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Operating system
Lecture No 01 Miss Quratulain Leghari Chapter covers • Introduction to OS • History of OS • OS for different computers • Term of OS • Types of OS What is Operating System • Operating System lies in the category of system software. • It basically manages all the resources of the computer. • An operating system acts as an interface between the software and different parts of the computer or the computer hardware. • The operating system is designed in such a way that it can manage the overall resources and operations of the computer. Operating Systems
• The operating system is the most important program that runs
on a computer. • It is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the resources of the computer. OS Diagram Resource Allocator History of OS OS for different PCs • OS for personal computer • OS for server • OS for large PCs • OS for mobile OS For Personal Computers • The three most common operating systems for personal computers are Microsoft Windows, MaCOS, and Linux. • Modern operating systems use a graphical user interface, or GUI Example OS for Servers • A server operating system is software installed on a server that enables it to perform certain functions. • Its primary function is to manage and coordinate network resources. • Unlike an operating system for a personal computer, a server operating system is designed to handle multiple users, manage vast amounts of data, ensure security, and maintain uninterrupted operation. OS for server • Key features • Multi support • Security and access control • Resource Management • Scalability • Networking Server OS • Ubuntu. We will start this list with maybe the most well known Linux operating system there is • Ubuntu. • Debian. • Fedora. • Microsoft Windows Server. • Ubuntu Server. • CentOS Server. • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server. • Unix Server. OS for Mobiles • A mobile operating system (mobile OS) is an OS built exclusively for a mobile device. • such as a smartphone, personal digital assistant (PDA), tablet or other embedded mobile OS. • Popular mobile operating systems are Android, Symbian, iOS, BlackBerry OS and Windows Mobile. OS FOR MOBILES OS for Larger PCs All use an operating system, which is neither Microsoft's Windows system nor Apple's macOS system, but a Linux system.
• Examples of mainframe operating systems include UNIX, Linux on
System z, and IBM's z/OS, whereas the vast majority of supercomputers use Linux. Term of OS Single-User Operating System Allows one user to run the program. Multi-User Operating System Allows two or more users to run the program. Single-Tasking Operating System Allows running one program at a time. Multi-Tasking Operating System Allows running multiple programs at a time. Types of OS Batch Operating Systems Users do not interact directly with the computer. Each user must submit its job to the computer operator (human). To speed up processing, similar types of jobs are firstly batched together and then will be submitted to the system for processing. The system then executes all jobs one by one. Example Uni-Programming Allow only one program to be present in memory and executed at a time. All the system resources are exclusively available for the job until it is completed. Example Multiprogramming: Allow two or more programs to be present in memory and executed at the same time. When one job had to wait (e.g. I/O operation), CPU switch to another job to execute. When the first job finishes waiting, CPU will get back the first job to execute Example Timesharing: Time sharing is extension of multiprogramming. Allow multiple users to interact with a computer at the same time. Each user is served in sequence. Concept of Time-slice used, each user is given a time slice to interact with the CPU. CPU scheduling algorithms used are: Programs queued for execution in FIFO (first in first out) order. Timer device interrupts after a • quantum (time-slice). Interrupted program is • returned to end of FIFO. Next program is taken from • head of FIFO. Example Multiprocessing: Multiprocessing system is an integrated system with two or more CPUs. Allow simultaneous execution of several programs. Distributed
Computers in a distributed system are independent and do not
physically share memory or processes. Distributed systems work in a network. They can share the network resources and communicate with each other using messages. These are referred as loosely coupled systems. These computers are commonly referred as nodes. Example Network
Network Operating System having features:
Deals with the Users log on Maintain the network client-server connections Expand the file system to view folders on other computers Provides security and separate accounts to users. Examples: Microsoft Windows server 2008, Linux-servers. Example
