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    Music India

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    lowganpepp3r

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    Music India

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    1 views33 pages

    Music India

    Uploaded by

    lowganpepp3r

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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    EAST ASIAN

    MUSIC
    CHINA,JAPAN AND KOREA
    INDIA
     INDIA IS THE LARGEST COUNTRY IN SOUTH ASIA. ITS MUSIC IS AS VAST AS ITS GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
    AND AS LARGE AS ITS DEMOGRAPHIC POPULATION.
     THE MUSIC OF INDIA REFLECTS DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF ASIAN CULTURE THROUGH ITS TIMBRE, RHYTHM,
    MELODY, TEXTURE, FORM, AND STYLE.
     IN GENERAL, INDIAN MUSIC REMAINS FUNDAMENTAL TO THE LIVES OF THE PEOPLE OF INDIA AS A SOURCE
    OF SPIRITUAL INSPIRATION, CULTURAL EXPRESSION, AND ENTERTAINMENT.

    Galaxy of Musicians by Raja Ravi Varma


    VOCAL MUSIC
     INDIA'S CLASSICAL MUSIC TRADITION, INCLUDES
    CARNATIC AND HINDUSTANI MUSIC WHICH HAVE
    DEVELOPED OVER MANY CENTURIES.
    MUSIC OF INDIA ALSO INCLUDES SEVERAL TYPES OF FOLK
    AND POPULAR MUSIC. ONE ASPECT OF VOCAL MUSIC USES
    MELISMATIC SINGING WITH NASAL VOCAL QUALITY, WHEN
    COMPARED WITH THE PHILIPPINE MUSIC WHICH USES
    MELISMATIC SINGING IS ONLY USED IN CHANTING EPICS
    AND THE PASYON.
    VOCAL MUSIC
    SINGING BASED ON A SET OF PITCHES WAS POPULAR EVEN
    DURING THE VEDIC TIMES. THE SAMAGANA STYLE OF SINGING
    DEVELOPED INTO A STRONG AND DIVERSE TRADITION OVER
    SEVERAL CENTURIES, BECOMING AN ESTABLISHED PART OF
    CONTEMPORARY TRADITION IN INDIA. THE HYMNS IN SAMA VEDA,
    A SACRED TEXT, WERE SUNG AS SAMAGANA AND NOT CHANTED.
    SAMA VEDA IS THE THIRD OF THE FOUR VEDAS OF HINDUISM BUT
    RANKS NEXT TO RIG VEDA (RIGVEDA) IN TERMS OF ITS SANCTITY
    AND LITURGICAL IMPORTANCE.
    RIG VEDA IS AN ANCIENT INDIAN SACRED COLLECTION OF VEDIC
    SANSKRIT HYMNS.
    CHARACTERISTICS OF TRADITIONAL MUSIC FROM INDIA:
    1. CARNATIC MUSIC
    • refers to music from South India
    • directed to a Hindu god, which is why it is called
    “temple music”
    • unlike Hindustani music, Carnatic music is unified
    where schools are based on the same ragas, the
    same solo instruments (veena, flute, violin) and the
    same rhythm instrument)
    2. HINDUSTANI MUSIC
    • GOES BACK TO VEDIC PERIOD TIMES AROUND 1000 BC
    • FURTHER DEVELOPED IN THE 13TH AND 14TH CENTURIES AD WITH
    PERSIAN INFLUENCES AND FROM EXISTING RELIGIOUS AND FOLK
    MUSIC
    • DEVELOPING A STRONG AND DIVERSE TRADITION OVER SEVERAL
    CENTURIES, IT HAS CONTEMPORARY TRADITIONS ESTABLISHED
    PRIMARILY IN INDIA BUT ALSO IN PAKISTAN AND BANGLADESH.
    • IN NORTH INDIA, THE MOST COMMON STYLE OF SINGING IS
    CALLED KHYAL, A WORD WHICH MEANS IMAGINATION
    INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC
    SOME INSTRUMENTS ARE USED PRIMARILY IN
    NORTH INDIAN MUSIC (HINDUSTANI SANGEET)
    WHILE MANY OTHER INSTRUMENTS ARE USED IN
    SOUTH INDIAN MUSIC (CARNATIC SANGEET).
    THERE ARE FIVE KNOWN TRADITIONAL SYSTEMS
    FOR CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS.
    CLASSIFICATION OF MUSICAL
    INSTRUMENTS FROM INDIA:
    1. GHAN – DESCRIBED AS A NON-MEMBRANOUS PERCUSSIVE INSTRUMENT BUT
    WITH SOLID RESONATORS. IT IS ONE OF THE OLDEST CLASSES OF INSTRUMENT
    IN INDIA. IT MAY ALSO BE A MELODIC INSTRUMENT OR INSTRUMENTS TO KEEP
    TAL.
    The ghatam is one of the most
    ancient percussion instruments of
    South India. It is a clay pot with
    narrow mouth. From the mouth, it
    slants outwards to form a ridge.

    Ghatam
    KARTALS (SMALL SHEETS). IT CONSISTS OF A PAIR OF
    THIN, HARD WOODEN PIECES SIMILAR TO THE
    PERCUSSION BONES (INSTRUMENT).

    KARTA
    IT IS BA­SI­CALLY A SET OF SMALL CYMBALS.

    Manjira
    IS A SMALL POT USED IN KASHMIR AS A PERCUSSION
    INSTRUMENT.

    Nout
    2. AVANADDH - DESCRIBED AS A MEMBRANOUS PERCUSSIVE
    INSTRUMENT. THIS CLASS OF INSTRUMENTS TYPICALLY
    COMPRISE THE DRUMS.

    IS A LARGE PERSIAN AND ARABIC FRAME DRUM


    USED IN POPULAR AND CLASSICAL MUSIC.
    THE FRAME IS USUALLY MADE OF
    HARDWOOD WITH MANY
    METAL RINGLETS ATTACHED,
    AND THE MEMBRANE IS USUALLY FISH SKIN
    BUT OTHER SKIN TYPES SUCH AS COW, GOAT,
    Daf (Duf, Daphu)
    AND HORSE ARE USED.
    IS A MEMBRANOPHONE PERCUSSION INSTRUMENT
    ORIGINATING FROM THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT, CONSISTING
    OF A PAIR OF DRUMS, USED IN TRADITIONAL, CLASSICAL,
    POPULAR AND FOLK MUSIC.

    Tabla
    THE DHOL IS A DOUBLE-SIDED BARREL DRUM PLAYED MOSTLY AS AN
    ACCOMPANYING INSTRUMENT IN REGIONAL MUSIC FORMS. IN
    QAWWALI MUSIC, THE TERM DHOL IS USED TO DESCRIBE A SIMILAR,
    BUT SMALLER DRUM USED WITH THE SMALLER TABLA, AS A
    REPLACEMENT FOR THE LEFT HAND TABLA DRUM.

    Dhol
    3. SUSHIR – ALSO KNOWN AS BLOWN AIR. IT IS CHARACTERIZED
    BY THE USE OF AIR TO EXCITE THE VARIOUS RESONATORS.

    IT IS MADE OUT OF WOOD, WITH A DOUBLE REED AT ONE END


    AND A METAL OR WOODEN FLARED BELL AT THE OTHER END.

    Shehnai
    A SHANKHA IS A CONCH SHELL OF RITUAL AND RELIGIOUS
    IMPORTANCE IN HINDUISM AND BUDDHISM. IT IS THE
    SHELL OF A LARGE PREDATORY SEA SNAIL, TURBINELLA
    PYRUM, FOUND IN THE INDIAN OCEAN.

    Shankh
    THE SHRUTI BOX IS ALSO USED IN CLASSICAL SINGING. IN
    CLASSICAL SINGING, THE SHRUTI BOX IS USED TO HELP
    TUNE THE VOICE.

    Surpeti
    4. TAT – REFERRED TO AS VINA DURING THE OLD CIVILIZATION.
    INSTRUMENTS IN THIS CLASS ARE PLUCKED (STRINGED
    INSTRUMENTS).

    A PLUCKED STRINGED INSTRUMENT,


    ORIGINATING FROM THE
    INDIAN SUBCONTINENT, USED IN HINDUSTANI CLASSICAL MUSIC. THE
    INSTRUMENT
    FLOURISHED UNDER THE MUGHALS, AND
    IT IS NAMED AFTER A
    PERSIAN INSTRUMENT
    CALLED THE SETAR (MEANING THREE
    STRINGS). THE SITAR
    Sitar
    FLOURISHED IN THE
    EKTAR IS A SIMPLE FOLK INSTRUMENT. IT IS USED TO PROVIDE
    BOTH A DRONE AS WELL AS SIMPLE RHYT­HMIC
    ACCOMPANIMENT TO FOLK SONGS. IT MAY BE THE OLDEST
    STRINGED INSTRUMENT IN THE IN­DIAN SUB­CON­TI­NENT.
    THE EKTAR IS DES­CRIBED IN ANCIENT SANSKRIT TEXTS AS
    THE EKATANTRI VINA, LITERALLY THE "ONE STRINGED LUTE".

    Ektar
    (ALSO KNOWN AS CHITRA
    VEENA, CHITRAVEENA, CHITRA VINA, HANUMAD
    VINA, OR MAHANATAKA VINA) IS A 20 OR 21-
    STRING FRETLESS LUTE IN CARNATIC MUSIC.

    Gotuvadyam
    (A SINGLE STRING), IS A VERY POPULAR HINDU FOLK INSTRUMENT OF BENGAL.
    IT CONSISTS OF A SECTION OF BAMBOO THAT OPENS AND IS ATTACHED TO A RESONATOR
    THAT CAN BE COCONUT, SQUASH OR A METAL CONTAINER WHERE THE BASE HAS A LEATHER,
    LIKE A DRUM, BUT FROM THE MIDDLE OF THIS PATCH COMES A ROPE THAT IS STRETCHED AT
    THE OTHER END BY A PEG ON TOP OF THE BAMBOO.

    Gopichand
    RUBAB IS ONE OF THE NATIONAL MUSICAL
    INSTRUMENTS OF AFGHANISTAN.

    Rabab
    5. VITAT – DESCRIBED AS BOWED STRINGED INSTRUMENTS.
    THIS IS OF THE OLDEST CLASSIFICATIONS OF INSTRUMENTS AND
    YET DID NOT OCCUPY A PLACE IN CLASSICAL INDIAN MUSIC
    UNTIL THE LAST FEW CENTURIES

    Banam
    IS AN INDIAN STRINGED INSTRUMENT FOUND IN TWO
    FORMS THROUGHOUT THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT. IT IS
    A RELATIVELY RECENT INSTRUMENT, BEING ONLY ABOUT
    300 YEARS OLD.

    Esraj
    THE SĀRANGĪ IS A BOWED, SHORT-NECKED STRING INSTRUMENT FROM
    THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT, WHICH IS USED IN
    HINDUSTANI CLASSICAL MUSIC. IT IS SAID TO MOST RESEMBLE THE
    SOUND OF THE HUMAN VOICE – ABLE TO IMITATE VOCAL ORNAMENTS
    SUCH AS GAMAKS (SHAKES) AND MEENDS (SLIDING MOVEMENTS).

    Sarangi
    THE CHIKARA IS A BOWED
    STRINGED MUSICAL INSTRUMENT FROM BENGAL, INDIA
    USED TO PLAY INDIAN FOLK MUSIC. IT IS USED BY THE
    TRIBAL PEOPLE.

    Chikara
    TALA RHYTHM PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN
    INDIAN MUSIC. IT IS FUNDAMENTAL TO THE
    CREATION OF ANY MUSICAL SYSTEM.
    CERTAINLY, FROM A HISTORICAL STAND POINT, RHYTHM
    EXISTED MANY CENTURIES AGO BEFORE THE WORD
    “RAG” WAS EVER USED.
    • TALA - LITERALLY MEANING ‘CLAP;’ VARIOUSLY TRANSLITERATED AS “TAL”, “TAAL” OR
    “TAALA”

    - IS A REGULAR, REPEATING RHYTHMIC PHRASE, PARTICULARLY AS


    RENDERED ON A
    PERCUSSIVE INSTRUMENT WITH AN EBB AND FLOW OF VARIOUS
    INTONATIONS
    • THEKA - A SEQUENCE OF DRUM-SYLLABLES OR ''BOL''
    - IN INDIAN CLASSICAL MUSIC, BOTH HINDUSTANI
    CLASSICAL MUSIC AND CARNATIC MUSIC USE COMPLEX RULES
    TO CREATE ELABORATE PATTERNS OF RHYTHM
    • TABLA - MOST COMMON INSTRUMENT FOR KEEPING RHYTHM
    IN HINDUSTANI MUSIC
    • MRIDANGAM - MOST COMMON INSTRUMENT FOR KEEPING
    RHYTHM IN CARNATIC MUSIC
    - ALSO TRANSLITERATED AS “MRIDANG”
    ASSIGNMENT:
    MAKE A RESEARCH OF THE VOCAL
    AND INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC OF
    PAKISTAN

    REFERENCE: GRADE 8 MUSIC


    PP:123-126

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