MAC - Acervo, Outras Abordagens - Vol. IVX
MAC - Acervo, Outras Abordagens - Vol. IVX
MAC - Acervo, Outras Abordagens - Vol. IVX
II
(2. ed. rev. ampl.)
TADEU CHIARELLI
(Organizador)
e-book
Ficha catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca Lourival Gomes Machado do Museu de Arte
Contemporânea da Universidade de São Paulo
ISBN 978-85-94195-30-2
DOI: 10.11606/9788594195302
CDD – 708.981
Ficha do catálogo
Autores: Ana Magalhães; Ana Maria Maia; Ana Paula Cavalcanti Simioni; Cauê Alves; Cayo Honorato;
Daniela Maura Ribeiro; Douglas de Freitas; Edward Sullivan; Felipe Scovino; Fernanda Lopes; Fernando
Oliva; José Augusto Ribeiro; Júlio Martins; Luciano Migliaccio; Luiza Proença; Marco Pasqualini de
Andrade; Maria Adelia Menegazzo; Maria de Fátima Morety Couto; Marisa Morkazel; Marta Mestre; Monica
Zielinsky; Oswaldo Corrêa da Costa; Paula Braga; Paulo Gallina; Paulo Miyada; Paulo Sergio Duarte; Rafael
Cardoso; Rafael Vogt Maia Rosa; Raul Antelo; Regina Teixeira de Barros; Ricardo Fabbrini; Ronaldo Entler;
Sergio Martins; Taisa Palhares.
Reproduções Fotográficas: Arquivo MAC USP (pp. 11; 17; 79; 85 e 89) • Beatriz Albuquerque (p. 48) •
Carlos Kipnis (p. 77) • Flavio Demarchi (pp. 21 e 27) • Gerson Zanini (p. 95) • João Musa (pp. 25 e 41) •
Juan Guerra (pp. 81; 91 e 93) • Romulo Fialdini (pp. 9;13; 15; 19; 23; 29; 31; 33; 35; 37; 39; 43; 45; 47;
49; 51; 53; 55; 57; 59; 61; 63; 65; 67; 69; 71; 73; 75; 83 e 87)
Obra Capa: Jonathas de Andrade, Educação para Adultos, 2010 (detalhe)
Revisão: Ana Cândida de Avelar
Preparação Documentação: Alecsandra Matias de Oliveira
Atendimento à Pesquisa/Revisão de Dados Catalográficos: Cristina Cabral; Fernando Piola;
Michelle Alencar
Projeto Gráfico/Edição de Arte: Elaine Maziero
Apoio de Editoração: Roseli Guimarães
Diagramação: Konsept design & projetos
Coordenadora Assistente: Ana Cândida de Avelar
Coordenador: Tadeu Chiarelli
SUMÁRIO
ALBANO AFONSO
Raul Antelo.......................................................................................................................8
TARSILA DO AMARAL*
Paulo Sergio Duarte..................................................................................................... 10
JOSEF ALBERS
Rodrigo Queiroz............................................................................................................ 12
JONATHAS DE ANDRADE
Ronaldo Entler.............................................................................................................. 14
ANTONIO BANDEIRA
Maria de Fátima Morethy Couto ................................................................................. 16
CÉSAR BALDACCINI
Ana Magalhães............................................................................................................. 18
RICARDO BASBAUM
Paula Braga.................................................................................................................. 20
JOSEPH BEUYS
Marta Mestre (Texto escrito em 2012).................................................................................22
UMBERTO BOCCIONI
Sergio Martins.............................................................................................................. 24
J. BORGES
Marta Mestre (Texto escrito em 2012).................................................................................26
VICTOR BRECHERET
Douglas de Freitas....................................................................................................... 28
PAULO BRUSCKY
Paula Braga.................................................................................................................. 30
PAULO BRUSCKY
Paulo Miyada................................................................................................................ 32
PAULO BRUSCKY E DANIEL SANTIAGO
Paulo Miyada................................................................................................................ 34
IBERÊ CAMARGO
Monica Zielinsky........................................................................................................... 36
IBERÊ CAMARGO
Monica Zielinsky........................................................................................................... 38
JOSÉ CARRATU
Rafael Vogt Maia Rosa................................................................................................. 40
FLÁVIO DE CARVALHO
Raul Antelo.................................................................................................................... 42
FLÁVIO DE CARVALHO
Ana Maria Maia............................................................................................................ 44
AMÍLCAR DE CASTRO
Felipe Scovino............................................................................................................... 46
AMÍLCAR DE CASTRO
Ricardo Nascimento Fabbrini ..................................................................................... 48
AMÍLCAR DE CASTRO
Douglas de Freitas....................................................................................................... 50
3
LYGIA CLARK
Cauê Alves.................................................................................................................... 52
FILIPPO DE PISIS
Luciano Migliaccio........................................................................................................ 54
CARLOS ALBERTO FAJARDO
Fernanda Lopes............................................................................................................ 56
ALEX FLEMMING
Marisa Mokarzel........................................................................................................... 58
LUCIO FONTANA
Maria Adelia Menegazzo.............................................................................................. 60
CARMELA GROSS
José Augusto Ribeiro.................................................................................................... 62
CARMELA GROSS
Paulo Gallina................................................................................................................. 64
EVANDRO CARLOS JARDIM
Paulo Gallina................................................................................................................. 66
ALBERTO DA VEIGA GUIGNARD
Cayo Honorato.............................................................................................................. 68
ALBERTO DA VEIGA GUIGNARD
Cayo Honorato.............................................................................................................. 70
HUDINILSON JR.
Fernando Oliva.............................................................................................................. 72
WIFREDO LAM
Edward Sullivan.............................................................................................................74
FERNAND LÉGER
Regina Teixeira de Barros............................................................................................ 76
ANITA MALFATTI
Ana Paula Cavalcanti Simioni...................................................................................... 78
HENRI MATISSE
Maria Adelia Menegazzo.............................................................................................. 80
CILDO MEIRELES
Sérgio Martins.............................................................................................................. 82
CARLOS MÉRIDA
Edward Sullivan............................................................................................................ 84
ISMAEL NERY
Rafael Cardoso............................................................................................................. 86
HÉLIO OITICICA
Felipe Scovino............................................................................................................... 88
RAUL PORTO
Maria de Fátima Morethy Couto.................................................................................. 90
JULIO PLAZA
Marco Pasqualini de Andrade..................................................................................... 92
JOSÉ RESENDE
Rafael Vogt Maia Rosa................................................................................................. 94
ROSÂNGELA RENNÓ
Oswaldo Corrêa da Costa ........................................................................................... 96
LUIZ SACILOTTO
Fernanda Lopes............................................................................................................ 98
MIRA SCHENDEL
Ricardo Nascimento Fabbrini.................................................................................... 100
MIRA SCHENDEL
Taisa Palhares............................................................................................................102
MIRA SCHENDEL
Cauê Alves.................................................................................................................. 104
JEAN SCHEURER
Luiza Proença............................................................................................................. 106
KURT SCHWITTERS
Ana Magalhães........................................................................................................... 108
LASAR SEGALL
Regina Teixeira de Barros.......................................................................................... 110
REGINA SILVEIRA
Daniela Maura Ribeiro...............................................................................................112
REGINA SILVEIRA
Daniela Maura Ribeiro............................................................................................... 114
LUCAS SIMÕES
Júlio Martins............................................................................................................... 116
FRITZ WINTER
Ana Magalhães...........................................................................................................118
ENGLISH.................................................................................................................. 121
5
APRESENTAÇÃO
Raul Antelo
11
Josef ALBERS
Bottrop, 1888 - New Haven, 1976
Rodrigo Queiroz
Ronaldo Entler
Ana Magalhães
Paula Braga
21
Joseph BEUYS
Krefeld, 1921 - Dusseldorf, 1986
Marta Mestre
(Texto escrito em 2012)
Sergio Martins
Marta Mestre
(Texto escrito em 2012)
27
Victor BRECHERET
Farnese, 1894 - São Paulo, 1955
Douglas de Freitas
Paula Braga
Arte não existe como algo em si, mas sempre depende do que uma
era entende como sendo arte. A arte mais relevante de uma era não
se parece nada com arte ao surgir. Arte então guarda como devir exata-
mente aquilo que uma era não consegue ainda chamar de arte.
A partir das primeiras manifestações da arte conceitual, no final
dos anos 1960, muitos artistas passaram a ter como tema de suas
obras justamente a discussão sobre a natureza da arte. A obra de
Paulo Bruscky é herdeira desses questionamentos e a eles adiciona
ironia e um humor incisivo, desconcertante, que entra como pertur-
bação dos valores pré-estabelecidos. Em Confirmado: é Arte, Bruscky
provoca nossa fé na ciência, e iguala a incerteza da definição de arte
à incerteza de diagnósticos que consideramos inquestionáveis. A placa
de petri, um aparato de vidro usado em laboratórios para análise de
alguma substância, faz as vezes de continente transparente da matéria
arte, que aqui é vermelha, como o sangue. A análise vem com algo de
científico e algo de burocrático, com um carimbo atestando que sim,
aquilo é arte. O formato escolhido para a impressão da imagem, como
um cartão postal, aponta para outra mutação que Bruscky incita na
definição de arte: não mais algo para ser contemplado, mas algo que
circula, por uma rede, como por exemplo a rede dos correios. Bruscky
é um precursor no Brasil da Mail Art, que faz do espectador uma célula
ativa da rede, simultaneamente receptor e emissor e que, estando na
rede, é convidado a fazer circular suas próprias enunciações. A arte sai
dos museus, vai para a vida, abole a fronteira entre espaço da arte e
espaço do cotidiano. Historicamente, a arte correio dos anos 1970 tem
a relevância de ter transgredido fronteiras, unido artistas de diversos
países, e driblado a censura, como escreve Bruscky em um “telegra-
marte”: “Comunicação à distância. Ideias viajando livres”1. Além do
telegrama (telegramarte), do envelope (envelopoema), dos aerogramas
(aerogramarte), a arte de Paulo Bruscky viajou desmaterializada por
1 BRUSCKY, Paulo apud Cristiana Tejo, Paulo Bruscky: Arte em Todos os Sentidos, Recife: ZuluDesign, 2009, p. 11
Confirmado: é Arte, 1977
offset em cores, carimbo e decalque sobre cartão postal • 10,5 x 14,9 cm • Doação artista
31
Paulo BRUSCKY
Recife, 1949
Paulo Miyada
Paulo Miyada
Monica Zielinsky
Monica Zielinsky
Achei essa mala perto da antiga Rodoviária da Luz, levei para o escri-
tório onde trabalhava, pintei de branco, coloquei ao lado da minha pran-
cheta, usei como um risque e rabisque durante alguns meses, enquanto
falava ao telefone. Usei lápis, ecoline, nanquim e até tinta acrílica. Dá
pra ver alguns ícones do universo da rua presentes nessa apropriação.
Costumávamos dizer que fazíamos apropriações e preenchimento nos
espaços e objetos. Tínhamos uma visão geográfica sobre a cidade, onde
pintávamos as pontes e túneis (passagens de nível) que ligavam os
bairros ao centro e trabalhávamos com a escala humana multiplicando
o tamanho ou diminuindo, conforme a velocidade e campo de visão dos
expectadores que passavam de carros, ônibus ou andando.
A Mala foi incorporada no acervo do MAC USP através de um empre-
sário que a comprou em uma exposição coletiva na galeria Susana
Sasum, com alguns artistas de rua.
Como vê o trabalho hoje?
Carratu: Vejo o trabalho hoje como um objeto apropriado que repre-
senta sua época.
41
Flávio de CARVALHO
Amparo de Barra Mansa, 1899 - Valinhos, 1973
Raul Antelo
43
Flávio de CARVALHO
Amparo de Barra Mansa, 1899 - Valinhos, 1973
45
Amílcar de CASTRO
Paraisópolis, 1920 - Belo Horizonte, 2002
Felipe Scovino
Douglas de Freitas
51
Lygia CLARK
Belo Horizonte, 1920 - Rio de Janeiro, 1988
Cauê Alves
Luciano Migliaccio
Fernanda Lopes
Marisa Mokarzel
dade. A ideia de que toda ação consciente é uma ação no espaço está
na base de suas indagações plásticas. A partir de agora, o quadro será
sempre uma superfície colorida e sua forma ideal, o plano.
Constituída a superfície, o artista corta suas telas sem violência,
sem paixão, agindo racionalmente. No entanto, ainda que sejam gestos
medidos, não se pode afirmar que sejam contidos. No mesmo instante
em que, rasgando, impõe ao observador a materialidade da superfície,
interroga o vazio. Traduz o espaço no tempo. Interrompe a continuidade
do que é visto sem responder ao que, de antemão, sabe. Cria, deste
modo, o espaço próprio da arte, por isto os cortes não destroem as
telas, mas configuram-nas como objetos de interrogação. Por outro
lado, o vazio, o nada, liberado a partir dos cortes, cria um jogo temporal
não só porque estamos diante do plano da pintura destruído, mas
também diante do espaço exterior ao quadro. Nesta expansão reside
o espaço-conceito.
61
Carmela GROSS
São Paulo, 1946
Paulo Gallina
Não por acaso esta obra, Sem título, 1992, foi montada pela primeira
vez em uma capela. Seus materiais, mundanos e profanos como a vida
diária, são os mesmos de qualquer construção, barroca ou atual.
Aglomerações desengonçadas de alumínio, tecido, madeira e para-
fina reunidas por uma haste de ferro em construtos sem uniformidade,
essas peças fazem referência à escolha de materiais assumida para
a representação da iconografia barroca. Essas peças criadas pela
acumulação não sistemática de materiais aparentemente sem relação
exigem certa reflexão e servem de índice para essa afirmação. Dentro
do projeto de intervenção artística na Capela do Morumbi, para onde
essa obra foi projetada, o dado material parece explicitar o comentário
sobre esse momento da história da arte brasileira.
O trabalho de Carmela Gross reúne essas peças em ascensão e
decadência a um só tempo. Presas ao madeiramento do telhado da
capela por fios de nylon, cada fileira de construtos está mais próxima do
telhado e distante do chão. A instalação cria assim um plano inclinado
que não se pode afirmar crescente ou decrescente, em ascensão ou
decadência. Há uma escolha a ser feita e a artista não deixa indícios a
respeito de qual ela assumiria, transferindo assim a tomada de decisão
para o espectador.
A estrutura do telhado, onde estão fixados os fios, é regularmente
espaçada. O que garante uma mesma distância entre as peças e entre
suas fileiras. Quando os visitantes circulam no interior da instalação
eventualmente acontecem encontrões com uma ou outra dessas
partes, as quais, postas em movimento, tornam-se pêndulos. Nas pala-
vras da artista, a obra acaba por criar com a mesma base material
“não mais santos, altares e velas, mas volutas degradadas, ouro falso
e tecido esgarçado dependurados fragilmente num céu de telha vã”.
Sem título, 1992
alumínio, cera, parafina, tecido e madeira • 320 x 360 x 540 cm • Doação artista
Paulo Gallina
Cayo Honorato
69
Alberto da Veiga GUIGNARD
Nova Friburgo, 1896 - Belo Horizonte, 1962
Cayo Honorato
71
Hudinilson JR.
São Paulo, 1957 - 2013
Fernando Oliva
Edward Sullivan1
Sob essa perspectiva, pode-se dizer que O Vaso Azul é uma pintura
exemplar: planos de cor (amarelo no centro e brancos nas laterais) se contra-
põem a elementos modelados (os montes, a raiz, as pombas); o gigantismo
da raiz “perturba” as relações de escala e interfere nas relações de distância
entre as demais figuras. O peso do vaso e da mancha amarela indefinida
– que ora dá indícios de se integrar à paisagem, ora ao maquinário –, solida-
mente implantados no chão, contrastam com a leveza do elemento vertical
à esquerda, da estrutura orgânica central e do equipamento agrícola, que
mal tocam o solo. As pombas – possivelmente presentes na pintura para
celebrarem o final do conflito armado – também contribuem para a atmos-
fera antigravitacional em que levitam essas figuras.
O movimento dos pássaros, em direção à esquerda, é contido pela
forma de lua crescente, que, como um anteparo, “segura” as aves no
centro da tela. Os demais componentes plásticos, sobrepostos uns aos
outros, estão aglomerados no centro da pintura de tal modo que a compo-
sição se fecha sobre si mesma, numa conformação tipicamente légeriana.
77
Anita MALFATTI
São Paulo, 1889 - São Paulo, 1964
azul, verde e vermelho. Nesta tela, a cor não preenche, mas estrutura
a obra. Obra essa cujo ímpeto transgressor é potencializado pelo tema,
evocado por seu próprio título. O olhar aparvalhado da figura feminina
designada “a boba” incomoda, demonstrando a pungente capacidade
expressiva da artista. Essa conjunção plástica desestabilizadora seria,
segundo Sergio Miceli, aquilo que teria provocado a reação hostil de
Monteiro Lobato à produção da artista, ao “dar feição expressiva indi-
viduada a personagens que ainda lhe pareciam (...) socialmente ilegí-
timos, inadequados e impróprios ao trabalho artístico”3. A recepção de
tais obras, ao promover a primeira mobilização do futuro grupo modern-
ista em defesa da artista, atesta sua relevância para a história da arte
e da cultura brasileiras.
3 MICELI, Sergio. Nacional Estrangeiro. História social e cultural do modernismo artístico em São Paulo. São Paulo: Cia das
Letras, 2003, p. 111.
79
Henri MATISSE
Cateau-Cambresis, 1869 - Nice, 1954
Sérgio Martins
Edward Sullivan1
Rafael Cardoso
Felipe Scovino
91
Julio PLAZA
Madri, 1938 - São Paulo, 2003
95
Rosângela RENNÓ
Belo Horizonte, 1962
Fernanda Lopes
99
Mira SCHENDEL
Zurique, 1919 - São Paulo, 1988
Taisa Palhares
103
Mira SCHENDEL
Zurique, 1919 - São Paulo, 1988
Cauê Alves
Luiza Proença
Ana Magalhães
109
Lasar SEGALL
Vilna, 1891 - São Paulo, 1957
Júlio Martins
Ana Magalhães
PRESENTATION
Whereas the 1st Volume, “Collection: New Approaches”, contains texts on works
that belong to the MAC USP collection written by researchers who were also students
of Graduate Programs offered by the University of São Paulo, this 2nd Volume presents
essays by another kind of authors. In this volume we have invited established and early
career Brazilian scholars of various generations to chose and discuss works from the
Museum collection.
The central idea of this Volume is to offer the reader a panorama of the artworks
that belong to the Museum based on original choices and approaches. Generally
speaking, the entries highlight the most significant trends of the collection, re-analyze
works by artists that are fundamental for the Museum, such as Boccioni and Tarsila
do Amaral, and present new acquisitions, which are works by emerging artists in Brazil
and around the world, such as Jonathas Andrade and Albano Afonso. The entries
selected for this book demonstrate both the importance of the MAC USP collection
and the high-level of expertise of today’s art critique.
The coordinators of this Volume express their gratitude to the authors who kindly
accepted to take part in this project, which is now fully accomplished.
Albano AFONSO
São Paulo, 1964
Raul Antelo
In his polyptych Autorretrato com Modernos Latino-Americanos e Europeus,
2005/2010, Albano Afonso introduces in the language of the portrait the same
biopolitical logic of the living as he follows the three imperatives: research, measure and
evaluate these furtive images. His action was preceded by Marcel Schwob’s Imaginary
Lives, Edgar Lee Masters’ Spoon River Anthology, Borges’ Universal History of Infamy,
Bolaño’s Nazi Literature in the Americas, Brecht’s War Diary, Marcel Broodthaers’ Atlas,
Gerhard Richter’s 48 Portraits, or Robert Rauschenberg’s Random Order (according to
Branden Joseph). Thus, Albano Afonso’s Autorretrato does not follow the legal model of
the sovereignty of the portrayed, but the administrative profile of the mere inventory of
lined up objects. So, it is not about discovering the truth of these individuals that have
been made eternal, but bringing to the memory of the present-day their past and alleged
truth. Although, among them, we are able to recognize Modigliani’s or Frida Kahlo’s
effigies that are icons of what’s modern, the individual (both the elusive self and the
previous masters) is not the space for erudite deciphering, but the point of intersection
in which a light makes contact with matter and produces memory. Light overshadows
the gesture and, strictly, does not allow the illuminated individual to be recognized.
The gesture is lost and, according to Agamben, when history loses its gestures and,
nevertheless, remains obsessed with the subjectivity from which all nature has been
removed, each gesture becomes a destiny. Therefore, the more gestures lose their
contours as a result of technique-in-action, the more life becomes undecipherable. So,
it is not about a critical and modern attitude that would research on what has been
established by the founders; it is an anthropological attitude that, after the finiteness
of the genre, lists what might have been arbitrary in the establishments of this gallery.
Finally, the panel shows that some enunciations, some configurations, many imagetic
121
fragments of contemporary culture are not decided on their own or according to the
ruling codes; rather, they evoke a dispersed, floating and anonymous value that is not
included in the encyclopedia. These are non-accurate images, submitted to the idea of
the “maybe yes, maybe no”; in other words, what may be endlessly enunciated under the
rule, which is also encyclopedic, of what’s undecided.
Tarsila do AMARAL1
Capivari, 1886 - São Paulo, 1973
1 In: DUARTE, Paulo Sergio. Anos 60 – Transformações da arte no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Campos Gerais, 1998, p. 19.
2 Paulo Sergio Duarte, Emblemas do Corpo - o Nu na Arte Moderna Brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil, 1994,
pp. 14-15.
Josef ALBERS
Bottrop, 1888 - New Haven, 1976
Rodrigo Queiroz
Homenagem ao Quadrado: Signo Raro belongs to a series of the same name,
Homage to the Square, begun by Josef Albers in 1950, at age 63, and lasted for 26
years, until his death in 1976. During this period, more than 1000 paintings were
produced and hundreds of impressions characterized by the superposition of three
or four squares on equally square supports. The rigor and discipline employed in
this systematic and obsessive work stems from its formation and its unrestricted
adherence to the constructive matrix of modern design. In 1920, at age 32, Albers was
the oldest student to enroll at the Bauhaus. Immediately, after finishing his course, in
1925, he became a professor, a role held until 1933, the year in which the Bauhaus
was extinguished by the Nazi offensive. That same year, Albers moved to the United
States and began teaching activity at Black Mountain College, in the state of North
Carolina. Of the 14 years Bauhaus existed (1919-1933), Albers was in the school for
13 of them, becoming the longest-standing individual there.
In all the works of the Homenagem ao Quadrado series, the layout of the squares
follows the same geometric orientation, inscribed one inside the other, in a concentric
arrangement. Fruition is not diverted by the subjectivity of a supposed formal variation.
The only distinction between works is color. The diagonals that connect the edges of
the squares converge to a single point located on the axis of vertical symmetry of the
composition but offset downwardly relative to the center of the painted surface. The
virtual trapezoids formed by these diagonals and the sides of the squares conform
planes convergent and perpendicular to the support, in the form of parallel pairs of
horizontal and vertical planes. Imagine the floor, ceiling, and walls of a classic linear
perspective with a central vanishing point. But is it not this automatic perception of
depth in the plane just what the Albers series intends to break?
The chromatic combinatorics of Albers’s squares subvert the pre-disposition to see
the depth in the plane. The smaller square - in fact, the only square painted in full,
since the others are only orthogonal crowns that surround it - still seems to echo the
background parallel to the canvas, a necessary feature in the classical perspective.
However, from the chromatic associations defined by Albers, the squares move
perpendicularly to the plane of the support. Homenagem ao Quadrado demonstrates
that the perception of color is conditioned on contact with another color, giving the
feeling of depth and movement precisely by suppressing the line as a graphic border
between the planes of the painting.
Jonathas de ANDRADE
Maceió, 1982
Ronaldo Entler
Every language is formed by rules and gaps. Therefore, words impose a sense
on things and allow them to be deeply transformed. Jonathas de Andrade knows
that learning to read and write always has a political dimension: language includes
gestures of obedience and subversion, and this is the moment when the weights of
these two potencies will be defined and developed in social practices.
Educação para adultos [Adult Education] is a set of 60 posters displayed at the 29th
São Paulo Biennial, in 2010. At first, it is a very simple game consisting of comparing
photographs and words. The work uses as reference the literacy teaching method
123
created in the 1960s by the educator Paulo Freire, which consisted in associating
every-day words to images that could be read based on the experiences of a given
community. The efforts to introduce the method in governmental literacy policies were
abandoned after the 1964 coup d’état.
Since the 1980s, Jonathas de Andrade’s mother was a public school teacher
in Alagoas State. When she retired in 2006, she gave him 21 volumes of teaching
material that followed Paulo Freire’s method and used to be sold in newsstands in
the 1970s. This was the point of departure for the artist to conduct activities with
six illiterate women in daily meetings, for one month. He sought to reconstruct this
association with them, making the selected set of words act both in the discussion of
their realities and the re-signification of images from recent history.
More than making a commitment to teach these people, Jonathas de Andrade
seems to test the Utopian vocabulary of the time of Paulo Freire, in an experience that
is now influenced by other historical times: the coup of 1964, the re-reading of the
method in volumes published in the 1970s, the decades in which his mother worked
as an educator – that year of 2006 when the artist learned about the posters and,
finally, the moment in which he worked with the group of women.
The photo-word play in the new posters continues to call for the opening of both
languages: to the public, the proposed relations can seem didactics, or random, or
poetic, or ironic... They may point to contingent facts or form allegories that transcend
any established time. But the set is always disturbing. Whereas it does not aim at
establishing new utopias, at least it breaks with the inertia that is left of the awareness
that the most sincere expression will not make the word perfect.
Educação para Adultos refers to late literacy, which is a social issue that has to
be addressed. But it also refers to the possibility of continuously renewing the role of
languages through art. To educate is to enable that sharing of a tradition while confronting
it with the need of each place and each time. When the automatism of language results
in silence, its gaps allow communication to regain a critical and aesthetical dimension.
Antonio BANDEIRA
Fortaleza, 1922 - Paris, 1967
César BALDACCINI
Marseille, 1921 - Paris, 1998
Ana Magalhães
The ninth edition of the São Paulo Biennial, in 1967, was not the first one in which
the French sculptor César Baldaccini, born in Marseille, participated. He first took part
in the event in 1959, when he presented a set of iron assemblages and was beginning
to be recognized internationally with sculptures created from the use of cars crushed
in junkyards. When Baldaccini arrived in Brazil to participate again in the São Paulo
Biennial, he was starting to experiment with a new material: expanded polyurethane,
with which the artist made large-scale pieces seen in Paris, in the Salon de Mai that
same year. Therefore, his Expansion Controlée had been made in this context, before
he came to Brazil to take part in the special room dedicated to him in the French
National Representation of the Biennial.
France, in its turn, brought a young representation. The choice made by Michel
Ragon, curator and critic connected with the French Nouveau Réalisme, together with
Pierre Restany, to display this “new” César side by side with young artists was not
neutral; the aim was to respond to the increasing hegemony of the new American
art, which was represented by Pop Art that year. France was also involved in the
controversial debate regarding the grand-prize disputed with Great Britain and the
United States – the finalists were the English Richard Smith and César3.
César also conducted an expansion here in Brazil. The action took place on
September 29th that same year, at the Museum of Modern Art of Rio de Janeiro (MAM
RJ), with the presence of Pierre Restany and Mário Pedrosa. During his stay in São Paulo,
he met Walter Zanini, when visiting the MAC USP, where he expressed his appreciation
for Eduardo Paolozzi’s Hermaphrodite Idol (recently acquired by the Museum). The result
of this meeting was the Museum’s proposal to purchase Expansion Controlée, a fact
that was also controversial. Zanini published an article in the magazine Mirante das
Artes in response to local critics, who considered the piece to be made of “doubtful and
3 The prize was granted to Richard Smith, but the direction of the Biennial offered special prize to César, who refused it.
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aesthetically bad material.” To justify his choice, he evoked Herbert Read’s writings on
modern sculpture and located César’s expansions in a lineage that aimed at renewing
the language of sculpture, together with Eduardo Paolozzi.
In a letter to César of February 1968, Zanini mentions his intention to put it in the
same room as Paolozzi’s Hermaphrodite Idol. Max Bill’s Tripartite Unity, which until
then had been located in the room the Museum director had chosen to put Expansion
Controlée, was removed. To that generation, Tripartite Unity, which had been displayed
in the 1st São Paulo Biennial, in 1951, was a symbol of the engagement of Brazilian
artists in abstract geometric trends and in the issues of concrete art. So, Expansion
Controlée remained as a vestige of an action by César in Rio de Janeiro and of what
Zanini called the “tournant” of contemporary sculpture.
Ricardo BASBAUM
São Paulo, 1961
Paula Braga
The notion of participation in the artwork, very important to artists in the 1960s, is
expanded to the notion of collective in Ricardo Basbaum’s work. In wall diagrams that
explore the “superpronome euvocê” [superpronoun youandI] the construction of an
understanding of the individual as part and cell of a whole, Basbaum builds a model
of coexistence that is very particular to the age of networks. Therefore, it is aligned with
contemporary philosophies that see the collective as a new potency of what’s political
in art. Collective thinking is developed in Basbaum’s work in a project that has various
forms, the NBP - Novas Bases para a Personalidade [New Bases for Personality],
launched in 1990 and whose theme are the connections between communication
and contemporary art discussed within the field of “politics of subjectivity.”4 NBP is
“nearly a program for actions,” and it is developed around 3 vectors: the “immateriality
of the body” (organic matter dissolved in the immateriality of technological rhythms,
such as in the network), the “materiality of thought” (which has plastic potentiality, can
be shaped, as defended by Beuys’ social sculpture) and the “instantaneous Logos”
(“ravishing, sudden, involving, immediate, instant” visual knowledge).5
In the MAC USP collection, one NBP category is a large wood sculpture that
reproduces the basic form used in many works of the NBP project: a rectangle whose
four vertices are cut and that contains a hollow circle in its center. This form is a
stylization of the human eye, even though it is not limited to established meanings.
Indeed, it is a work that fulfils the difficult task of not looking like anything, as if it
proposed the need to renew our repertoire of signs. In the wood plank, there is the
screen-printing of the acronym of the project that, since the 1990s, guides Basbaum’s
work: NBP. According to the artist, the acronym is organized around 3 concepts:
N - News: “modern obsession and needs”
B - Bases: “structures, why not?”
P – Personality: “discussion that includes the fields of psychoanalysis, biology,
anthropology, behavioral and statistic analysis, socio-economical mechanisms, etc.,
together with artistic issues (...), a large and unstable terrain.”6
4 BASBAUM, Ricardo. Você Gostaria de Participar de uma Experiência Artística? São Paulo: ECA USP, 2008 (Doctoral dissertation
presented to the Graduate Program in Visuail Poetics), 2008. Vol. 2, p.6
5 IDEM, p. 17
6 IDEM, p. 83
So, the acronym reveals the genetics of the work, from it’s modern heritage
that seeks what’s new (and social transformation) to the valuing of the artwork as
“structure” or “basis”, which was dear to 1960s and 1970s artists, as well as to the
multidimensionality of “post-modern” art, which is certainly not “after what’s modern”,
but “attached to what’s modern”, multiplexing the work in various axes and various
fields of knowledge.
In the work that belongs to the MAC USP collection, NBP appears as a landmark
– gravestone or pole? – that signalizes a new cycle of understanding the individual,
the relationship of the individual with the collective and, therefore, a new cycle of
understanding what art is. This is certainly not a work that may be interpreted based
on the valuing of the object: what is part of the MAC USP collection is a category,
embodied in wood, of a “conceptual motto for transformation.”7
Joseph BEUYS
Krefeld, 1921 - Dusseldorf, 1986
Marta Mestre
Text written in 2012
One of the first drawings by Joseph Beuys is the portrait of a Russian nurse made in
his war notebook, in 1943. He drew it after suffering an accident in an isolated region
of Crimea (former USSR) where he was serving the German army. On the occasion, he
received help from local nomadic peoples who covered him with felt and animal fat.
This episode comes to us with notes about his fascination for Mongolian-Slavic culture,
for their lifestyles and the harsh conditions in the battlefront.
Retrato [Portrait] and Relato [Account] – or, if we prefer, exploration of reality and
exploration of temporality in the image – are the constitutive knot of drawing in Beuys.
Untying this knot includes understanding that there is a multiple dimensionality in the
making of each one of his works, and that the sheet of paper is an awareness raiser in
different levels, intensities and meanings.
So, without presenting a methodology, Beuys considered favorable to draw while
watching television, speaking or during his performances. According to him, these
are moments in which the individual is “inadvertent” and experiences a lack of
concentration, which is among the antipodes of a lucid and rational “self.”
The image of the “seismograph” 8 may serve as metaphor for Beuys’s nervous and
agitated stroke, which is oscillating and erratic and looses all its “static determination”
on behalf of the redirection to an underground morphology, a high receptivity of the
slightest impulses the hand presents. The use of electrocardiogram paper in some
of his actions or installations is also frequent, and seen in works created at different
times (windows that are part of The Pack (Das Rudel), 1969, and the action Terremoto
in Palazzo, 1983, for example).
The first presentation of Beuys’s work in Brazil was in the 15th São Paulo Biennial,
held in 1979 (seven years before his death). He was already an internationally
renowned artist at the time. That same year, there was a large retrospective dedicated
to his work at the Guggenheim Museum, in New York.
7 APUD. Brett, Guy “Arte no plural”. Brasil Experimental: Arte/Vida, Proposições e Paradoxos. Rio de Janeiro: Contra Capa, 2005, p.
270.
8 Comme le rêve le dessin, sous la direction de Philippe-Alain Michaud, Louvre, Centre George Pompidou, Éditions du Louvre/
Éd. du Centre George Pompidou, 2005. p. 48.
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Both the Biennial catalogue and the consulted bibliography9 contain a reference
to Beuys’s “environment” (composed by: Hobe, 160 cm; Breile, 200 cm; and Tiefe,
250 cm), together with Grano lithographs from Codice Madrid; however, there is no
reference to the “environment” in the catalog the Federal Republic of Germany edited
for the Biennial.
Codice Madrid is a Presse Manus (Stuttgart, 1975) publication of 1,000 copies, a
total of 106 prints in 156 pp.10 based on drawings Beuys made between the Autumn
of 1974 and early 1975. He was motivated by the discovery of two Leonardo da Vinci’s
codices at the National Library of Madrid, in the 1960s. Beuys saw them.
Throughout the lithographed pages different elements emerge: prostheses,
pyramids, numbers, scales, writings, landscapes, archways, friezes, ruins, and many
varied free hand drawings; a sequence of graphic apparitions and uncontrolled events.
They remind us of things from far back then and from right there; things that have a
conserved energy that can be re-activated and discharged, just like our memory. In this
sense, the set is admirable from the point of view of how he subliminally evokes the
16th century, its conciliating flow between the ars of technique and the ars of thought,
of the teckné itself (which Leonardo embodies in terms of perfection), and we can read
it as a channel that gives access to differentiated times and spaces.
Just like the relationship between Cy Twombly and Poussin, between Barnett
Newman and pre-Colombian sculpture, Joseph Beuys sees in Leonardo da Vinci’s
cosmovision a seminal space for artistic thinking and the possibility to build the bases
for the transformation of human being.
Umberto BOCCIONI
Reggio Di Calabria, 1882 - Sorte, 1916
Sergio Martins
In his 1912 Technical Manifesto of Futurist Sculpture, Umberto Boccioni states:
Sculpture should give life to objects by rendering their extension into space palpable,
systematic, and plastic, because no one can deny any longer that one object continues
at the point another begins, and that everything surrounding our body (bottle, automo-
bile, house, tree, street) intersects it and divides it into sections by forming an arabesque
of curves and straight lines
Looking at Development of a Bottle in Space, sculpted by Boccioni also in 1912, is
enough to notice the programmatic content of his work. The sudden inversions between
interior and exterior prevent any coincidence between the form and the surface, and
make evident a proposal of apprehension of the bottle as an object shattered by lines
of force capable of translating into sculpture the action – or better, the refraction – of
light in the dynamics of perception.
With one stroke, the plate effectively sections the bottle and contributes to the
subordination of all parts of the sculpture to a vigorous circular movement. This is the
core-difference between Boccioni’s Futurism and Cubism with which he had already
established a dialogue in his painting. The bottle in question is an appropriation
of Pablo Picasso’s important Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, of 1910. The
dispersion of the figure in analytical Cubism is a lesson Boccioni certainly assimilated;
9 ADRIANI, Goetz; KONNERTZ, Winfried e THOMAS, Karin. Joseph Beuys - Life and Work, Barron’s, 1979.
10 It is important to note that J. Beuys’s copy contained in the MAC USP collection is an incomplete donation made by the
German Consulate. It is comprised of only by 96 Grano lithographs, in 124 pp. Since it contained traces of adhesive tape, it is very
likely that the edition was separated and placed on the wall for the 15th Biennial, forming a panel with 62 boards put in 17 frames.
however, the emphasis on dynamism as the principle that re-coordinates what has
been dispersed is a feature that is definitely distant from the synchronism that informs
cubist painting (and that led it to be interpreted as a field of juxtaposed signifiers, that
is, as being analogous to Ferdinand de Saussure’s language theory).
Finally, by re-defining himself as a sculptor, Boccioni takes another step towards
distancing himself from Cubism. In his manifesto, Boccioni proposed an architectural
approach to sculpture as a means to reduce its delay regarding modern painting. Whereas
this is the basis of his sculptural innovation, it also sheds light on its existing contradictions,
such as the traces of monumentality that Development of a Bottle in Space still contains –
which may result from the combination of its material, bronze, and its pyramid-like form –,
despite the anti-monumentality emphasized by its author. Only later – such as in Dynamism
of a Speeding Horse + House, 1914-1915 – Boccioni’s sculpture began to juxtapose
everyday or industrial materials (whose use he already recommended in his manifesto),
coming closer to Picasso’s and Vladimir Tatlin’s three-dimensional constructions.
J. BORGES
Bezerros, 1935
Marta Mestre
Text written in 2012
The man wakes up in the morning and goes hunting. He puts his rifle on his back,
walks a far distance and enters the woods. He will only stop when he finds the silence
he’s been listening to from a far distance and progressively seems clearer to him. It is
a silence that starts in his walk and grows throughout the tall grass. The man climbs
a tree and lets time pass by. He left the fang of another animal to attract the jaguar.
It might look for the carcass left by another predator and wait nearby, because it is
known that jaguars do not eat everything at once and always return to the place where
they left the carcass, for their final feast; this return is fatal for the jaguar.
This is how the “caça de espera” [sit-and-wait hunting] is done. This type of hunting
is very common in Brazilian rural areas, especially in the Northeast, where José
Francisco Borges (Bezerros/PE, 1935), or simply “J. Borges”, the author of this small
woodcut print, was born.
J. Borges is one of the most appreciated authors of Cordel woodcut prints11; he
created a distinctive identity and his works are already part of the Brazilian imagery.
The innovations he developed were made gradually and, to us, they seem to reflect
not only the evolution of his own work, but also his paying attention to his market and to
his increasing group of admirers. Technically speaking, he introduced color (red, blue,
green, orange, and yellow) in a genre that is traditionally black and white, and also
began to use new formats, usually larger than those commonly used12. Figuratively
speaking, he added to the inlander imagery (the devil, Lampião, prostitutes, horsemen,
São João parties, etc) current themes, addressing them with humor: psychoanalysis,
football, soap operas are a few examples.
O Caçador na Espera [The Waiting Hunter] is a composition that is both simple
and complex. All the elements are where they should be. There is a hammock hanging
between the two trees, whose leafy crowns protect from sun and rain; the hunter
holding his riffle is in the middle. Below, the title printed on the image leaves no
11 J. Borges also published the 1964 cordel O Encontro de Dois Vaqueiros no Sertão de Petrolina, which was his debut. However, he
became a woodcut print professional.
12 About the statement according to which he responds to the market and to his admirers, the artist said: “... Then, there were
people from abroad who asked me to make them larger…”
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doubt regarding what it is. However, there are some composition elements that bring
strangeness to the image and make our waiting more attentive when we look at it.
Although this attention may come from knowledge we have from rural and hunting
imagery (plane of representation), it is from the point of view of dynamic interaction
and the visual weight (plane of immanence) that this and many other engravings by J.
Borges can offer us a truly meaningful experience. Lines, colors, patterns, differences
between the left and right sides of the image, approximation or distancing of forms, full
and empty spaces, etc. are the elements of a universal vocabulary.
So, there is a reading that emerges as our gaze lingers on the work, and slowly
explores it, because we know that “vision is truly the creative apprehension of reality”
(R. Arnheim13). For instance, the crowns of the two trees may also appear to us as two
clouds that do not belong to the rest of the composition, the trunks are oddly thin to
support the weight of the hunter and his riffle, the black-and-white landscape reminds
us of a concentrating cell, and what is the hunter waiting for after all?
The melancholic emotion and the loneliness we can depict from this image result
from a laborious handling of the elements of the composition, particularly from a
synthetic capability that reminds us of illuminated manuscripts or the illustrated initial
letters, with which books start.
Victor BRECHERET
Farnese, 1894 – São Paulo, 1955
Douglas de Freitas
Luta de Índios Kalapalo14 1951 is the part of Victor Brecheret’s production in which
the artist starts to concern himself with representing “national motives, thus looking
for a new form, a new modality, another Brazilian sculpture, legitimately ours”15. In
these works, some more traditional with a religious theme, the artist focuses on
investigating Brazilian popular culture and indigenous culture, focusing almost
entirely on stone incisions and modeling. Until the 1940s, his production featured
almost entirely classic subjects carved in marble and granite, or cast in bronze, in
which Brecheret assimilated features of art deco, with geometric and synthetic forms,
influence of cubism and the work of the sculptor Constantin Brancusi (1876-1957). It
was from then on that the precepts of modernism gained space in the thematic of the
works, ceasing to be represented only formally.
Representing an indigenous struggle with organic, economic and rustic form, the
sculpture is clearly inspired by the series of stones in which the artist made incisions
in stones found on the beach, keeping the shape unchanged, inserting in them only
graphic information that began to suggest animals. In Luta de Índios Kalapalo two
masses suggesting bodies exerting opposite forces, merge in a single piece with a
void in the center. Some small incisions emphasize volume and suggest movement
and positioning of the bodies, in a subtle but extremely effective way. If it were not for
them, it would be unlikely to recognize the bodies, for both are composed of a single
matter that rises from the base and merges again into the top without visible divisions.
The whole set of forces of the masses in collision occurs only through these small
incisions in the clay.
13 ARNHEIM, Rudolf, Art and Visual Perception: A Psychology of the Creative Eye, 1954.
14 Luta de índios Kalapalo participated in the I São Paulo Biennial and was donated by the artist to the MAM SP, passing to the
MAC USP collection in 1963. The MAC USP has the original terracotta and the bronze casting.
15 Statement by the artist Brecheret speaking about art. In: BRECHERET, Victor. 60 anos de notícia. São Paulo: s.n., 1976. p.93-95.
The formal solution of the work brings Brecheret’s production closer to that of Henri
Moore, in search of an organic form, in which emptiness is incorporated into the work,
dynamizing the static and giving a certain visual lightness to the sculpture. It is no
longer a question of subjecting form to the will of the artist, but rather of subjecting the
will of the artist to the pre-existent form or matter upon which he is acting, conditioning
the form, or adding form, to that matter without concealing it.
Paulo BRUSCKY
Recife, 1949
Paula Braga
Art does not exist as something in itself; it always depends on what an era
understands as art. The most relevant art of an era is nothing like art when it emerges.
So, art expects to become precisely what an era is not yet able to recognize as art.
In the late 1960s, when the first expressions of conceptual art emerged, many
artists adopted the debate on the nature of art as theme for their works. Paulo Bruscky’s
work is the heir of these inquiries and adds to them irony and a sharp and unsettling
humor that disturbs pre-established values. In Confirmado: é Arte [Confirmed: it is Art],
Bruscky challenges our faith in science, and places the uncertainty of the definition of
art at the same level of the uncertainty of diagnoses we consider to be unquestionable.
The Petri plate, a glass dish used in laboratories to analyze substances, plays the
role of the transparent continent of the matter of art, which, here, is as red as blood.
The analysis appears somewhat scientific and somewhat bureaucratic, for it has
a stamp on it verifying that this is art. The format chosen to print the image, as a
postcard, indicates another mutation Bruscky provokes in the definition of art: it is
no longer something to be contemplated, but something that circulates, in a network,
such as the postal service network, for instance. In Brazil, Bruscky is pioneer of
Mail Art, in which the spectator is an active cell of the network, both receiver and
source; and since he/she is part of the network, he/she is invited to make his/
her own enunciations circulate. Art leaves museums and enters life; it removes the
frontier between the art space and the everyday space. Historically, the 1970s’ mail
art is relevant for having transgressed frontiers, bringing together artists from various
countries, and avoiding censorship, as Bruscky writes in “telegramart”: “Distance
communication. Ideas that travel freely.”16 Besides the telegram (telegramart), the
envelope (envelopoem), the aerograms (aerogramart), Paulo Bruscky’s art travelled
dematerialized by telex (telexart) and, since 1980, by fax.17 Most of Bruscky’s mail art
carries the emptiness of self-reference, with stamps containing messages, such as
“Hoje arte é esse comunicado,” which the artist translates word for word into English
as the impossible expression “Today art is this communicated.” Bruscky’s mail art
makes its point: it aims to reinforce it is art, to use a circuit that distributes messages,
to use the channel of communication, to ensure this channel will not be clogged with
advertising and commercial letters, to keep the channel open, fast, and potentially free
for the circulation of other types of information, such as the information that art is as
alive as blood, as mutant as cells, and resistant to unquestionable definitions. “Doubt
is fundamental to me. It is this questioning that makes me produce,” says Bruscky.18
To this artist, certainty only exists as irony.
16 APUD. Cristiana Tejo, Paulo Bruscky: Arte em Todos os Sentidos, Recife: ZuluDesign, 2009, p. 11
17 ibid., p. 12
18 APUD. Lidice Matos. Arte e este Comunicado Agora: Paulo Bruscky e a Crítica Institucional. Revista Concinnitas, ano 8, volumen 1,
number 10, Jul. 2007, p. 127.
131
Paulo BRUSCKY
Recife, 1949
Paulo Miyada
The first set of works by Paulo Bruscky came to the MAC USP collection by
mail: nearly fifty letters, envelopes, postcards and various supports sent between
1975 and 1978. They are diverse examples of what the artist calls postal art or
correspondence art, and the MAC USP collection, under the direction of Walter
Zanini, helped to establish it as mail art. These works were produced to be sent
by mail and circulate in an exchange network among artists from all around the
world – from Japan to the United States, including the socialist and capitalist
portions of Europe and various Latin American countries. Some of them are a sort
of comment on the mail art networks, others are the artist’s ideas adapted to fit
the photocopy and the postcard, and there are others that are parts of “chains”
in which a process-poem was started by an artist, then sent to another artist who
added a graphic intervention and sent it to a third artists, who was supposed to
continue the process. Zanini, who was well aware of the historical importance of
these documents, did not hesitate to interrupt some of these chains that were sent
to him to add them to the museum collection.
Some of these works push the limits of what is possible to be sent by mail. Besides
words and images, what else travels along letters and postcards? On the envelope,
Bruscky wrote “This envelope contains the smell of the beach of São José da Coroa
Grande” and, inside, he put pieces of plants so that the “reader” could smell the sea
of a distant beach, kept in an envelope and sent from the city of Recife to any part
of the world. In another envelope, there is the sender, the receiver, the stamp, post
office stamps, and three stamps by Bruscky, as well as the imperative FEEL written in
big letters. When reading this order, the receiver, just like Alice in front of a suspicious
cake, inevitably presses the envelope. The softness of a piece of foam is the reward of
the obedient touch and gives away the content of the letter without the need to open
it. Actually, we can imagine that, while on its way, the envelope was touched by many
postal service employees, who all received the same tactile message. It is said that in
the cover of the first edition of Marshall McLuhan’s book The medium is the message
it was written “the medium is the massage” – no one knows if this was an editing
mistake or it was meant as a joke by the author, but in Bruscky’s work this word play
is an irrefutable truth.
At the time Bruscky sent these letters to the MAC USP, he knew that the network
mobilized by mail art was unprecedented. Today, he says that the speed and flow of
this device anticipated the continuous communication that is disseminated today by the
internet. The difference might be the willingness to make mediums say more than they
seem capable. Today, there are 3D, high definition, anti-reflex television sets, and many
other resources, but they are still incapable of transporting smell and softness; these
are elements that all emotional experiences prove to be the most powerful synesthetic
trigger: they alter our heartbeats even before we understand what has just hit us.
Paulo BRUSCKY and Daniel SANTIAGO
Recife, 1949 / Garanhuns, 1939
Paulo Miyada
Sometimes, the moment in which a letter arrives is as meaningful as its content.
News from a traveler who is far from home; the memory of someone with whom we lost
contact ages ago; the Christmas postcard that got lost in the mail and arrived when
it’s almost winter. That is why it is important to consider the occasions in which Paulo
Bruscky’s works were included in the MAC USP collection.
The inclusion of a second and comprehensive set of works by Bruscky took
place, according to the artist himself, thanks to his talks with Cristina Freire,
researcher and curator of the museum. Responsible for the research that resulted
in the first book on his extensive body of work (Paulo Bruscky: Arte, Arquivo e
Utopia, 2006), Freire got in touch with him during the preparation of the show
Paulo Bruscky: Ars Brevis (MAC USP, 2007), asking for works created between
1971 and 1993 to fill gaps and update Bruscky’s presence in the collection. Seven
works were included, such as the photographic record of the anthological 1978
action “O que é Arte? Para que Serve?”
Also part of this set is the object-book Cuidado: Frágil [Watch out: Fragile], created
by Bruscky in partnership with Daniel Santiago, in 1992. It is a black case with white
and red labels, just like transport company boxes; inside the case, there is a very thick
book whose cover sheet is a square etched glass and the textblock is comprised of
glass of different colors, textures and finishing, all broken or cut diagonally, in semi-
circles and irregular ellipses. When we handle the object and turn its pages, we notice
the frailty of the material that seems to be in a constant imminence of breaking at the
slightest distraction. We also pay attention to the ‘watch out’ message, because we
can hurt our fingers when handling the glass pages. Obviously all of this takes place in
the collection room, where museum employees wearing gloves slowly open and turn
the pages for us. It is a work that will hardly be displayed in natura. After all, how many
safety rules would have to be broken to allow an object such as this one to be freely
handled in the exhibition space?
Somewhat similar to what Marcel Duchamp did when he created his Boîtes-en-
Valise, Bruscky made a portable work that anticipates the conditions of its inclusion in
the institutional spaces of art. Between the 1930s and 1960s, Duchamp built boxes
and suitcases containing miniatures, replicas and recordings of several of his works;
they were tiny models of how could be the museum rooms that housed his works.
Bruscky, in his turn – years before Cristina Freire began her research, which is certainly
a landmark in the late process of including his work in the historiographic framework
of Brazilian art – prepared his Cavalo de Tróia [Trojan Horse]: a box that offers the
museum the incongruous experience of having an object whose fruition contradicts its
fundamental conservation and safety guidelines.
Rebellious and critic, Bruscky’s body of work is not suitable for the institutional
devices that aim at preserving memory. But, since he is fundamental for the history of
Brazilian art, he cannot be forgotten by the country’s institutions. So, may he remain
the way he is: present and eternally problematic – after all, in art, disturbances are not
always supposed to be overcome.
133
Iberê CAMARGO
Restinga Seca, 1914 - Porto Alegre, 1994
Monica Zielinsky
The print Carretéis is a landmark in the work of Iberê Camargo, both from a
technical perspective, regarding the creation of intaglio print, and regarding his
creative proposal. It follows the developments of his graphic and pictorial research on
the spool, an element that became a central object in the studies he conducted in his
studio, at the time when Iberê stopped developing his work outdoors. Since 1958, this
element is permanently evoked even in his last works.
In this period, the first work that presents this theme dates from 1958; it is slightly
smaller and has the shape of a diagram. However, it is embryonic of most part of Iberê
Camargo’s intaglio prints. Then, in 1959, the artist creates Carretéis 1 in which he
attains in terms of space the same diagram-like structure from the previous one, but
now includes pictorial materiality. It makes evident the artist’s technical and highly
experimental determination in the art of printmaking, for he works with its four states
and softens the contrasts by simultaneously using sanding, aquatint and sugar lift.
By means of these coordinated procedures, Iberê makes evident the undeniable
relations he established with painting, by handling the areas of light and shadow with
his vigorous contrasts, as well as by creating in the surface of the piece a texture that
evokes the idea of painting. It is worth noting that this artist worked with painting,
printmaking and drawing simultaneously, sometimes even on the same day.
This work was valued and recognized by the artist, since he signed and produced a
print run of twenty copies, described in his notebooks as “sold out print-run.” The work
was shown in various exhibitions in the country and abroad, such as in a Special Room
at the 1963 São Paulo International Biennial, the 1999 Mercosul International Biennial,
the Exhibition Pintura y Grabado del Brasil in Mexico City, in 1966, among others. This
print is mentioned in several texts and text illustrations, and articles on the artist’s work.
As time goes by, this work becomes spools in space; at first they are unbalanced,
then twisted and even expanded. They remained present in all works created
afterwards by Iberê Camargo.
Iberê CAMARGO
Restinga Seca, 1914 - Porto Alegre, 1994
Monica Zielinsky
The painting Expansão [Expansion] is an important piece not only for the collection
it is part of, but especially in the framework of Brazilian painting, since it presents
approaches in the light of different modern and contemporary issues in Brazilian art. It
evokes, just like Iberê Camargo’s body of work, an Expressionist feature by means of a
pictorial language marked by the tumultuous use of matter and pigments. In this work,
from the core of the painting to the outside, vigorous gestures emerge on the thick layers
of paint, as if they wished to exceed the limits of the support. Amidst the maelstrom of
form, its near deconstruction, and the reduced chromatic scale there is the fundamental
reference to the spool – an element that is always present in the artist’s work after 1958
until its last works. Iberê considers this object to be “the theme, the character of my
pictorial drama.”19 Although constantly present in Iberê’s works, the spool only indicates
19 Iberê Camargo. In: LAGNADO, Lisette. Conversações com Iberê Camargo. São Paulo: Iluminuras, 1994, p. 27.
the dense poetic of all the ambiguities it projects, suffocated in the space of the painting.
Expansão makes the spool expand until it nearly disappears amidst the layers of paint
– and points to the emergence of a subjectivity of resistance in view of the existential
loneliness and the historical environment that involves the artist’s productions.
This painting was made during one of the most dramatic periods of Brazilian social
and political history: the military coup and its well-known disastrous consequences
for Brazilian society. However, the artist’s production does not make any explicit
reference to the unique and local facts of this history and addresses the inner aspects
of pictorial matter. In the artist’s obsessive search for subjective experimentation in
painting, this work expresses his distancing from the programs that guided Brazilian
art at the time, which resulted in a near ritual of annihilation of painting itself. The
opposite direction the work reveals regarding the principles of constructive abstraction
and of neo-Concretism that were widely disseminated at the time and their ideals that
aimed at transforming society expresses the autonomous position of Iberê’s painting
in the framework of visual arts at that moment; it also expresses the innovative and
contemporary position of shapelessness and of deconstruction in the artist’s painting,
which is a true attitude of resistance that, nevertheless, was expressed in parallel with
the artistic programs that were disseminated in the period.
José CARRATU
São Paulo, 1955
Flávio de CARVALHO
Amparo de Barra Mansa, 1899 - Valinhos, 1973
Raul Antelo
Mater, matter, death. All the tension in Minha Mãe Morrendo nº 6 [My Dying
Mother #6], 1947, is concentrated in the mouth of the moribund. Flávio de Carvalho
understood, unawarely, that when one slightly closes his/her mouth to say consonants,
the Dialogue begins by means of the contact with the other and by means of the Discovery
of the Image20. When the fear and the schizophrenia of the passive defense is overcome,
one also begins to Babble, when “the child presents itself to the world hungry and with its
mouth open,” whereas a man with his mouth shut is already a dialectical being. Mouth
open and mouth shut mark two different phases: the latter indicates the beginning of
collective panic and of applause, whereas the first places man in a speculative relation
regarding the Other; both of them, with their mouths wide open, in a pantomimic point of
equality, protect their stomachs both by means of their mouth shut and by pronouncing
the first consonant. This process forms subjectivity based on silence, “a silence that is the
product of a new appetite and the protection granted to the digestive system.”21 At this
moment of maximum sonority, the man, with the mouth open, babbles the Monólogo da
Fome [Hunger Monologue], painlessly and without gravitational feeling22. So, the position
in which the mouth is open was only an “evolutional cramp,”23 in which nothing was defined
by its role (the mouth is not there to speak), but by its shifting (its role is to examine, handle,
attack). The vowels, the first sounds produced by the peripheral organs of ingestion, are
the sounds that represent hunger and, therefore, they represent the Yes, whereas the
process between Yes and No, Babbling, concretized as stuttering, is a negativity rehearsal.
However, the firm emergence of the No shows “clonic stutter blocks,” which convince us
that “man comes closer to culture.”24 On the contrary, the abandonment of negativity and
the return to the vocalic Yes, expressed by the open mouth of the mother, would put us in
a situation of depletion of what’s symbolic and modern.
20 CARVALHO, Flávio de. O pânico, o aplauso, o chefe. Diário de S. Paulo. São Paulo, Jul. 21st 1957, Notas para a reconstrução
de um mundo perdido (doravante NRMP) 26.
21 IDEM. O homem e a sua alma. Diário de S. Paulo. Jul. 28th 1957(NRMP, 27)
22 IDEM. O frio, o som e o Trimestre Bobo. Diário de S. Paulo. Oct. 6th 1957 (NRMP, 38)
23 IDEM. Ainda o Trimestre Bobo. Diário de S. Paulo. Oct. 27th 1957
24 IDEM. Idade da fome. Para a reconstrução de uma idade perdida. Diário de S. Paulo. Jul. 22nd 1962, read at the University
of California (Jan. 1962).
Flávio de CARVALHO
Amparo de Barra Mansa, 1899 - Valinhos, 1973
25 The idea that Flávio de Carvalho anticipated the experimentation that characterizes the generation of Brazilian artists who
worked in the 1960s and 1970s is put forth in the PhD dissertation of Rui Moreira Leite, Flávio de Carvalho (1899-1973): entre
a experiência e a experimentação, defended at ECA USP in 1994.
26 Or “poetic in transit” - term that Luiz Camillo Osório uses to entitle an essay he wrote about the artist. (Cf. OSÓRIO, Luiz
Camillo. Flávio de Carvalho. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009, p. 7)
27 In the building located at the 7 de Abril Street, which housed the museum from his opening, in 1947, to 1968, when he was
transferred to the building designed by the architect Lina Bo Bardi at the Trianon Belvedere, in Paulista Avenue.
28 The term appears in the article “A cor e as linhas-de-força”, published by the artist in the newspaper Diário de S. Paulo, in
1936. This text is among a set of re-published texts organized by the curator Denise Mattar in the catalogue of his retrospective,
at the Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil, in 1999 (Cf. CARVALHO in MATTAR, 1999, p. 71).
137
The fact that the scene is portrayed in the gerund – as indicated in the title of
the work and the pictorial evidences of a continuous narrative with no denouement
– destroys a history of verdicts and verifies the driving forces instead. It reminds us
that every divergence, before being deviation, is potency. Maybe this is why Série
Trágica remains a testimony of the web of incongruousness that separates modern
and contemporary in Brazilian art history.
Amílcar de CASTRO
Paraisópolis, 1920 - Belo Horizonte, 2002
Felipe Scovino
Amílcar de Castro’s 1985 sculpture Sem título [Untitled] reveals us two generosities, in
particular, of this artist. The first is our phenomenological ability of converting those thick
steel sheets into a body. The sculpture, with its heavy structure and grand presence in
space, soon becomes a body that is, let’s say, susceptible to instabilities. A double temporal
circumstance takes place on that surface. Simultaneous to the action of chronological
time, there is a silent effort, noticeable only in long-lasting observation, which slowly
reveals to us that the steel is transformed in skin. The oxidation and the appearance of
“imperfections,” reliefs, crusts, “abrasion” on the surface are related to a metaphor of time
passing by and the aging of the body. Its open structure, in which the air fills the volume,
highlights the characteristics of making everything complete and revealing.
The second generosity is the public feature of his work. Since it is placed in the
administration building of USP, the work establishes a dialogue with the city, it allows itself
to be apprehended by the mundane gaze and, at the same time, it is open to all sorts of
propositions. It becomes a body open to the city. In addition, his work goes beyond the fact
of being a mere sculpture or a gratuitous presence in the world; it is also, substantially, a
drawing in space. When he creates his sculptures he seems to pursue the air and, when
that happens, the sculpture soon becomes the inscription of a body in space to, later,
become skin, or better, a presence. These associations can also be noticed in the intrinsic
relationship between his drawings, some of which are present in the MAC USP collection,
and his sculptures. The gesture applied with India ink reinforces the tension and the idea
of detachment from the plane. The metaphor of a body present in his work can be denoted
not only in how he makes steel malleable by cutting it and bending it in a way that is
both simple and dramatic, but also in the few fixed points with which Amílcar conceives
the works. His sculptures summon the forces of gravity. At times, they twist to the right;
other times, they bend and expand to the left; and still others, they delicately incline
from one side to the other. They are built in a orthodoxically constructive manner – in the
articulations of fields that reveal the absence of volume – but soon “destroy” this legacy by
bending and creating the illusion of volume and, perhaps, mass.
Amílcar de CASTRO
Paraisópolis, 1920 - Belo Horizonte, 2002
29 “Les Cahiers de Paul Valéry”. In: CAMPOS, Augusto de. Paul Valéry: a Serpente e o Penar. São Paulo: Editora Brasiliense, p. 75.
His “paint drawings”, such as the 1987 Sem Título [Untitled], were developments from
his sculpture drafts that, after the 1980s, became autonomous. In the paintbrush strokes
that replaced the brushes, we don’t see either erasure marks or pentimento, not one
single mark that indicates hesitation or regret. “In the tracing, the paint fades and the paint
brush progressively scratches the paper, either whiter or darker; and the scratch is also
part of the work – Amílcar de Castro used to say.” 30 Therefore, these traces do not point to
any imperfection in the stroke, but the artist’s attempt to embrace chance just like he did
with the rust on the steel sheets in his sculptures – even though in a controlled fashion.
In Sem Título, the gesture that leaves the stroke as a trace is firm, but not aggressive
in the sense of the nervous expression of a body that suddenly explodes. Amílcar
used to say, clearly, that he aimed at “the spontaneity of the first gesture,” which,
nevertheless, cannot be mistaken by the easy and merely impulsive gesture.31 The
gesture is swift, but based on a constructive impulse, on the most strictly disciplined
hand and not on an unruled spontaneity, which results in accidents or whims, such as
daubs, flecks or doodles. Amílcar draws alla prima: he obtains his stroke at the first
gesture, and correction is impossible. His gesture imprints on the strokes a drive that
follows their immediate formalization.
Sem Título is not like that; it is neither descriptive nor analytical, refined exercise
on the evolutional possibilities of thin lines; on the contrary, it is a synthetic and
thick-line drawing in which the internal coherence of the form is evident at first sight.
This drawing is only medulla, a bone so much in the center that it hasn’t adjective or
ornament. “It is an artifact with no artifice; it is naked and skinless”: - of bare bones.32
Everything in it is clear and seems easy; this is why Amílcar despised, or hated, vague
things: “I have faith, he says plainly, in the work that does not leave trace.”33 What is
spectacular and pompous is what’s easy. Purity and rigor, that’s difficult. Sem Título
is admirably precise; drive expressed in a highly concise writing: but “what is more
mysterious, asks Paul Valéry, than clarity” (or structural clearness)?34
Amílcar de CASTRO
Paraisópolis, 1920 – Belo Horizonte, 2002
Douglas de Freitas
Despite being multiple and including drawing, painting and sculpture, the work
of Amílcar de Castro is articulated from the principles of drawing. Everything is built
through lines and planes. The sculptural production of the artist develops from simple
procedures, not that they are not laborious, but they certainly demand more reasoning
and intelligence, rather than labor, in their preparation. His sculptures usually originate
from procedures of folding, cutting and folding, or even cut and displacement, realized
in plates or blocks of metal with geometric forms. The construction processes of the
works of Amílcar de Castro are not concealed, so much so that it is possible to undo
them mentally without much difficulty. It is from the cut made by the artist that the
planes advance into space creating three-dimensional structures. The final form of the
work not only results from these processes, but in a sense carries them with it, they
are a constituent part of it.
30 CASTRO, Amílcar de. In: BRITO, Ronaldo. Amílcar de Castro. Belo Horizonte: Takano/Galeria Kolans, 2001, p. 157.
31 Idem, p. 113.
32 GULLAR, Ferreira, Relâmpagos, São Paulo: Cosac & Naify, 2003, p. 98.
33 CASTRO, Amílcar de. In: SILVA, Fernando Pedro e RIBEIRO, Marília Andrés (orgs.). Amílcar de Castro (Depoimentos). Belo
Horizonte: Editor C/ Arte, 1999, p. 24.
34 VALÉRY, Paul. Eupalinos ou o Arquiteto. Rio de Janeiro: Editora 34, 1996, p.99.
139
The sculpture, Untitled, 1985, belonging to the MAC USP collection, follows this
same principle. In this case specifically, the procedure used is the cut and the fold.
In the work, Amilcar starts from a circular steel plate with only one angular cut in the
plate drawing the two-sided shape of a triangle and, from this drawing/cut, makes the
fold. Thus, at the same time that he breaks the solidity and integrity of the sheet of
steel, the procedure gives it support, result of the rigidity and thickness of the sheet
that, even open and folded, is able to stabilize the piece. In this folding of the plate,
the work opens to the space around it. The sculpture achieves lightness by breaking
the solidity of steel and places itself in seemingly unstable space. The work lives in the
duality between lightness and material brutality, simplicity and tension, and it is in this
conflict that the delicate balance of the final composition is established.
The surface of the work, its own exposed matter, oxidizes in response to the action
of the corrosive agents of time. The appearance of the work is the result only of this
action of time on matter, no paint or varnish seals or finishes the work. As in the artist’s
drawings, geometric forms coexist with the organicity, be it the result of the apparent
raw material of the sculptures, or of the brushstrokes of the paintings and drawings
which, although decisive and determined, leave the trace of the brush apparent, and
in their own way, indicate a materiality constructed from the process.
Lygia CLARK
Belo Horizonte, 1920 - Rio de Janeiro, 1988
Cauê Alves
The work Plano em Superfície Modulada nº 2 entirely follows the constructive
ideal of the 1950s. In the same year this work was created, 1956, Lygia Clark gave
a lecture in a conference at the National School of Architecture of Belo Horizonte. On
the occasion, she called attention to how important it is to integrate the activity of
the architect to that of the artist and that they, together, could design pre-fabricated
houses and “the future dwelling of man.” According to Clark, this does not represent
a limit for creation, “in this case, the artist seeks a harmony of rhythms within an
equation proposed by the architect.”35 It is the rationalist Utopia that believed in the
integration of art and industry, just like the manifesto of the Grupo Ruptura states
when it referred to the “extensive possibilities of practical development” of art.
At that moment, her works were much closer to what São Paulo concrete artists
proposed. This is why she participated, together with the Grupo Frente and the
Grupo Ruptura, in the 1st National Concrete Art Exhibition at the MAM SP. Only in
1957 the contrast between São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro artists was explained in
the famous text Paulistas e Cariocas [São Paulo artists and Rio de Janeiro artists], by
Mário Pedrosa, published in the newspaper Jornal do Brasil36. According to Pedrosa,
“compared to them [the paulistas], Rio painters are nearly romantic”; the paulistas
would be “more keen to theory” and had “an elementary chromatic vocabulary.” In the
opinion of the Grupo Ruptura leader, Waldemar Cordeiro, the cariocas suffered from
lack of “structural rigor” and “chromatic rigor.”
Since the 1st National Concrete Art Exhibition, the works produced by these two
groups were set apart by the protagonists of the show themselves and by the history
that followed. But this Lygia Clark work shows that, despite the intense debate, at that
35 CLARK, Lygia. “Conferência Pronunciada na Escola Nacional de Arquitetura em Belo Horizonte em 1956”. Diário de Minas, 27
jan. 1957, Belo Horizonte/MG.
36 Pedrosa, Mário. “Paulistas e Cariocas”. Jornal do Brasil, 19 fev. 1957, Rio de Janeiro. In: ARANTES, Otília (org.). Acadêmicos e
Modernos. Textos Escolhidos III. São Paulo: EDUSP, São Paulo, 1998. pp. 253-256.
moment, they were more similar to one another than they thought. In this work there
is no chromatic delusion and color is not used in an expressive way. Differently from
the verdicts expressed by Pedrosa and by Cordeiro, what we see here is an elementary
chromatic vocabulary, which was not exclusive to the paulistas; as well as rigor in the
choice of tones, specially black, grey and white colors, which was also practiced by
the carioca group. Emphasis is given more to structure than to color. To each triangle,
parallelogram and trapezoid, there is another shape in a similar position. The same
composition structure seen in the upper half of the plane is repeated in the lower half;
everything takes place as if the lower half had turned 180°. The plates are all painted
with industrial coating homogeneously and objectively applied with no sign of gestuality.
The novel aspect is that it already contains what Lygia Clark later called organic
line. From the encounter of rigid planes, a fissure, a pause emerges and it will enable
the inclusion of the three-dimensional space and temporality, opening the path for the
works she developed later.
Filippo De PISIS
Ferrara, 1896 – Milan, 1956
Luciano Migliaccio
In 1944 De Pisis moved to Venice because of a nervous illness he had suffered
from since childhood and also to escape the heavy bombardments in Milan where
he resided. He stayed long in Venice until after the end of the world war, endlessly
painting numerous views of the city. His friend Giovanni Comisso, in the book Il mio
sodalizio con De Pisis describes the painter’s wanderings through the Venetian streets
in search of a motif. He loved the simple life and popular joy. Often, what attracted De
Pisis was the atmosphere of a place, a casual encounter with somebody.
A few quick black strokes define the limits of the outlet and the main volumes.
Then the exact observation of the various chromatic notes forms the composition like
a musical improvisation. Nothing escapes the painter’s gaze, the green paint of the
windows faded by the barbed wire, the reddish line of a curtain, the blot of a geranium
on a balcony, the blue of a paper on a sidewalk. The artist finds his inspiration in the
Venetian landscapes painted in the eighteenth century by Francesco Guardi, in which
the landscape seems to be undone by the nervous touch of the hand on the canvas.
A subtle melancholy dissolves the architecture in reflections in the still water of the
lagoon. For De Pisis, born in Ferrara, near the mouth of the Po, Venice is a state of
soul. The decadent city reflects the situation of Italy destroyed by the war, but also
the peace of abandonment and the genuine values of popular culture in opposition
to the disasters produced by fascism and war. In his painting, passing through the
fundamental experience of metaphysical poetics, as in that of Morandi, visual
data is a pretext to achieve an inner revelation through art. The closed, somewhat
claustrophobic world of the typical campielli, the little Venetian squares, where the
sun penetrates with difficulty, is evoked by the colored matter in search of an ever-new
compositional balance.
De Pisis’s painting, of great erudition, adds to the memory of the great Venetian
painters the lesson of the Impressionists, from Pissarro to Monet, but above all the urban
landscapes of Utrillo and Marquet, who he met during long, frequent stays in Paris. A path
that places the painter’s sincere expression far from all the neoclassical rhetoric promoted
by the regime in the tragic years of the conflict. The composition of De Pisis, which the poet
Eugenio Montale defined as “flies’ legs”, could be considered something similar to the
clays of Giacometti, transfiguring the motif into pure emotional construction.
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Carlos Aberto FAJARDO
São Paulo, 1941
Fernanda Lopes
When we look at Carlos Fajardo 1988 work Sem título [Untitled], the last thought
that crosses our mind is how fragile this seemingly robust set can be. The four blocks
of pressed pure carbon tied together by wire ropes are industrial bricks to be used in
extremely high-temperature places, such as inside an iron casting. The material, which
can only be cut with a diamond blade, is extremely fragile when transported, because
it has no supporting structure. Since Fajardo’s first works, he has been interested in
matter, in the physical aspect of the material, in the relationship between appearance
and internal structural features. This interest led him to use in his entire production
either non-artistic material – the type that we can’t find in art supplies stores, or
traditional materials but in a non-traditional way.
In 1966, when he was still an architecture student, Fajardo participated in his first
show as an artist. It was the opening, in São Paulo, of the Rex Gallery & Sons, which he
helped to found together with his colleagues from college, José Resende and Frederico
Nasser, and the experienced artists Wesley Duke Lee, Geraldo de Barros and Nelson
Leirner.37 One of the works he presented was Mulher Sendo Atacada, 1966 – a charcoal
on paper piece that depicted, as the title indicates, a woman being attacked by a man.
What mattered to Fajardo was not the drawing itself or what it represented, but how
the support he used was presented. The artist creased the paper and the figures were
seen through that folding window. As the artist said, the narrative was absorbed by
the events in the paper.38 The paintings from the same period also reveal his interest
for materiality and claim their status as objects. Some were made of acrylic plates
attached to one another by nails at a 5-cm distance from the surface. In other works,
formica of varied colors and cut in various shapes composed the paintings, thus,
preserving the impersonality of the material.
After the 1980s, Fajardo’s production is more strongly projected towards the space.
Its surfaces, made out of different materials, began to be placed against walls, which
creates and incorporates the space of reality between the planes and explores issues
such as weight, gravity or support. Based on the notion of surface, three-dimensional, but
non-sculptural, pieces that are traditionally silent, static and cold gain variants such as
sound, heat, light and movement. Interested in proposing an opening to other art-defining
structures, Fajardo creates new and delicate relationships between the work and the
spectator; these relationships were built at that moment and continue until today.
Alex FLEMMING
São Paulo, 1954
Marisa Mokarzel
In Alex Flemming’s work, the Christian expression “Lamb of God who takes away
the sin of the world” can be reversed or takes on new meaning without leading to
peace. The embalmed lamb causes restlessness and discomfort. The religious
sentiment is then reasserted, adopting new paths, making the relations established
37 See LOPES, Fernanda. A Experiência Rex – “Éramos o Time do Rei”. São Paulo: Alameda Editorial, 2009.
38 Carlos Fajardo in an interview to Sonia Salzstein in Poética da Distância. São Paulo: Petrobrás, 2003.
with the animal body, wounded by everyday instruments and painted with metallic
blue, relations of strangeness. The simple skimmers, used in the domestic practice,
transform themselves into arms in the body. Pain does not fulfill destiny, on the
contrary, it becomes impossible to be felt. The stuffed, lifeless animal of science that
the Natural Museum has discarded is no longer able to feel the physical suffering
caused by the metal that pierced the dead skin. What is revealed is symbolic suffering
transferred to the viewer.
Cordeiro de Deus is part of a larger group composed of ten equally lifeless animals,
blue zombies on an imaginary pilgrimage, born in 1991 at the XXI Bienal de São Paulo.
Sacrifício – Instalação sobre a Vida e a Morte da Cultura do Homem da Natureza
presents itself in a hard and cold environment. Embalmed and soaked with ink, the
species of Brazilian fauna are arranged in a row, in a procession in which black, blue
and silver predominate. They cross a river of light in a probable displacement, inserted
in a globalized universe, formed by different cultures, by the unequal exchanges, by the
contrasts of life and death, by the unstable relations between man, culture and nature.
In 1990, one year before the Biennale, Flemming held an intervention on the
staircase of the main entrance of the Museu de Arte de São Paulo (MASP), creating
a Ritual de Passagem, with the installation Tauromaquia: Ex-Touros. Eighteen oxen
heads, also blue, were lined up and placed on inverted trash cans, painted white,
which worked as if they were Greek columns. It was the art of antiquity evoked in an
ironic contemporary act that led to the museum temple. We were thus in the midst of
inquiries and an unstable rethinking of the condition of art. This rethinking remained
in the installation Sacrifício, which acquired still greater complexity, when reduced to a
single element: the Cordeiro de Deus. With the new proposal of 1991, the questions of
art, philosophy, religion and culture were strengthened, each one having to formulate
a thought, to be situated in the world.
Lucio FONTANA
Rosario, 1899 - Comabbi, 1968
Carmela GROSS
São Paulo, 1946
Carmela GROSS
São Paulo, 1946
Paulo Gallina
Not by chance this work, Sem título [Untitled], from 1992, was first set up in a
chapel. Its materials, both mundane and profane like our daily life, are the same found
in any construction, either baroque or contemporary.
Awkward-looking agglomerations of aluminum, fabric, wood and paraffin tied
together by an iron pole, forming objects that have no uniformity, these pieces refer
to the choice of materials that represent baroque iconography. These pieces created
by means of the non-systematic accumulation of materials that apparently have no
relation demand reflection and serve as index for this affirmation. Within the project
of artistic intervention in the Morumbi Chapel, to which this work was designed, the
material seems to make explicit the comment on that moment of Brazilian art history.
Carmela Gross’s work gathers these pieces that ascend and descend
simultaneously. Tied to the wooden roof of the chapel by nylon wires, each line of
objects is closer to the roof and distant from the floor. So, the installation creates an
inclined plane and it is impossible to tell wheth
er it is going up or going down, ascending or descending. There is a choice that
must be made and the artist does not present any indication which one she would
pick, thus, transferring the decision-making to the spectator.
The structure of the roof, where the threads are fixed, is placed in regular intervals. This
ensures that the distance between the pieces and their lines is the same. When visitors
walk inside the installation, every now and then someone bumps into one of these parts
that become pendulums when set in motion. In the words of the artist, the work ends up
by creating with the same materials “no longer saints, altars and candles, but degraded
volutes, fake gold and over-stretched fabric frailly hung from a sky made of common tiles.”
Inside the Morumbi Chapel, the reference to baroque art becomes even more
evident. However, the installation gives no hint about the double state of the human
being, between the metaphysical and the material being, which is an important
discussion contained in this work. On the contrary, just like most of this São Paulo
artist’s research, Sem título, 1992, functions according to the statute that separates
idea from form, thought from image, words from their meanings.
145
If, on one hand, when we look at the installation we have to take a side, on the
other, the work obliges its observer to explore more attentively what is displayed; to
look at each piece and its materials individually before deciding on an interpretation
of the work. In order to understand it fully, one must deconstruct the formal strings
of visual language – in a similar movement made by the artist – and explore the
combination of possible ideas based on these images.
Paulo Gallina
Evandro Carlos Jardim’s plastic vocabulary is built by means of the re-interpretation
of city images to reproduce both an exterior and an interior landscape. By doing so,
Evandro seems to print images that are a reading and a sensitive re-interpretation
of his surroundings. This is what the print São Paulo, Cidade: Vista do Tamanduateí
[São Paulo, City: View of the Tamanduateí], 1993, follows. When we see it, there are
two figures that stand out. On the left side, a large and sumptuous mansion; in the
center of the upper portion there is a street lamp tied to a string; on the right, there is
a statue; and throughout the entire work, there are flying birds.
Evandro seems to indicate the weight of the figures in the image by working the
intensity of the tones between grey and black in each one of them. So, the mansion, which
is built with thick black lines and dark-grey shades, is what attaches the entire scene to the
floor, whereas the lamp, drawn with thin light-grey lines, seems to float, nearly intangible.
The light grey hue plays the role of a white color, for it is opposed to the blackness. In
Evandro’s poetics, the whiteness is put as an ideal and inexistent situation, since the print
is made with tones that range from light gray to black, and the paper is slightly yellow.
To the left of the image, there is the statue of a female figure that is central for the reading
we propose here. Its arms raised and holding a laurel wreath and another undefined object
indicate a heroic and monumental theme that is seen in any Brazilian city. Nevertheless, its
skirt dissipates by means of the use of tones of gray, which is a complex technical execution
that, in this case, also produces de-materialization. The fact that the figure is depicted on
its back, without facial features, can also be read as an act of surrender.
Its size, which also indicates its monumentality, cannot be easily defined, since the
artist does not apply perspective in a common manner. The sizes and proportions of
the figures are different from what the gaze would expect, otherwise the lamp would
be much smaller than the statue or the campanile. The fact that the base of this statue
is in relief indicates that, if the piece follows the rule of perspective, it would be in the
foreground. However, the composition of those image elements most likely indicates
an overlay of figures in various planes – creating this interior landscape – rather than
a linear application of Renaissance perspective. This means that the statue is not in
proportion to the other figures.
The street lamp placed in the center of the image, even though nearly invisible,
seems to be what gives cohesion to the image. It is a comment that the world,
without filling, without weight, becomes drawing. Successful in making us unsure of
whether we are seeing a representation of a city or of an interior landscape, Evandro
Carlos Jardim also supports the affirmation that spectators are also involved in the
communication act proposed by the images.
Alberto da Veiga GUIGNARD
Nova Friburgo, 1896 - Belo Horizonte, 1962
Cayo Honorato
Those who have never been to Ouro Preto when looking at this painting might
think that the artist let the brush slip at a precise point on the horizon line. But the
supposedly unexpected gesture – once it is repeated – might seem deliberate to you,
because it marks the moment when the horizon line began to loose consistency. But
those who have already been to the city will recognize the curious shape of Itacolomi
Peak in this brush stroke, which is out of proportion here as if it escaped from the
mountain. Anyhow, they’ll have noticed it is a painting.
And in this little pictorial event, in which the dilution of the drawing does not yet
take place to benefit color, we can already see indistinctly in Guignard’s work not
only a solidary arrangement “between thematic depiction and formal configuration”
(Sônia Salzstein) – in this case, between the rocky peak and the stain – but the
problematizing encounter (even though not programmatically) between the influence
of some European schools (from Botticelli to Dufy) and the forging, in his own way, of a
Brazilian modernity that slowly establishes a phenomenology of vision under specific
cultural expectations and conditions; all in all, a transituada language, despite the
nationalism that at the time one tried to affirm.
Thus, the light-colored background in which many of its landscapes begin, on one
hand, reminds us of a traditional perspective scheme in which “the closer something
is, the darker”; on the other hand, it inverts the sensation of depth, by making light
bring out the surface of the paintings instead of being represented. At the same time,
this white or grayish base incorporates local aspects, but keep their undefined feature.
The artist himself once said: “I was amazed by the spectacular light of Minas, this light
that hurts the eye, but gives painting a better life.”
Likewise, maintaining a triangular and symmetrical compositional structure
whose vertex is Nossa Senhora do Carmo Church sets the limits of a large area
in which there are green, blue and ochre stains, which could be understood as an
analogy to the color palette used by the painter, if it were not the brush strokes
suggesting houses and palm trees here and there. Anyhow, this small figuration
really seems to favor the amplitude of the field of vision, or yet, “an experience of
limits and reach” (Salzstein). However, a singularity is noticed in this aspect of the
painting: the representation, in the foreground, of what would be the place from
where one looks; therefore, a continuity between the space that’s represented and
the space of the observer, which is rarely seen in Guignard’s landscapes.
Certainly, it is not a transition painting, even because it would seem difficult to
delineate an evolution in the career of this painter. At some moments, “fall backs” or
oscillations in his work seem to primarily express the patience with which, every now
and then, the painter dedicates his attention to insoluble issues.
Cayo Honorato
Best known for his landscapes, Guignard made several self-portraits throughout
life; for sure, a series longer rather than large. Once he represented himself as a child
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dressed as a sailor (1930), another time as a clown (1932 c.) and, at the end of life,
with the Medal of Conspiracy on the chest (1961), in a way certainly unexpected; at
last a negative Guignard? Almost always, however, he seems to represent himself at
the time in which he paints or draws, as if in front of the mirror and not the lens, being
serious or stunned, not only by the concentration required by the activity.
Given these self-portraits, one cannot say, as did Mario Pedrosa in relation to
his landscapes, that Guignard “paints feeling the joy children feel when playing with
wheel toys.” They are existential testimonials that, without grandiloquence, surpass
the images commonly associated with the artist: naivety, kindness, simplicity, and
selflessness. In them, Guignard appears alone, uncertain of his personal happiness,
as if disturbed by a “thorny psyche” (Rodrigo Naves); aspect that, by the way, he does
not seem to address in relation to the numerous people he portrayed.
But it is also before them that the 1931 self-portrait is shown to be unique. In it,
we see an unusually relaxed Guignard. It is one of the few self-portraits in which he
appears smiling, even if not exactly so, judging by the cleft lip and some prognathism,
which would leave his mouth normally ajar. In any case, the “happy and unhappy
alcoholic” he will become, “dealing with the realization of a style” (Ronaldo Brito),
displays, without shame, the birth defect that affected him so much; also, it meant a
crack that is opened to interior spaces.
Two years earlier, Guignard had returned to Brazil, possibly in search of an affective
ambience, after more than 20 years living in Europe. By this time he had lost his father
and, more recently, mother and sister, and has been abandoned by his wife, months after
the wedding. He is half the age he will reach at the end of his life. It is the period in which
he paints most of his self-portraits, without yet seeing Brazil from above. In 1932, he tries
to get the Humboldt Foundation scholarship to study in Germany again, but the request is
denied. He resents the “delay” in his country, according to José Augusto Ribeiro, less by a
mismatch with the European “novelties”, than by a lack of artistic tradition.
Guignard was “a foreigner in Europe and also in Brazil” (Priscilla Freire), without
losing his sensitivity to the place where he was; this also means the presence
of memory. So, in this self-portrait, the sea that he leaves behind resembles the
mountains, which will become increasingly watery, his main theme. To the right of the
picture, we see a “stripped Doric column”, with which, according to Paul Herkenhoff,
the artist stands, in his way, in the context of a Greco-Roman classicism; in any case,
he is open to “dissimilar pictorial systems in time and space.”
Hudinilson JR.
São Paulo, 1957 - 2013
Fernando Oliva
The various readings that since the 1980s have addressed Hudinilson Junior’s work
via the presence, use and fragmentation of the body, though important and pioneer,
ended by leaving aside other alternatives of understanding his production. One of
them is in the powerful relationships that his work establishes between performance
and photography, particularly in the series entitled Narcisse/Exercício de Me Ver,
1981. The tension between these two places leads to the question: after all, was he
making the portrait “performative” or just recording a performance?
It is significant to note that, 30 years later, the problem not only remains, but
gains renewed strength, if we think about how portable digital technologies have
redefined modes of social behavior regarding image, representation and identity. And
about the way our bodies elate to cell phones, tablets, iPads and other devices. We
can say that the friction between “performing” and portraying has been completely
reconfigured at the beginning of the 21st century – and that artists like Hudinilson
were able to keep their works in border areas in which the definitions of media,
technique and gender are questioned.
We are witnessing the re-emergence, in the scene, of records that show Hudinilson
making the well-known images that reproduce parts of his body. They have circulated
in galleries and museums not only as process documents, but also as photographic
portraits conceived as an integral part of the series as a whole, without, however,
losing the achieved autonomy.
As we know, these familiar images show the artist in various positions on the copy
machine, producing copies of parts of his body. Some copies will be grouped in panels,
like the one that forms Narcisse/Exercício de Me Ver VIII, which is part of the MAC USP
collection (measuring 196 cm x 138 cm, a total of 32 sheets of A4 format). Besides the
fact that he is doing his work, as planned, Hudinilson is obviously offering the viewer
a procedure, showing “how to make,” a form of action that can obviously be read as
a generous and non-authorial attitude, in which he shares responsibilities, but also
pleasures. On the typed text, in first person, that comes with the series, it is evident the
clear participatory and libertarian aspect of the creative method he shares with others:
“... the continuous experimentation of the values offered by the xerographic process
will define the individual values of each proposal.”
Narcisse/Exercício de Me Ver can also be seen as an anti-bureaucracy lampoon,
in the sense that subverts the space and the logic of the office, which “the” place for
the copy machine. Instead of the boredom of rational, systematic and asexual tasks,
we see the manifestation of desires. The complexity and relevance that the system
created by Hudinilson Junior has acquired since then are shown to be more and more
current; moreover, they are visionary in his commentary of voyeurism as a political
and emotional device, at the individual and collective levels. This is a proof of both the
relevance of this work today and the renewed possibilities it can offer in the future,
keeping its role of social and cultural criticism.
Wifredo LAM
Sagua la Grande, 1902 - Paris, 1982
Edward Sullivan
Cuban artist Wifredo Lam’s untitled lithograph includes some of the most
recognizable figures that he developed in his art throughout the 1940s and well into
the last years of his career. This piece represents the later phase of his development
– a period when graphic work became very important to his oeuvre. Lam produced his
first lithograph in Havana in 1947 and since that time he developed an expertise in
virtually all forms of graphic expression. The influence of his art, especially his graphics,
is undeniable within the context of Cuban (and Caribbean) art even into the twenty-first
century. This piece calls to mind the artist’s engagement with cubism, to which he was
first introduced in Europe, where he spent almost twenty years (beginning in 1923).
Picasso was a key inspiration for him and Lam integrated forms derived from Afro-
Cuban religions into the cubist-related separations and analyses of space. Prior to the
outbreak of World War II and upon his return to Havana in 1941, Lam associated with
many émigré artists of the Surrealist movement. His mature art represents an amalgam
of these two elements, yet in a highly personal mode that included his own responses to
the syncretistic religions of the region. Although Lam was not a practitioner of santería
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he was highly influenced by its tenets and its gods (orishas), as he was introduced to
this culture as a child in his native town of Sagua la Grande.
This untitled lithograph features one of his ubiquitous figures, the femme cheval or
horse-headed woman who dominates this scene. This terrifying figure, so reminiscent
of the surrealist tendency to exaggerate female features into disturbingly lugubrious
shapes, is one of his signature images and she appears time and again in his work.
She hovers over the rest of the characters in this lively and colorful image. The blue,
red and black color scheme adds a sense of urgency and drama to the print. Other
faces and heads emerge from the nebulous background. At the extreme right there is
a creature whose face is dominated by two round circles for eyes and horns protruding
from his skull. Lam knew the iconography of Afro-Cuban religions intimately and often
chose figures from the pantheon of the gods. This horned creature reminds us of
Oggue, an orisha often represented with the horns of a bull. He is a close consort
of the great god Changó, the violent deity of thunder. The rapidly drawn lines in this
print suggest a zigzag pattern that enlivens this image and makes of it a compelling
impression of hidden forces of nature.
Fernand LÉGER
Argentan, 1881 - Gif-sur-Yvette, 1955
39 Notes on Vida Plástica Atual. Originally published in Kunstblatt, Berlim, 1923. Translated in LEÉGER, Fernand. Funções da
Pintura. Introduction by Eduardo Subirats. Translated by Eduardo Brandão. São Paulo: Nobel, 1989, p. 50-51.
to integrate the landscape, and sometimes the machinery – solidly implanted in the
ground, contrast with the lightness of the vertical element to the left, of the central
organic structure and of the agricultural equipment, which barely touch the ground.
Doves – possibly present in the painting to celebrate the end of the armed conflict –
also contribute to the anti-gravity atmosphere in which these figures levitate.
The movement of birds, towards the left, is restrained by the shape of crescent
moon, which, as a buffer, “keeps” the birds in the center of the screen. The
remaining plastic components superimposed on each other, are clustered at the
center of the painting so that the composition is enclosed in itself, in a typical
légerian conformation.
Anita MALFATTI
São Paulo, 1889-1964
151
Henri MATISSE
Cateau-Cambresis, 1869 - Nice, 1954
Cildo MEIRELES
Rio de Janeiro, 1948
Sérgio Martins
It is difficult to think of a spatial figure so ubiquitous in the art of the 1960s and
1970s - whether in its sculptural (or anti-sculptural) imagery, or pioneering video
installations - as canto. Names such as Robert Morris, David Lamelas, Joseph Beuys,
Lynda Benglis, Bruce Nauman, Robert Smithson, Eva Hesse, Dan Flavin and Fred
Sandback are far from exhausting the extensive list of artists who moved sculpture
to the corner, who explored or subverted its architectural qualities, who concealed
or dematerialized them, or who saw there a wealth of mythical or symbolic content.
The series Espaços Virtuais – Cantos is at the root of the work of Cildo Meireles
between 1967 and 1973, hiatus in which the artist abandoned the expressionist design
for a projective language. In the initial drawings of the series, the artist makes use of the
vaguely familiar setting of the corners of a domestic environment to disturb the perception
that is based on the expectation of the spatial consistency of Euclidean geometry. For
Meireles, therefore, the corner is not reduced to a point of convergence of geometric
orthogonality; it is rather a place of dissolution of certainties, of reversion of rationality into
myth (the same holds true for the ‘humiliminimalist’ subversion of the cube in Cruzeiro do
Sul) and of sudden loss of familiarity - that is, a place of Freudian Unheimlich.
It is with reason that Meireles refers this series to a double myth of origin: on the
one hand, a childhood memory according to which he felt paralyzed in bed while a
frightening presence, a woman with red nails, came out of a corner of the room towards
him; on the other, to a more prosaic event, in a bathroom with urinals similar to those
at Duchamp’s Fonte, where the projection of his shadow in a corner caught his eye.
In these three Projetos para Ambientes, 1973, the role of shadow as agent, or
perhaps as indication, of the perceptual mismatch, that is, of the strangeness that
lies in supposedly familiar environments, is remarkable. A piece of wood - a plank from
the floor, who knows? - appears from who knows where, as the ghostly woman, and
projects a shadow that makes her position even more ambiguous. The angular shadow
of another plank questions the very geometry of space. Finally, the most complex
drawing in the series shows a vase dotted with red flowers, like the woman’s nails.
Accompanied only by its shadow - perhaps an echo of the ‘plastic solitude’ of which De
Chirico spoke - the vessel is far from pacifying the surrounding space, which contorts
itself along the inconsistent coincidence between floor and staircase. The richness
of the wood textures - fundamental to making the environments homelier, and their
incongruities therefore more disturbing - already indicates the imminent return to
Expressionist visuality in the following drawings by Meireles.
Carlos MÉRIDA
Guatemala City, 1891 - Mexico City, 1984
Edward Sullivan
This highly significant painting within the development of Guatemalan/Mexican artist
Carlos Mérida captures the spirit of his mature work in which forms based on principals of
cubist division of space create lively rhythms that suggest movement and dance. Dance
was, in fact, one of the artist’s great passions. He was a promoter of dance and founded
the Escuela Nacional de Danza in Mexico City in 1932 with Carlos Orozco Romero.
He also designed sets and costumes for many dance performances, some of which
featured his daughter Ana who became a well known performer on the Mexican stage
in the mid twentieth century. This painting, which was awarded the acquisition prize that
the IV São Paulo Biennial, features three figures, defined simply by their stylized faces.
They blend into a background composed of geometric shapes that, for the most part,
end in sharp points. There is an over-all sense of pattern and a quasi-musical tempo to
the work. The colors, however, are muted. Browns, tans and yellows predominate. These
are earth colors and they suggest the artist’s direct engagement with the deserts and
mountainous areas of both his native country and his nation of adoption.
Mérida was one of the most experimental artists associated with all of the principal
movements in Latin American art throughout the first half of the twentieth century.
As a very young man studying in Paris he blended indigenism and cubism to produce
a series of paintings that have as their principal subject the native population of
Guatemala, depicted in the formal reductions of space associated with cubism. In
the 1930s he was a central figure in the vanguard movements in Mexico City, some of
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which were aligned with futurism as it had developed in Italy and Russia. Surrealism
was also practiced by Mérida in his numerous paintings and prints showing biomorphic
figures in ambiguous spaces. Throughout his career he was involved with the Mexican
mural movement and continued his work in this format well into old age. In addition,
Mérida was a distinguished art critic and art historian. His many texts provide an
“insider’s view” of the development of Mexican art in the 1930s and 1940s.
This painting also stands as a testimony to Carlos Mérida’s interest in working on
non-traditional supports. It is executed in wax-based casein paint on plasticized parchment.
For Mérida, the use of paints more often associated with industry than fine art is reminiscent
of his Mexican contemporary David Alfaro Siqueiros’s habit of working with duco paints that
derive from automobile manufacture. In this work the surface, with its shine and sensual
texture is as much a part of the over-all impression as the drawing and the figures.
Ismael NERY
Belém, 1900 - Rio de Janeiro, 1934
Rafael Cardoso
In his poem Saudação a Ismael Nery, Murilo Mendes writes about the vertigo
that corresponds to the “instant view of things.” The poet was a friend of the painter,
one of the first to recognize his talent and primarily responsible for preserving and
disseminating his work during the three decades in which he was forgotten. Together
with Adalgisa Nery, Murilo was also one of the vertices of the most famous affective
triangle – perhaps a love triangle – of Brazilian cultural history. Once Ismael would
have written that he saw himself as “inversely by an idea I call woman.” The painting
Figura [Figure] is the pictorial expression of this concept, representing in image the
triangular relationship that united these extraordinary characters. It is an instant view
of something deeply complex.
The picture shows an ambiguous figure: it isn’t exactly a profile, but it is not facing
front; half in light, half in shadow. Breasts and hips suggest it is a woman; hands and
muscular arms suggest it is a man. Seeing from the front, the oval face has feminine
traits. However, its profile shadow, with the pointed chin and crooked nose, resembles
other male faces painted by Ismael, including: Retrato de Murilo Mendes, Figura em Azul,
Toureiro and Cristo, all from 1922 to 1923. The fact that the last two pictures are seen as
self-portraits is revealing, because the represented faces do not match the face we know
from photographs of the painter; however, all of them somewhat resemble the profile
of Murilo Mendes. Another painting from 1924, considered to be Retrato de Adalgisa
Nery, also shares the same features, although we know by means of photographs and
contemporary portraits that the nose of the poet was not crooked. It is as if the painter,
as he portrayed any of the three, merged their faces into one single identity.
The background of the picture is divided into three vertical strips: one is gray, from
the shadow; one is yellow, from the sun; and the third is brown, with concentric white
lines that resemble wooden grains. The left-hand of the figure blends with the brown
color, adding a lifeless artifact quality to it, as if it were a prosthesis that does not
belong to the body. The right hand brings to the sunny center of the composition a bit of
darkness that dominates the left side. It rests on the belly, rounded by its own shadow
making an ambiguous suggestion of pregnancy. On the screen, the shadow zone joins
the also enigmatic representation of the pubic region. Would those be hairs? Would it
be a cache-sexe? It is not known for sure, but the black color continues down the leg in
a thick contour line that effectively splits the bottom of the painting in two.
The figure is even more dubious than it was thought at first – not double, but triune,
with its three breasts echoing the tripartite division. It is three in one. Two elements are
likely to be perceived as melting points. The first are the brown hair that, though sunny,
gives more continuity to the profile in shadow than to the oval face. The second is the
white hole, a negative that plays the role of eye to both faces. It is here, in total and
perfect absence, the figure becomes one and definitely holds our gaze. There, it begins
to undress its flapper mask and reveals that it is able to be sun and shade, flesh and
non-flesh, man and woman, all at the same time. Thus, the painter “brings together in
an embrace the unknown parts of the world,” as his Murilo side used to say.
Hélio OITICICA
Rio de Janeiro, 1937 - 1980
Felipe Scovino
Metaesquema (1955-58) is a paradigm in the work of Hélio Oiticica. They begin in the
period in which he was part of the Grupo Frente (1954-56) and, therefore, are situated
between the first works in gouache on cardboard and the year before the completion
of his Relevos Espaciais. Metaesquemas symbolize the last gesture before the artist’s
painting reached space. If we draw points of intersection between Metaesquemas and
Relevos Espaciais, the latter looks like a cutout of one of the figures in Metaesquemas.
This series, whose modules seem simultaneously to dance and to collide with each
other, belongs to the order of the plane; however, in Relevos the painting flies high and
conquers space. And not only that, Metaesquemas, on the other hand, in a premonitory
way, can be understood as floor plans of Penetráveis. In the planar array of his figures,
there are passages, alleys and slopes of Mangueira in Penetráveis.
Metaesquema I combines the constructive character with a reduction of languages
that highlights the multiplicity of readings to which the pictorial space was commonly
related in the Brazilian art scene, encouraged at that time by the debate on abstractionism.
Oiticica conceives line, color and time as central poetic structures in the reorganization of
space. The idea of movement or representation of a “dance” in Metaesquemas creates a
semantic field that directs our gaze towards the vast occupation of narratives that series
of works emanates, alluding metaphorically to an impermanence and destabilizing its
own state as a two-dimensional figure as it creates a new temporality layer. It can be
seen that Metaesquema I, in particular, is filled with large areas that reflect the color of
the cardboard. Thin layers of red set the boundaries between the figures. This confluence
of work, air and emptiness in Oiticica probably has its origin in Mondrian, as well as in
his readings of the Russian Constructivists, particularly Malevich, one of the artists most
referred to in his writings. It is emptiness that delimits the cutting and also promotes an
optical effect that causes the tendency toward vibration and expansion of the shape in
this work. It is an act that is constantly happening, always in expansion or contraction,
depending on our desire, and that simultaneously reveals another experimentaion by
the artist: the change from color to space.
Raul PORTO
Dois Córregos, 1936 – Campinas, 1999
Julio PLAZA.
Madrid, 1938 – São Paulo, 2003
43 MAM SP has in its collection 15 drawings by Porto, made between the years of 1960 and 1964, which were donated by the
newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo in 1972.
text is written in a typography using serifs, an old-fashioned way that resembles manual
typewriters. The image reveals the screentone itself, in a characteristically metalinguistic
choice. It seems to represent an empty basketball court, with no players, seen from
above diagonally descending, with some interference that resemble clouds.
For the ancient Greek philosophers, the cloud was a metaphor representing the
sophists, those who intended to explain the world more by means of good rhetoric
than by a scientific basis. And the field of the game of art is its circuit, that which
propitiates its existence. Is Art, then, a game of hide and seek, a sleight of hand?
Putting together the image of the image and the image of the text we have our
image-art: a tautological allegory like Joseph Kosuth‘s conceptual dictionary.
Contradictory like Isto não é um cachimbo by René Magritte. A touch hermetic and
provocative for a Latin American audience, including the fact that the text and title
are in English, in an internationalist attitude.
Thus, Art constitutes an affront, a subtle, discreet and ironic move, with the intention
of presenting the art game itself. The nonsense of defining art is, consequently, an
impudent way of explaining the rule and the code, of saying what one should not say.
Uncovering the secret of the magician artist.
José RESENDE
São Paulo, 1945
Rosângela RENNÓ
Belo Horizonte, 1962
Fernanda Lopes
In the early 1950s, the first concrete paintings of Luiz Sacilotto still kept a link with his
initial figurative production. Titles such as Retrato, Paisagem and Toalha Cinza led to other
equally narrative ones, as Vibração Ondular, Movimentos Coordenados and Paralelas Iguais
com Efeitos Diferentes. These titles were like insistent remainders of representation of a form
driven by the desire to move away from the representation of the world. In 1955, Sacilotto
adopted the title Concreção for all his production thereafter, always followed by four numbers.
The first two refer to the year of execution and the other two to the sequence of execution. So
Concretion 5629, which is part of the collection of the Museum of Contemporary Art of the
University of São Paulo (MAC USP), is the 29th work made by the artist in 1956.
“Concreção” is the action of making concrete, solidified. And it is precisely
Concretion 5629 that marks the artistic maturity of Luiz Sacilotto. For five decades
in the collection of the Museum of Contemporary Art of the University of São Paulo,
the 1956 work participated in that same year of the historic Exposição Nacional de
Arte Concreta, held at the Modern Art Museum of São Paulo (MAM SP) and, in the
following year, in the Ministry of Education and Health in Rio de Janeiro45. Made up
of 38 equilateral black triangles, distributed in eight parallel horizontal rows, on white
background, Concretion 5629 brings in its construction principles of Concrete art such
as the use of geometric shapes and repetition. Unlike other Sacilotto’s paintings on
canvas or wood, in this work the artist uses as support aluminum plates that would be
discarded as scrap metal by the metallurgical factory where he worked.46
Concretion 5629 also marks the time when Luiz Sacilotto begins to venture into the
three-dimensional plane. The rigid aluminum surface allowed the cutting and bending
and made this 1956 work a landmark. The factsheet of the museum does not indicate,
but the black triangles are 0.4 cm apart from the white surface of 60 x 80 cm. The
measure seems small, but it is sufficient to change the relationship among the elements
of the painting and between the work and the world. From Concretion 5629, Sacilotto
begins to incorporate environmental variables that were not considered previously, such
as light and, therefore, also shadow47. It is as if from that moment the work actually
claimed to be a presence in the world and not a representation of it. The following year,
in 1957, Sacilotto makes the first sculptures in aluminum, iron and brass, which later will
become public works. Because of the cast of its structures, Sacilotto’s sculptures and
reliefs made possible a new way of seeing the world and of establishing a relation with
space. “I think that was my contribution. The empty spaces have the same performance
of the full spaces,” said Luiz Sacilotto in an interview with Nelson Aguilar48.
45 In both events, there were exhibitions of works by Geraldo de Barros (1923-1998), Aluísio Carvão (1920-2001), Waldemar
Cordeiro (1925-1973), João José da Silva (1931), Judith Lauand (1922), Maurício Nogueira Lima (1930-1999), Hélio Oiticica (1937-
1980), Luiz Sacilotto (1924-2003), Alfredo Volpi (1896-1988), Alexandre Wollner (1928), Lothar Charoux (1912-1987), Amílcar de
Castro (1920-2002), Ivan Serpa (1923-1973), besides other poets as Décio Pignatari (1927-2012), the brothers Haroldo (1929-
2003) and Augusto de Campos (1931), Ferreira Gullar (1930) and Ronaldo Azeredo (1937-2006), among other names.
46 Sacilotto was the son of Italians and grew up in the industrial hub of Santo André in a period of great economic development.
While developing his artistic career, he worked as a technical draftsman and designer for architectural firms and industries.
This gave him familiarity and technical knowledge to use unconventional materials as raw material and support: enamel paint,
asbestos-cement sheets, aluminum, brass and iron.
47 Here it is worth mentioning that as a trend in the 1950s research in Brazil and abroad. From the modern pursuit of art for
the construction of an autonomous language, painting no longer was treated as a window to the world and started to be seen as
a construction with the use of paint on a flat surface. Painting started to claim the status of an object with a physical presence in
the world. In Brazil, this discussion is better considered in 1959 when Gullar publishes Teoria do Não-Objeto, which is echoed in
the text Specific Objects, published in 1964 by the American artist Donald Judd.
48 “Sacilotto, o Saber Operário do Concretismo” by Nelson Aguilar in Folha S. Paulo, April 20, 1988.
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Mira SCHENDEL
Zurich, 1919 - São Paulo, 1988
Mira SCHENDEL
Zurich, 1919 - São Paulo, 1988
Taisa Palhares
Mira Schendel was born in Switzerland and came to Brazil when she was already
an adult, in the late 1940s. Here, she began an artistic career that soon became very
fruitful. She appeared in the Brazilian scene as a painter, in the 1st São Paulo Biennial,
in 1951. In 1954, she presented the series known as Geladeiras [Refrigerators] and
Fachadas [Facades] in her first solo show in São Paulo, at the MAM SP, when she began
to attract the attention of the critique and the specialized public. These paintings were
small and, according to the anonymous presentation text contained in the catalogue,
they indicated, “a poetic abstractionism based on the appearance of the surface
of things.”49 Within the artistic context at the time, it would be natural that these
essentially asymmetrical geometrical compositions were interpreted as a transition
from figuration to abstraction, a path followed by many artists at that moment.
However, her architectures, which are comprised of irregular shapes and well-
defined contours, already indicate that these concepts have limits when applied to
Schendel’s work. This takes place not only because the artist repeatedly resumed
figuration signs later in her career; or because these paintings do not correspond
either to the incorporeal rationality of Concrete artists or to the excessive subjectivity
of Informalism – the two poles of Brazilian avant-garde in the 1950s. In her works,
space and figures have an uncommon thickness and materiality. Therefore they would
be geometric signs, but never abstract signs50.
After some years without working51, in 1963 and 1964 Mira presented a set of
new paintings that are currently known as Matéricas and of which the painting sem
título, s.d [untitled, n.d] is probably part. These works’ compositions are simpler when
compared to the previous series and were appropriately called by Mario Schenberg
“ontological landscapes.”52 They are basically formed by large geometric shapes and
lines, often in monochromatic compositions. New materials, such as plaster and sand,
are added to the textures for they potentialize their corporeal feature when mixed with
oil and tempera.
The beginning of Mira’s interest in emptiness is noticed in these paintings. In the
case of the painting we address here, it is noticeable that the space emerges as an
activation of the white surface from the line that is drawn in the most bottom portion
of the work. The stroke calls attention for being similar to an inscription, a nearly
anonymous mark whose effect is to divide and limit a space organically, that is, without
manifesting an excessively assertive gesture.
Here, there is clearly a reference to the horizon line, an element that is constantly
present in Mira’s production. However, although the painting invites to contemplation,
to absorption in the infinite space of a transcending landscape, its materiality takes us
once more to the sphere of experience. As Schenberg wisely noticed, these paintings
would finally be “spaces of immanence.”
Mira SCHENDEL
Zurich, 1919 - São Paulo, 1988
Cauê Alves
The 1947 work Os Telefonemas [The Phone Calls] may be understood as being part
of a series of other works Mira Schendel created in 1974, the Datiloscritos. Throughout
the artist’s career, the gesture of handwriting coexisted with the typographic source
and the typescript. In some of her 1960s works, and also in the 1970s, the letters form
49 Mira Schendel. São Paulo: Museu de Arte Moderna MAM SP, Oct.1954 (cat. exhib.).
50 Here, I resume what the art critic Lorenzo Mammi wrote about Schendel’s series of drawings known as Mais ou Menos
Frutas, from the 1980s, and the unrepeatable repeatability of certain shapes throughout her production. I quote: “One of Mira’s
drawings evoke this story: it is simply freehand drawn a circle, and, beside it, there is the sentence in Italian ma che bellezza di
disegno. It is an elegant self-irony, because that circle contains in its simplicity, a ten-year experience (the circular shape of cups,
of apples, of zeros, and of ‘os’) and, at the same time, it is a unique and immediate gesture that refers only to the moment in
which it was drawn – paradoxically, a non-abstract geometric shape.” MAMMI, Lorenzo. Mira Schendel. O que Resta: Arte e Crítica de
Arte. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2012; p. 336.
51 Between 1957 and 1962, Mira practically did not engage in her artistic activity.
52 SCHENBERG, Mario. Mira Schendel: óleos e desenhos. São Paulo: Galeria Astreia, 1964 (cat. exhib.)
161
words, phrases and linear thoughts. In Schendel’s works that contain handwriting,
the meanings emerge spontaneously and fluidly, elaborating a reflection until then
unknown to the artist herself. It is a search for an inaugural gesture and for an original
writing anterior to established meanings.
But in this Datiloscrito, the letters no longer need to form syllables or linear reflections,
as if Schendel deconstructed the senses, the coherence of semantic systems as well as
any Grammar rule. As we know, she was familiar with German, Italian and Portuguese
languages, and even used all of them at once in some of her drawings. Here, on the other
hand, it seems that none of them is enough to express what is going on. The elements
she uses do not belong to any particular language; they seem to be the remainder/what
is left after the translation from one language into another or, even, something that
belongs to all languages. Also relevant in her work are the gaps, the intervals, the points,
the lack and the excess of meaning present in signs and in the language.
From the language nucleus, the complex relationship between drawing and word, between
what’s gestural and non-gestural, is born in her work. The repetition and the overlapping
of the same mechanically typewritten letter dissolves its meaning, just like a word loses its
meaning when we repeat it incessantly. In Datiloscritos the sign gains importance and is
developed graphically in space, and it also acquires a temporal dimension. In some other
series of works Schendel rotates letters in up to 360º and explores, as she does in this one,
the graphic dimension of the types that no longer have any relation with orality.
Despite the presence of the “graphic space as the structural agent”53 and the serial
aspect of the letters, there is no proximity between her production and the Concrete
poems. Both are highly experimental; however, differently from Concrete poets,
Schendel did not emphasize an “objectively, concretely and substantively created
poetry,” “in opposition to subjective poetry.”54 What separates them, and is present in
Mira Schendel’s work, is the dissolution of the opposition between the objective and
subjective world, which results in a metaphysical turnaround.
Jean SCHEURER
Lausanne, 1942
Luiza Proença
Jean Scheurer was born in 1942 in Lausanne, Switzerland, and studied at the
École Cantonale des Beaux-Arts, in the same city. In 1967, together with other artists,
he founded the multidisciplinary group called IMPACT, which participated in several
avant-garde shows until 1975. The work Today’s Archeology is part of the MAC USP
collection since it featured in the exhibition Prospectiva´74, organized by Walter Zanini
and whose aim was to present to the public a panorama of artists who explored the
language of new media. Together with other exhibitions held at the Museum, in the
same period, Prospectiva´ 74 resulted from an international network that enabled the
creation of a powerful mail art production.
Today’s Archeology is a series comprised of 5 photographs overlaid by India ink
drawings on tracing paper bound together by yellow-colored adhesive tape. Each
photograph records a hand holding a piece of a brick in different directions while what
would be the rest of the object is drawn on the paper using straight lines. In all the
images of the series, the sentence “Today’s archeology” is written.
53 CAMPOS, Augusto; Pignatari, Décio; CAMPOS, Haroldo. “Plano-Piloto para a Poesia Concreta”. In: Teoria da Poesia Concreta.
Cotia, SP: Ateliê Editorial, 2006. p. 215.
54 Pignatari, Décio. “Nova Poesia: Concreta (Manifesto)”. In: Teoria da Poesia Concreta. op. cit. p. 68.
The fact that the work was created in 1974 and shown for the first time in a
prospective exhibition is not only noteworthy, but deserves special attention. Since
the show intended to both form a network and address the future of art, the presence
of Today’s Archeology was relevant not only due to its anticipating the importance
of the artist in the artistic context, but also because it successfully and synthetically
symbolized a common, or “archeological”, procedure that prevails even today.
In the registration letter Jean Scheurer sent to the Museum of Contemporary Art of
the University of São Paulo (MAC USP) together with the work that was later selected
for the Prospectiva´74 show, he explains that “addressing the ephemeral side of our
civilization is also a reflection on man by means of his constructions, objects and
debris.” The artist’s statement refers to how material remains are analyzed in the
study of the past; however, the title of the work shows that this is not a simple depiction
of archeology today, but of today. In other words, it is not about how archeology is
practiced in general, but about an archeological activity that addresses the
present-day. That is, one no longer sees the reality of today, but, instead, an imaginary
and deceitfully clear image that is projected onto it.
Kurt SCHWITTERS
Hannover, 1887 - Kendal, 1948
Ana Magalhães
Schwitters studied in the Dresden and Berlin academies and, in 1918, he joined the
Dadaists and began to use collage in his works. In 1919, he created his first painting
Merz: the work is entitled after a piece of paper of the Kommerz-und-Privatsbank,
which later the artist began to use to develop a concept of total artwork, so to speak.
In 1923, Schwitters built spaces in his own house, in Hanover, that he called Merzbau.
Since the procedure of collage was the basis of his works, Schwitters categorized
them using the term Merz: so, he conceived Merzbildern, Merzzeichnungen, and his
Merzbau – literally, “Merz paintings”, “Merz drawings” and “Merz construction.”
Due to his relations with the avant-garde practices of the early 20th century, he
soon became an enemy of the Nazi-German Government – he was forced to flee to
Norway in 1937. When the country was invaded by the Nazi troops in 1940, the artist
established himself in England. This period is usually referred to as a period in which
he was forgotten. This changed in 1956, when his son, Ernst Schwitters, brought
together what was left of his production in England and his personal archives to
donate everything to the Sprengel Museum of Hanover. In the 6th São Paulo Biennial,
in 1961, there was a room dedicated to him as the artist chosen for the German
National Representation. At this point, his work once again attracted great interest and
his production was being systematically catalogued. The Merzzeichnung Duke Size55
was included in the collection of the former Museum of Modern Art of São Paulo (MAM
SP) as the purchase-prize of that year’s Biennial. This work presents Schwitters as a
true avant-garde artist, related with the Dada currents.
Although recently we have seen again what was Schwitters’s English phase56, our Duke
Size – produced during those years – was seen as a fully avant-garde work in the context
of the Biennial, and the curator of the German National Representation presented him
as a “historical” artist. He does maintain important aspects of his avant-garde practice:
55 This is how the catalog record established in the Kurt Schwitters Fund in Hanover categorizes our collage – as a “Merz Drawing.”
56 Cf. cat. exp. Schwitters in Britain (Emma Chambers & Karin Orchard, orgs.). London: Tate Modern, 2013, which indicates that
his relationships with the English art scene and his intense production in the period should be re-examined.
163
not only because his collage is made with re-used pieces of commercial paper and paper
wrapping, but also – as some experts point out – because of the way he creates them
using well-arranged diagonal lines that involve an abstract composition reasoning. On
the other hand, there is something very “English” about him. The title is named after a
piece of paper in which “Duke Size” is written. The red-colored letters seem to have been
stamped in a hand-cut piece of paper – which already makes us question the status of this
elements: is it something the artist finds or “makes” as if it were something found? We are
also tempted to ask about the expression itself – which evokes a Dada practice of creating
nonsense pieces. It may be a sort of ironic aphorism on the last years of the 2nd World
War. From the same period, there is another one of his collages entitled Mr. Churchill is
71 – the letters are also stamped on a piece of paper, as in our Duke Size. Let’s not forget
that Schwitters lived in England during one of the worst monarchy crises of that country, in
which the young King Edward VIII – later created Duke of Windsor57 – abdicated the throne
to marry a Hollywood movie star, leaving the discrete life of English royalty to be in the
pages of sensational newspapers and magazines. The Duke and the Duchess of Windsor
were also known for paying a visit to Hitler in 1937, and were considered sympathizers of
the Germany Nazi regime. On the other hand, Duke, in English, is also a common name for
“fist” and is used in expressions such as “to put one’s dukes up” or “duke it out.” “The size
of the duke,” “the size of the fist:” Schwitters presents to us a charade.
Lasar SEGALL
Vilna, 1891 - São Paulo, 1957
57 Title created for him and became extinct upon his death, not becoming part of the hierarchy of nobility titles of England.
58 Sobre Arte. Ideias de Lasar Segall Coligadas em seus Artigos, Entrevistas e Conferências. Revista Acadêmica, n. 64, Jun. 1944.
59 ANDRADE, Mário de. Lasar Segall. In: Lasar Segall. Rio de Janeiro: Ministry of Education, 1943.
60 According to Vera d’Horta, Mário de Andrade uses the term in various texts. Cf. “Com o coração na terra: a arte brasileira de
Lasar Segall como ‘ressonância da humanidade’’. In: Still More Distant Journeys: The Artistic Emigrations of Lasar Segall. Chicago:
The David and Alfred Smart Art Museum, University of Chicago; São Paulo: Museu Lasar Segall – IPHAN/MinC, 1997, p.257.
61 The drawings of Zulmira and Olegário belong to the collection of the Museu Lasar Segall.
62 The painting Bananal is part of the collection of the Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo.
If, on one hand, there is an evident harmony in terms of the use of colors – majorly
warm color tones, such as brown, ochre, pink, carmine and lilac –, on the other, the
lack of proportion between the head and the torso of the model calls our attention –
this “unbalance” is present in other paintings by the artist. The relevance given to the
head – it occupies nearly the entire upper portion of the painting – is also seen in the
detailing of facial features; in the contour of the skull and the neck, in opposition to the
flatness of the background; and in the contrast between the well-defined profile and
the light background against which it is placed. Simultaneously, the diagonals of the
background frame the protagonist in a central rhombus.
Segall’s choice for portraying African-Brazilian people may be interpreted as the
artist’s compliance with a local demand from a group of modernists in the search
to represent a Brazilian identity. On the other hand, it may also be understood as a
continuation of the theme he had adopted previously, as he depicts the underprivileged
and the socially excluded.
Regina SILVEIRA
Porto Alegre, 1939
63 The exhibition Foto/Ideia, held from November 4th to 30th, 1981, displayed Enigmas (photographs) at MAC USP. See: MUSEU
DE ARTE CONTEMPORÂNEA DA UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO. Foto/ideia (Partial documents). São Paulo, 1987, p. 53-54.
64 See: “O ‘jogo de sombras’ na série de Regina Silveira’, O Estado de S. Paulo, May 24 1983.
165
works Regina appropriates postcard photographs and interferes in them by adding
photographic images or geometric drawings through silk-screen printing process, in
Enigmas, the artist makes the postcards herself: they are based on the photographs
she took of everyday objects.
It is worth mentioning another relevant factor: regardless of their form, the Enigmas
– postcards that are even placed inside envelopes –, are four works by the artist
Regina Silveira and are accompanied by a text written by Teixeira Coelho (Enigmas -
Uma Análise da Obra de Regina Silveira). It is interesting to note that the information
“Enigmas 4 trabalhos 4 Regina Silveira” [Enigmas 4 works 4 Regina Silveira] is located
on the side of the envelope where the addressee’s name is to be written and on the
border there is a sort of stamp that contains the phrase “few and rare.” Few and rare
were those who received them; few and rare are the postcards.
Regina SILVEIRA
Porto Alegre, 1939
65 See: MUSEU DE ARTE CONTEMPORÂNEA DA UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO. Simulacros – Regina Silveira. São Paulo, Nov./
Dec., 1984. See also: SILVEIRA, Regina. Simulacros. PhD Dissertation presented to the School of Communications and Arts of
USP. São Paulo: ECA USP, 1984.
become protagonists. And there is also the choice for showing the photographic
image of the shoes interspersed with the engraving, instead of presenting them
by means of the photography. To me, this mechanism is similar to that of the
protagonism of the shadows. Note that in Enigmas, the images (photographic and
of the shadows) are equally important.
In these procedures and operations, Regina Silveira moves towards a poetic that
leaves the paper towards the space and will be permeated by the idea of simulation
(as in Projetio I and II, of Simulacros). And Topo-sombra contributes to open the path.
Lucas SIMÕES
Catanduva, 1980
Júlio Martins
After a brief and vertiginous odd feeling one is able to see the precise gesture
of Lucas Simões in the intervention he made in Walter Zanini’s book Tendências
da Escultura Moderna [Modern Sculpture Trends] and, therefore, to generate its
re-signification: a reading by means of dismantling. It took a diagonal cut and
the shift of one of the resulting modules toward the book spine for the artist to
re-coordinate both the volume of the book and the field of discourse to which his
research refers. This rearrangement reaffirms and develops the first cut, which
established the limits of the sides of the book and ensures that a scission is made
in the center of the object. The book seems placed in perspective in the plane and
the reading of its content is drastically discontinued by the interruption that crosses
it entirely. Although symmetry is preserved, it is not immediate or evident; on the
contrary, the sharp-cornered forms create oscillation and discontinuity in our gaze.
This lack of balance ensures an expressive charge to the arrangement, despite
its geometric coherence and, in this sense, it reminds us of the compositional
resources of some neo-concrete works, which aimed at expanding and even
breaking some of the trends established in the formal vocabulary of modern art.
Hélio Oiticica’s Metaesquemas, for example, witnessed, in the late 1950s, an
effort to expand the structure of the modernist framework and include elements
of subjectivity in the strict geometric vocabulary of concrete art to build a sensitive
geometry that would be open to the influence of other fields that interpret the form.
In these works, the balance achieved by the forms was established by means of
unequal paths, interferences, detours and intervals in the orthogonal limits. An
unpredicted dynamics and musicality emerged from this.
In Lucas Simões’s object-book there is a will to manipulate forms and
re-articulate meanings as result of simple shifts that, nevertheless, reveal the
critical dimension these elements may acquire in different situations. It is palpable
the awareness that each element of the work – the diagonal cut, the formal
re-composition of the volume, the appropriation of the book and its theme, the
proposal of traversing its reading – is managed by the artist to potentialize its
multiple semantic possibilities. Between a critical (re)reading of the history of
sculpture and ´sculptural procedure,` the cut that has been made intervenes both
in the volume of the book and in its symbolical dimension, and, therefore, forms
and proposes a strategy of apprehension and creative use of the resources made
available by art history, particularly in the field of sculpture (which, by the way, is
the one in which the specificities of the medium were further expanded, obscured
and questioned by the artists’ practice, specially after the mid-1960s). In this
work, the art history discourse is actually understood as a materiality that can be
167
intervened, shaped and presented again by the artist. Therefore, all the repertoires
studied and analyzed by Walter Zanini in his book, from a conservative feature
Zanini identifies in the late 19th-century sculpture to the most radical experiments
integrated to the avant-garde spirit in the early 20th century, such as Duchamp’s
readymade (whose resonance is perceived in the appropriation and rectification
of the object coordinated by Lucas Simões), are brought to the reading the artist
materializes in his work. Hence his understanding of form and gesture as critical
discourse: reading by means of dismantling proposes to actively mobilize the legacy
of art history, strengthening and promoting new possible readings of its records.
Fritz WINTER
Altenbogge, 1905 - Herrsching Am Ammersee, 1976
Ana Magalhães
Fritz Winter began to dedicate himself to painting in 1924, and from 1927 to 1930, he
attended the Bauhaus, where the experiences of Kandinsky and Klee had a strong impact
on his production. Winter also greatly admired the work of Van Gogh, which made the young
German man an artist “of color.” His career was interrupted during the 2nd World War, during
which he served the army of his country and was made prisoner by the Russians in 1945.
When he returned to Germany, in 1949, Winter founded the Zen Group (originally known as
Gruppe der Ungegenständlichen – or Group of the non-objectual artists), together with six
other artists – such as, Willi Baumeister, who is also present in the MAC USP collection. His
aim was to resume the practices and environment of The Blue Rider (group of expressionists
that followed Kandinsky, from the first half of the century), simultaneously associating color
to Zen Buddhist philosophy, thus, originating a current of non-geometric abstraction.
When he resumed his artistic career, Winter was quickly known in the international
scene. He participated in the Venice Biennale in 1950 and in the 1st São Paulo Biennial
in 195166, as well as had solo exhibitions in various German cities, in Paris and in New
York throughout the decade. Preto Independente no Espaço was one of the ten paintings
Winter presented in the 3rd São Paulo Biennial, together with other artists and the special
room dedicated to the work of Max Beckmann. Therefore, Germany marked its presence
by resuming its expressionist roots. Winter was presented by the curator of the German
National Representation as a student of Kandinsky and Klee at the Bauhaus of Dessau,
and he also highlighted his proletarian family background. According to Walter Passarge,
“the most severe shapes and the most somber colors” derived from his social condition.
The work we have here was part of the collection of the former Museum of Modern
Art of São Paulo (MAM SP) after it was granted a purchase-prize in the 1955 Biennial,
sponsored by the Jockey Club of São Paulo. Although its references to the artist’s
abstract experiences at the Bauhaus are evident, Preto Independente no Espaço also
deals with equally important material aspects, such as the black stains that seem to
jump out of the painting and are opposed to a surface comprised of colored zones,
marked by the artist’s gestuality. There is a certain subjective intensity, which was not
commonly scene in the concrete trends of that moment, but resumes the experiences
with color of his Bauhaus masters.
66 Fritz Winter participated in three editions of the São Paulo Biennial, all in the 1950s: 1951, 1955 and 1957, when he came
as one of the artists of the special room on the Bauhaus, organized by the German National Representation, following the request
made by the São Paulo artistic management.
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