineers before reoccupation.
 immediately report damaged structures and missing/injured
individuals to the authorities to initiate rescue operation.
 Keep informed on the latest emergency information from the
M/BDRRMC, TV, RADIO, and official government and media
social nerworking sites.
 Consult your MGB regional office or geotechnical experts for
additional information to reduce landslide risks.
LANDSLIDES
CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES
• Natural causes • Human causes

 Climate  Mining
 Other natural hazards  Human Settlement in Hills
 Gravity  Removal of vegetation and
 Groundwater pressure extensive hill cutting.
acting to destabilize the
slope
 Erosion of the toe of a slope
by rivers or ocean waves
 Weakening of a slope
through saturation
LANDSLIDES
EFFECTS OF LANDSLIDES
 Property damage
 Injury and death
 Medical costs
 Affect a variety of resources
 Cost to repair structures
 Loss of property value
 Disruption of Transportation roads
SINKHOL
ES
• Are cavities in the ground that form when water erodes an underlying
rock layer.
• Are common where the rock below the land surface is limestone,
carbonated rock, salt bends, or rocks that can naturally be dissolved
by groundwater circulating through them.
• Spaces and caverns develop underground as the rock dissolves. The
land usually stays intact for a while until the underground spaces just
get too big. If there is not enough support for the land above the
spaces, a sudden collapse of the land surface can occur.
SINKHOL
Example ES
• Cenote
 a type of sinkhole that forms when the roof of an underground
cave collapses, exposing the water on the surface.
SINKHOL
Sinkholes on ES
roads
SINKHOL
Sinkholes canES
be human-induced
 New sinkholes have been because of land-use practices, especially
from groundwater pumping and from construction and development
practices.
SINKHOL
ES sinkholes
Signs of impending
 Trees or fence posts that tilt or fall
 A round circular depression in the earth
 A circular lake or a large, deep puddle
 A foundation settling (cracking on the foundation)
 Cracks in roads or pavement
 Rainwater disappearing into ground openings
 Sudden drainage of a pond
SINKHOL
ES
BOLIDE
IMPACT
“Bolide” is any extraterrestrial object. (like asteroids, meteorites and
etc.)
 Happen less frequently and less likely to occur
 However, these may pose as one of the largest, if not the
greatest, threats to the existence of the human race.
BOLIDE
Example IMPACT
• Cretaceous-Paleogene
 mass extinction event that occurred 66 million ago. The extinction
of dinosaurs.
• Chicxulub Crater
 is an impact crater located at the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. It
is believed to be the evidence of the extinction event. Because (1)
Same age. The crater appeared to be the same age as the global
rock layer enriched with asteroid dust. (2) Matches the geological
location of impact.
BOLIDE
IMPACT
BOLIDE
IMPACT
Impact events
 When an asteroid, a comet or a meteoroid, hits the Earth’s
surface, the portion of the ground becomes compressed and
deformed.
BOLIDE
IMPACT
Effects of Large Impact Events:
 Drastic Change in Climatic Condition
 Wildfires
 Tsunamis
 Acid Rain
BOLIDE
IMPACT
Near-Earth Objects – are comets and asteroids that pose a great threat,
if possible impact.
Near-Earth Object Human Spaces Flight Accessible Targets Study

(NHATS) – A program started by NASA to identify NEOs.
Knowing the physical characteristics and the paths of NEOs is important

to be able to predict when they are most likely going to come close to
Earth.
BOLIDE
IMPACT
Preparation that can be done:
 Initiating a space mission to intercept an NEO either by deflecting
or destroying it.
 2 Preparing supplies necessary for survival of the
population that could potentially be affected or evacuating the
entire area expected to be affected by the impact.
GROUND
SUBSIDENCE
• Relative lowering of the Earth’s surface.
• Legal Definition according to Colorado Geological Survey
 Ground subsidence means a process characterized by downward
displacement of surface material caused by natural phenomena
such as removal of underground fluids, natural consolidation, or
dissolution of underground minerals, or by man-made
phenomena such as underground mining.
GROUND
SUBSIDENCE
Causes:
 Dissolution and collapse of limestone – common cause of
subsidence in the Philippines. When acid water seeps into the
ground, limestone is dissolved little by little and creates voids.
 Excessive groundwater withdrawal – also main cause of
subsidence in the PH particularly the CAMANAVA (Caloocan,
Malabon, Navotas and Valenzuela) area and in a lot of other
highly-populated urban areas.
 Mining
 Oil and gas extraction
 Earthquakes and change of season
GROUND
SUBSIDENCE
COASTAL
EROSION
Natural process which shapes shorelines by the wearing away of coastal
land or beaches, mainly by the impact of waves along the shoreline.
 Coastal erosion is typically caused by various natural forces.
These include ocean waves, wind, rainfall, as well as coastal
storms.
 When coastal land is eroded, the rocks, sand, and soil are
typically deposited off the near coast.
COASTAL
EROSION
COASTAL
Types EROSION
of Coastal Erosion
• Hydraulic action
 when waves cause air to be compressed or decompressed in
a cliff’s cracks and joints. It involves the direct impact of
waves against a coastal cliff face causing material to be
dislodged and carried away by the sea.
COASTAL
Types EROSION
of Coastal Erosion
• Abrasion
 When rocks and other materials carried by the sea are picked
up by strong waves and thrown against the coastline causing
more material to be broken off and carried away by the sea.
Well known as the sandpaper effect.
COASTAL
Types EROSION
of Coastal Erosion
• Attrition
 3)When material such as rocks and stones carried by waves
hit and knock against each other wearing them down. As
these materials are worn down, sand and rounded beach
pebbles are formed.
COASTAL
Types EROSION
of Coastal Erosion
• Corrasion
 When waves drag sediment, rocks, or any material over the
bottom of the sea and wear away at the surface.
COASTAL
Types EROSION
of Coastal Erosion
• Solution/Corrosion
 The dissolving of rocks like limestone into seawater..
COASTAL
PlacesEROSION
where coastal erosion happen
• Cliffs (Sea cliffs)
• Sea Caves
• Sea Arch
• Sea Stack
• Sea Stump
COASTAL
EROSION
CONCLUSION
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING
Group 3

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Other Related

One of several types of adverse geological conditions

• It is the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a sloped

What to do BEFORE landslide

What to do DURING landslide

What to do AFTER landslide

• Natural causes • Human causes

Near-Earth Object Human Spaces Flight Accessible Targets Study

Knowing the physical characteristics and the paths of NEOs is important

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