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Generations of Computer
The computer has evolved from a large-sized simple
calculating machine to a smaller but much more powerful machine.
The evolution of computer to the current state is
defined in terms of the generations of computer.
Each generation of computer is designed based on a
new technological development, resulting in better, cheaper and smaller computers that are more powerful, faster and efficient than their predecessors.
2 Generations of Computer
Currently, there are five generations of
computer. In the following subsections, we will discuss the generations of computer in terms of the technology used by them (hardware and software), computing characteristics (speed, i.e., number of instructions executed per second), physical appearance, and their applications.
3 0 Generation Computers th
The concept is of using a calculating device,called
PASCALINE invented by Pascal to calculate faster and to keep the record.
LEBINIZ WHEEL:comes right after PASCALINE device.It
is a device used for Substraction, Multiplication, Addition,& Devision The Analytical Engine The Difference Engine
4 PASCALINE
5 First Generation Computers
(1940-1956)
6 7 8 9 First Generation Computers Advantages : It was only electronic device First device to hold memory
Disadvantages : Too bulky i.e large in size Vacuum tubes burn frequently They were producing heat Maintenance problems
10 Second Generation Computers (1956-1963) • Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. • Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic. • High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. • These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory. 11 Second Generation Computers Advantages : Size reduced considerably The very fast Very much reliable
Disadvantages : They over heated quickly Maintenance problems
12 Third Generation Computers (1964-1971) The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on siliconchips, called semiconductors. Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system. Allowed the device to run many different applications at one time. 13 Third generation computers Advantages : ICs are very small in size Improved performance Production cost cheap
Disadvantages : ICs are sophisticated
14 Fourth Generation Computers (1971-present) The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer. From the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip. . Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. 15 Fourth Generation Computers
16 Fifth Generation Computers (present and beyond) Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence. Are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. 17 Fifth Generation Computers
