Different Chickpea growing areas of Karnataka like Arasikere, Chamarajanagara, Mysore and Devanah... more Different Chickpea growing areas of Karnataka like Arasikere, Chamarajanagara, Mysore and Devanahalli were selected for the isolation and screening of phosphate solubilising bacteria. Totally 24 isolates were isolated from four soil samples of different Chickpea growing areas. Based on zone of solubilization ten isolates were selected to investigate their efficiency to solubilize insoluble phosphate in Pikovskaya's agar media under in vitro conditions. Among 10 isolates ACP-3 recorded higher PSE of 188.8% followed by ACP-2 (150.0%) and CCP-2 (145.4%). All the 10 isolates were tested for their ability to release percent Pi from tricalcium phosphate (TCP) in the Pikovskaya's broth media. Highest percent Pi released from TCP by the isolate ACP-3 (17.36%) followed by CCP-2 (14.14%). Same isolates were also tested for pH change in the Pikovskaya's broth at different days of intervals. ACP-3 recorded least pH which shows maximum decrease in pH of Pikovskaya's broth followed by ACP-2 and CCP-2. All the three experiments result shows that among the 10 isolates ACP-3 was found to be most efficient phosphate solubilising bacteria and this isolate was identified as Bacillus licheniformis from 16srRNA sequencing. Introduction Phosphorus (P) is the key element in the nutrition of plants next to the nitrogen. Commonly known as the 'energy currency' as it is associated with the several vital functions of life. P is necessary for growth of all the forms of life on the planet earth including plants, animals and microorganisms as a component of nucleic acids, phospholipids that compose cellular membrane, ATP and ADP molecules. Phosphorus plays important role in all the metabolic process including photosynthesis, energy transfer, signal transduction, macromolecular biosynthesis and respiration. For the food production in India one of the major constraints is the poor P status of the soil (Dotaniya et al., 2013) [4]. Phosphorus exists in nature in a variety of organic and inorganic forms. Although P is abundant in soils in both organic and inorganic forms, its availability is restricted to plants as it occur mostly in insoluble forms (Pradhan and Sukla, 2005) [15]. Since P deficiency is the most important key limiting factor restricting the plant growth, chemical phosphatic fertilizers are widely used to increase crop yields, where soluble forms of P fertilizer used are easily precipitated as insoluble form, which leads to excessive and repeated application of P fertilizers (Alam et al. 2002) [1]. A large portion of soluble inorganic phosphate applied to the soil as chemical fertilizer is immobilized and becomes unavailable to crop plants. A large number of microorganisms present in the rhizosphere are known to solubilize insoluble phosphorus (Ranadev et al., 2019) [16] and make available to the plants and are called as phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) which include phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and phosphorus solubilizing fungi (PSF). Phosphorus solubilizing activity is carried out by a large number of saprophytic bacteria and fungi through various microbial processes or mechanisms including organic acid production and proton extrusion (Karpagam and Nagalakshmi, 2014) [11]. Inorganic P is solubilized by the action of organic and inorganic acids secreted by PSB in which hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of acids chelates cations and decreases the pH. The PSB dissolves the soil P through the production of low molecular organic acids like gluconic and ketogluconic acids. P solubilization ability of PSB has direct correlation with pH of the medium. The use of phosphate solubilizing bacteria as inoculants simultaneously increases P uptake by the plant and crop yield. Strains from the genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Rhizobium are among the most powerful phosphate solubilizers (Hilda and Reynaldo., 1999) [7] .
A systematic study was conducted to develop the cost effective entomopathogenic fungal biopestici... more A systematic study was conducted to develop the cost effective entomopathogenic fungal biopesticide. The different grains like Sorghum, Ragi, Paddy and Rice were selected based on their local availability and their lower in cost. However the carbon and nitrogen requirement was met by adding 1 per cent yeast extract. Among all the treatments, the half crushed rice kernels used treatment showed their best by producing highest spore load of 2.15 spores g-1. This was followed by half crushed Sorghum and Maize. Rice kernels also retained the highest B:C ratio (7.91:1). All together it is concluded that Rice and Sorghum could be considered as the best source for mass production of entomopathogens.
A field experiment was conducted with local strains of phosphobacteria (PSB-S-2) in order to impr... more A field experiment was conducted with local strains of phosphobacteria (PSB-S-2) in order to improve the growth and yield of maize in black cotton soil. This PSB isolate performed better with combination of 75 % recommended dose of phosphorus fertilizer with respect to stimulation of beneficial rhizosphere micro flora viz., Bacteria, Fungi, Actinomycetes, Azotobacter and PSB as compared to rest of the treatment combinations. However, it was found on par to 100 % RDP in combination with PSB and 100 % RDP alone. The shoot P concentration was significantly high and it increased with increase in the age of the host due to inoculation of efficient isolate of PSB in combination with 75 % RDP, the plant growth parameters viz., plant height, number of leaves, shoot and root biomass and yield of maize was also found significantly increase over other treatments when it was inoculated with 75 % RDP + PSB.
Mushrooms are the fleshy and edible fruit bodies of several species of macrofungi and are consume... more Mushrooms are the fleshy and edible fruit bodies of several species of macrofungi and are consumed by humans as comestibles for their nutritional value and they are occasionally consumed for their supposed medicinal value. Apart from these it can be grown on cheaply available different agro based wastes that can supplement the growth of these mushroom as a substrate, because these mushrooms are efficient degrader of lignocellulosic compounds and the spent obtained after the growth of mushroom can serve as good organic manure, in this context a Study was carried on to know the effect of substrates (Vegetable and flower wastes) on growth of mushroom fungi (Hypsozygous ulmarius) was studied. Here the preliminary test was done to know the substrate compatibility for growing mushroom in combination with paddy straw based on the weight loss of the substrate. The best combinations were selected for further studies of mushroom production by bag method. Use of 25 % Chrysanthemum flower waste + 75 % paddy straw as substrate showed higher mushroom yield (641.33 g/bag) and bio efficiency (128.26%) among all the substrate combinations in bag method.
The essence of practicing organic farming lies in the use of naturally available resources like o... more The essence of practicing organic farming lies in the use of naturally available resources like organic wastes, in conjunction with natural processes like decomposition biological nitrogen fixation and resistance to achieve the needs of crop production. Applying organic manures for growth of the crop, which inturn improves the organic matter status of soil. Organic manures not only helps to supply the nutrients but also acts as a food for micro organisms and encourage the multiplication of their population, which inturn improves the mineralization of nutrients in soil and thus, fertility and productivity of the soil is improved for that we undertaken the investigate to know the effect of different organic manures on soil microbial activity and growth and yield of green gram (Vigna radiata L.) under green house condition conducted at Department of Agricultural Microbiology, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore. There were seven treatments and three replications in a CRD design. The abundance of different microorganisms such as Bacteria, Fungi, Actinomycetes, PO4 solubilizing microorganisms and Rhizobium were found to be significantly highest in the treatment having the FYM (25%) + Vermicompost (25%) + Glyrecidia (25%) + Pongamia (25%) and least was found to be in control. Plant parameters like plant height, number of branch per plant, number of leaves per plant, dry matter production and yield by the plant were studied and these were found to be significantly higher due to application RDF (100%) and least was found in the control.
The study showed the significant efficacy of foliar application of macro and micronutrients along... more The study showed the significant efficacy of foliar application of macro and micronutrients along with the soil test crop responses on all the parameters of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Among nine treatments under study, treatment T 9 (STCR approach + Foliar spray of NPK @ 1% + ZnSO 4 @ 0.5% + FeSO 4 @ 0.5% and B @ 0.2%) recorded maximum height of plants (191.7cm), number of leaves per plant (22.17), leaf area (17.32 dm 2), stem girth (9.97 cm), minimum days to flowering (54), head diameter (28.14 cm) and total dry matter accumulation (108.07 g plant-1) followed by the treatment T 3 : STCR approach (Yield target: 25 q/ha) and T 8 : Soil test based NPK (STL) + Foliar spray of NPK @ 1% + ZnSO 4 @ 0.5% + FeSO 4 @ 0.5% and B @ 0.2%. The stem girth (9.97 cm) was found maximum in T 9 followed by the treatment T 3. Maximum gross returns (Rs. 65,257 ha-1), net returns (Rs. 42,105 ha-1) and B: C ratio (2.82) was found with T 9 (STCR approach + Foliar spray of NPK @ 1% + ZnSO 4 @ 0.5% + FeSO 4 @ 0.5% and B @ 0.2%). EfficacyofFoliarNutritiononVegetativeandReproductiveGrowthofSunflowerHelianthusAnnuusL Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of : Abstract-The study showed the significant efficacy of foliar application of macro and micronutrients along with the soil test crop responses on all the parameters of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Among nine treatments under study, treatment T 9 (STCR approach + Foliar spray of NPK @ 1% + ZnSO 4 @ 0.5% + FeSO 4 @ 0.5% and B @ 0.2%) recorded maximum height of plants (191.7cm), number of leaves per plant (22.17), leaf area (17.32 dm 2), stem girth (9.97 cm), minimum days to flowering (54), head diameter (28.14 cm) and total dry matter accumulation (108.07 g plant-1) followed by the treatment T 3 : STCR approach (Yield target: 25 q/ha) and T 8 : Soil test based NPK (STL) + Foliar spray of NPK @ 1% + ZnSO 4 @ 0.5% + FeSO 4 @ 0.5% and B @ 0.2%. The stem girth (9.97 cm) was found maximum in T 9 followed by the treatment T 3. Maximum gross returns (Rs. 65,257 ha-1), net returns (Rs. 42,105 ha-1) and B: C ratio (2.82) was found with T 9 (STCR approach + Foliar spray of NPK @ 1% + ZnSO 4 @ 0.5% + FeSO 4 @ 0.5% and B @ 0.2%).
The field experiment was conducted to study the impact of application of Fusarium sp. formulation... more The field experiment was conducted to study the impact of application of Fusarium sp. formulations on chilli plant parameters. It consists of nine treatments with different formulations of Fusarium sp. and three replications in randomised block design. Among all the treatments the highest dry chilli yield was recorded (5.12 q/ha) in the plot sprayed with dust water formulations in combination with monocrotophos (0.05%) and the lowest yield was recorded in no spray (control). Along with this experiment in vitro study was also conducted to know the compatibility of different pesticides against naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungi by means of food poisoning technique, and the effectiveness of fungicide and insecticide was measured in terms of the radial growth. The result obtained was clearly revealed that among different fungicides Bordeaux mixture, captan and copper hydroxide have the great to complete inhibition effect on Verticillium sp. And among insecticides chlorpyrifos showed the great to complete inhibition on Metarrhizium anisopliae and Verticillium sp. Followed by malathion on Verticillium sp. Copper oxychloride and wettable sulphur was resulted as safer chemical for entomopathogens and among insecticides Metasystox, Dichlorovos was showed least toxic to Fusarium isolate and Verticillium lecanii followed by Dicofol an Acaricide. Form these two study we can easily correlate that entomopathogens in combination with insecticides can reduce the quantity of application of insecticides and simultaneously increases the yield.
The field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2013-14 to evaluate the influence of s... more The field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2013-14 to evaluate the influence of soil test crop response (STCR) approach on the yield and quality of sunflower (Helianthus annum L.). The experiment was laid out by RCBD design with a concept of three replications. The analysis of variance revealed that the application of fertilizers on STCR (Soil Test Crop Response) along with foliar application of micro-nutrients significantly recorded higher head diameter, 100-seed weight, seed filling per cent, seed yield/ha, stover yield/ha, oil content and oil yield/ha of the crop. Further a higher gross returns, net returns and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) were observed when compared to the other treatment combinations carried out during the experiment viz., recommended dose fertilizer (RDF) of NPK (control). Hence, it can be concluded that the input of STCR approach leads to precise use of fertilizer dose as compared to RDF method, ultimately it can serve as to improve farming community by reducing the cost of cultivation, increasing yield and a basic tool for sustainable agriculture production.
A systematic study was conducted to know the influence of Hypsozygus ulmarius spent mushroom subs... more A systematic study was conducted to know the influence of Hypsozygus ulmarius spent mushroom substrate on cowpea growth parameters, the city waste used as growth substrates for Mushroom were used to know its influence on the growth of Cowpea. Experiment was set up with eight treatments and with three replication in completely randomised design, among all the treatment the treatment which received Hypsozygus ulmarius spent (paddy straw, 75%+chrysanthemum waste, 25%) showed their best by increasing the plant height (49.90 cm), number of branches (11 per plant), number of leaves (34.33 per plant) and this also increased the soil microbial population in rhizosphere of cow pea, the bacterial population (28.63×105 cfu/g), fungal population (20.60 ×104 cfu/g), PSB population (14.7×104 cfu/g) and diazotrophs (18.83×104 cfu/g), VAM spores (84.33/50 g of soil) were also increased significantly over the other treatments.
Azosprillum spp. were isolated from the endorhizosphere of 27 wheat genotypes and 32 Azospirillum... more Azosprillum spp. were isolated from the endorhizosphere of 27 wheat genotypes and 32 Azospirillum strains were obtained. Among these six were Azospirillum lipoferum, 13 were Azosprillum brasilense and 13 isolates could not be grouped into either of the two categories. And all the isolates were subjected to various biochemical characterization. All the isolates were tested for siderophore production by growing them on M-9 medium. Out of 32 isolates, 18 strains showed good growth on the medium, where as five others showed moderate growth and rest others totally failed to grow on the medium. The variations in the isolates might be due to the genetic variations in the plant genotypes and their properties.
Experiment was conducted to study the biodiversity of entomopathogenic fungi present in the ten a... more Experiment was conducted to study the biodiversity of entomopathogenic fungi present in the ten agro climatic zones of Karnataka. A systemic survey was made to isolate entomopathogenic fungi and to study murda complex incidence in the chilli growing areas on different agro climatic zones of Karnataka. Maximum fungal biodiversity was observed in Southern transitional zone and least was observed in North East transitional zone and North Eastern dry zone. The 13 fungal isolates were isolated from the soil samples collected during the survey. Most common genera isolated from all zones includes Penicillium, Aspergillus, Acremonium, Fusarium, Mucor, Paecilomyces, Talaromyces, Trichoderma and Cladosporium macrocarpus. In this isolates two of them were recognized as entomopathogens namely Metarrhizium anisopliae, Verticillium lecanii and rest others Neozygites floridiana and Nomuraea rileyi were antagonistic saprophytes. No other fungus belonging to commonly known entomopathogenic groups was noticed. Among the groups, the two fungi, Fusarium isolate and Aspergillus sp. were in equal proportion, four Fusarium isolates, four Aspergillus isolates and single isolates of each Verticillium lecanii, Metarhizium anisopliae, Neozygites floridiana, Penicillium and Nomuraea rileyi was found. Among 13 isolates Verticillium lecanii, Metarhizium anisopliae and Fusarium isolate was tested on the sucking pests like thrips and mites. In the in vitro condition Fusarium isolate caused 86.6 per cent mortality, N. floridana 80 %, M. anisopliae 13.3 % mortality and V. lecanii 3.33% mortality on S. dorsalis. The results obtained revealed that the biodiversity of entomopathogenic fungi is more in the soils having high organic matter and rich in fertility status.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of bioagents (Trichoderma viride, Pseudomona... more The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of bioagents (Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas fluorescens) and PGPRs (Bacillus megaterium, Azotobacter chroococcum) for the control of root rot pathogen (Fusarium solani) and its influence on growth and yield of okra plants under greenhouse conditions. Among all the treatments, T 21 showed significant increase in plant height (135.67 a cm) compared to T 25 (133.33 b cm), co-inoculation of Trichoderma viride 1 + Pseudomonas fluorescens 1 + Bacillus megaterium 1, significantly, increased number of fruits per plant T 25 (28.33 a) compared to untreated control T 1 (1.67 p), fruit length and fruit diameter also significantly increased in the treatment which received T.v 1 + P.f 1 + B.m 1 compared to all other treatments under green house conditions.
In the present study, the combination of biocontrol agents along with PGPRs like P solubilizers a... more In the present study, the combination of biocontrol agents along with PGPRs like P solubilizers and N 2 fixers as soil application is more effective in improving crop growth and yield parameters as compared to uninoculated plants. The result obtained were clearly revealed that the combined application of Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium and Azotobacter chroococcum were significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, number of fruits per plant, fresh fruit yield per plot of okra and significantly reduced the root rot incidence in the plots where the above said biocontrol agents and PGPRs treated.
Different Chickpea growing areas of Karnataka like Arasikere, Chamarajanagara, Mysore and Devanah... more Different Chickpea growing areas of Karnataka like Arasikere, Chamarajanagara, Mysore and Devanahalli were selected for the isolation and screening of phosphate solubilising bacteria. Totally 24 isolates were isolated from four soil samples of different Chickpea growing areas. Based on zone of solubilization ten isolates were selected to investigate their efficiency to solubilize insoluble phosphate in Pikovskaya's agar media under in vitro conditions. Among 10 isolates ACP-3 recorded higher PSE of 188.8% followed by ACP-2 (150.0%) and CCP-2 (145.4%). All the 10 isolates were tested for their ability to release percent Pi from tricalcium phosphate (TCP) in the Pikovskaya's broth media. Highest percent Pi released from TCP by the isolate ACP-3 (17.36%) followed by CCP-2 (14.14%). Same isolates were also tested for pH change in the Pikovskaya's broth at different days of intervals. ACP-3 recorded least pH which shows maximum decrease in pH of Pikovskaya's broth followed by ACP-2 and CCP-2. All the three experiments result shows that among the 10 isolates ACP-3 was found to be most efficient phosphate solubilising bacteria and this isolate was identified as Bacillus licheniformis from 16srRNA sequencing. Introduction Phosphorus (P) is the key element in the nutrition of plants next to the nitrogen. Commonly known as the 'energy currency' as it is associated with the several vital functions of life. P is necessary for growth of all the forms of life on the planet earth including plants, animals and microorganisms as a component of nucleic acids, phospholipids that compose cellular membrane, ATP and ADP molecules. Phosphorus plays important role in all the metabolic process including photosynthesis, energy transfer, signal transduction, macromolecular biosynthesis and respiration. For the food production in India one of the major constraints is the poor P status of the soil (Dotaniya et al., 2013) [4]. Phosphorus exists in nature in a variety of organic and inorganic forms. Although P is abundant in soils in both organic and inorganic forms, its availability is restricted to plants as it occur mostly in insoluble forms (Pradhan and Sukla, 2005) [15]. Since P deficiency is the most important key limiting factor restricting the plant growth, chemical phosphatic fertilizers are widely used to increase crop yields, where soluble forms of P fertilizer used are easily precipitated as insoluble form, which leads to excessive and repeated application of P fertilizers (Alam et al. 2002) [1]. A large portion of soluble inorganic phosphate applied to the soil as chemical fertilizer is immobilized and becomes unavailable to crop plants. A large number of microorganisms present in the rhizosphere are known to solubilize insoluble phosphorus (Ranadev et al., 2019) [16] and make available to the plants and are called as phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) which include phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and phosphorus solubilizing fungi (PSF). Phosphorus solubilizing activity is carried out by a large number of saprophytic bacteria and fungi through various microbial processes or mechanisms including organic acid production and proton extrusion (Karpagam and Nagalakshmi, 2014) [11]. Inorganic P is solubilized by the action of organic and inorganic acids secreted by PSB in which hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of acids chelates cations and decreases the pH. The PSB dissolves the soil P through the production of low molecular organic acids like gluconic and ketogluconic acids. P solubilization ability of PSB has direct correlation with pH of the medium. The use of phosphate solubilizing bacteria as inoculants simultaneously increases P uptake by the plant and crop yield. Strains from the genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Rhizobium are among the most powerful phosphate solubilizers (Hilda and Reynaldo., 1999) [7] .
A systematic study was conducted to develop the cost effective entomopathogenic fungal biopestici... more A systematic study was conducted to develop the cost effective entomopathogenic fungal biopesticide. The different grains like Sorghum, Ragi, Paddy and Rice were selected based on their local availability and their lower in cost. However the carbon and nitrogen requirement was met by adding 1 per cent yeast extract. Among all the treatments, the half crushed rice kernels used treatment showed their best by producing highest spore load of 2.15 spores g-1. This was followed by half crushed Sorghum and Maize. Rice kernels also retained the highest B:C ratio (7.91:1). All together it is concluded that Rice and Sorghum could be considered as the best source for mass production of entomopathogens.
A field experiment was conducted with local strains of phosphobacteria (PSB-S-2) in order to impr... more A field experiment was conducted with local strains of phosphobacteria (PSB-S-2) in order to improve the growth and yield of maize in black cotton soil. This PSB isolate performed better with combination of 75 % recommended dose of phosphorus fertilizer with respect to stimulation of beneficial rhizosphere micro flora viz., Bacteria, Fungi, Actinomycetes, Azotobacter and PSB as compared to rest of the treatment combinations. However, it was found on par to 100 % RDP in combination with PSB and 100 % RDP alone. The shoot P concentration was significantly high and it increased with increase in the age of the host due to inoculation of efficient isolate of PSB in combination with 75 % RDP, the plant growth parameters viz., plant height, number of leaves, shoot and root biomass and yield of maize was also found significantly increase over other treatments when it was inoculated with 75 % RDP + PSB.
Mushrooms are the fleshy and edible fruit bodies of several species of macrofungi and are consume... more Mushrooms are the fleshy and edible fruit bodies of several species of macrofungi and are consumed by humans as comestibles for their nutritional value and they are occasionally consumed for their supposed medicinal value. Apart from these it can be grown on cheaply available different agro based wastes that can supplement the growth of these mushroom as a substrate, because these mushrooms are efficient degrader of lignocellulosic compounds and the spent obtained after the growth of mushroom can serve as good organic manure, in this context a Study was carried on to know the effect of substrates (Vegetable and flower wastes) on growth of mushroom fungi (Hypsozygous ulmarius) was studied. Here the preliminary test was done to know the substrate compatibility for growing mushroom in combination with paddy straw based on the weight loss of the substrate. The best combinations were selected for further studies of mushroom production by bag method. Use of 25 % Chrysanthemum flower waste + 75 % paddy straw as substrate showed higher mushroom yield (641.33 g/bag) and bio efficiency (128.26%) among all the substrate combinations in bag method.
The essence of practicing organic farming lies in the use of naturally available resources like o... more The essence of practicing organic farming lies in the use of naturally available resources like organic wastes, in conjunction with natural processes like decomposition biological nitrogen fixation and resistance to achieve the needs of crop production. Applying organic manures for growth of the crop, which inturn improves the organic matter status of soil. Organic manures not only helps to supply the nutrients but also acts as a food for micro organisms and encourage the multiplication of their population, which inturn improves the mineralization of nutrients in soil and thus, fertility and productivity of the soil is improved for that we undertaken the investigate to know the effect of different organic manures on soil microbial activity and growth and yield of green gram (Vigna radiata L.) under green house condition conducted at Department of Agricultural Microbiology, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore. There were seven treatments and three replications in a CRD design. The abundance of different microorganisms such as Bacteria, Fungi, Actinomycetes, PO4 solubilizing microorganisms and Rhizobium were found to be significantly highest in the treatment having the FYM (25%) + Vermicompost (25%) + Glyrecidia (25%) + Pongamia (25%) and least was found to be in control. Plant parameters like plant height, number of branch per plant, number of leaves per plant, dry matter production and yield by the plant were studied and these were found to be significantly higher due to application RDF (100%) and least was found in the control.
The study showed the significant efficacy of foliar application of macro and micronutrients along... more The study showed the significant efficacy of foliar application of macro and micronutrients along with the soil test crop responses on all the parameters of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Among nine treatments under study, treatment T 9 (STCR approach + Foliar spray of NPK @ 1% + ZnSO 4 @ 0.5% + FeSO 4 @ 0.5% and B @ 0.2%) recorded maximum height of plants (191.7cm), number of leaves per plant (22.17), leaf area (17.32 dm 2), stem girth (9.97 cm), minimum days to flowering (54), head diameter (28.14 cm) and total dry matter accumulation (108.07 g plant-1) followed by the treatment T 3 : STCR approach (Yield target: 25 q/ha) and T 8 : Soil test based NPK (STL) + Foliar spray of NPK @ 1% + ZnSO 4 @ 0.5% + FeSO 4 @ 0.5% and B @ 0.2%. The stem girth (9.97 cm) was found maximum in T 9 followed by the treatment T 3. Maximum gross returns (Rs. 65,257 ha-1), net returns (Rs. 42,105 ha-1) and B: C ratio (2.82) was found with T 9 (STCR approach + Foliar spray of NPK @ 1% + ZnSO 4 @ 0.5% + FeSO 4 @ 0.5% and B @ 0.2%). EfficacyofFoliarNutritiononVegetativeandReproductiveGrowthofSunflowerHelianthusAnnuusL Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of : Abstract-The study showed the significant efficacy of foliar application of macro and micronutrients along with the soil test crop responses on all the parameters of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Among nine treatments under study, treatment T 9 (STCR approach + Foliar spray of NPK @ 1% + ZnSO 4 @ 0.5% + FeSO 4 @ 0.5% and B @ 0.2%) recorded maximum height of plants (191.7cm), number of leaves per plant (22.17), leaf area (17.32 dm 2), stem girth (9.97 cm), minimum days to flowering (54), head diameter (28.14 cm) and total dry matter accumulation (108.07 g plant-1) followed by the treatment T 3 : STCR approach (Yield target: 25 q/ha) and T 8 : Soil test based NPK (STL) + Foliar spray of NPK @ 1% + ZnSO 4 @ 0.5% + FeSO 4 @ 0.5% and B @ 0.2%. The stem girth (9.97 cm) was found maximum in T 9 followed by the treatment T 3. Maximum gross returns (Rs. 65,257 ha-1), net returns (Rs. 42,105 ha-1) and B: C ratio (2.82) was found with T 9 (STCR approach + Foliar spray of NPK @ 1% + ZnSO 4 @ 0.5% + FeSO 4 @ 0.5% and B @ 0.2%).
The field experiment was conducted to study the impact of application of Fusarium sp. formulation... more The field experiment was conducted to study the impact of application of Fusarium sp. formulations on chilli plant parameters. It consists of nine treatments with different formulations of Fusarium sp. and three replications in randomised block design. Among all the treatments the highest dry chilli yield was recorded (5.12 q/ha) in the plot sprayed with dust water formulations in combination with monocrotophos (0.05%) and the lowest yield was recorded in no spray (control). Along with this experiment in vitro study was also conducted to know the compatibility of different pesticides against naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungi by means of food poisoning technique, and the effectiveness of fungicide and insecticide was measured in terms of the radial growth. The result obtained was clearly revealed that among different fungicides Bordeaux mixture, captan and copper hydroxide have the great to complete inhibition effect on Verticillium sp. And among insecticides chlorpyrifos showed the great to complete inhibition on Metarrhizium anisopliae and Verticillium sp. Followed by malathion on Verticillium sp. Copper oxychloride and wettable sulphur was resulted as safer chemical for entomopathogens and among insecticides Metasystox, Dichlorovos was showed least toxic to Fusarium isolate and Verticillium lecanii followed by Dicofol an Acaricide. Form these two study we can easily correlate that entomopathogens in combination with insecticides can reduce the quantity of application of insecticides and simultaneously increases the yield.
The field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2013-14 to evaluate the influence of s... more The field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2013-14 to evaluate the influence of soil test crop response (STCR) approach on the yield and quality of sunflower (Helianthus annum L.). The experiment was laid out by RCBD design with a concept of three replications. The analysis of variance revealed that the application of fertilizers on STCR (Soil Test Crop Response) along with foliar application of micro-nutrients significantly recorded higher head diameter, 100-seed weight, seed filling per cent, seed yield/ha, stover yield/ha, oil content and oil yield/ha of the crop. Further a higher gross returns, net returns and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) were observed when compared to the other treatment combinations carried out during the experiment viz., recommended dose fertilizer (RDF) of NPK (control). Hence, it can be concluded that the input of STCR approach leads to precise use of fertilizer dose as compared to RDF method, ultimately it can serve as to improve farming community by reducing the cost of cultivation, increasing yield and a basic tool for sustainable agriculture production.
A systematic study was conducted to know the influence of Hypsozygus ulmarius spent mushroom subs... more A systematic study was conducted to know the influence of Hypsozygus ulmarius spent mushroom substrate on cowpea growth parameters, the city waste used as growth substrates for Mushroom were used to know its influence on the growth of Cowpea. Experiment was set up with eight treatments and with three replication in completely randomised design, among all the treatment the treatment which received Hypsozygus ulmarius spent (paddy straw, 75%+chrysanthemum waste, 25%) showed their best by increasing the plant height (49.90 cm), number of branches (11 per plant), number of leaves (34.33 per plant) and this also increased the soil microbial population in rhizosphere of cow pea, the bacterial population (28.63×105 cfu/g), fungal population (20.60 ×104 cfu/g), PSB population (14.7×104 cfu/g) and diazotrophs (18.83×104 cfu/g), VAM spores (84.33/50 g of soil) were also increased significantly over the other treatments.
Azosprillum spp. were isolated from the endorhizosphere of 27 wheat genotypes and 32 Azospirillum... more Azosprillum spp. were isolated from the endorhizosphere of 27 wheat genotypes and 32 Azospirillum strains were obtained. Among these six were Azospirillum lipoferum, 13 were Azosprillum brasilense and 13 isolates could not be grouped into either of the two categories. And all the isolates were subjected to various biochemical characterization. All the isolates were tested for siderophore production by growing them on M-9 medium. Out of 32 isolates, 18 strains showed good growth on the medium, where as five others showed moderate growth and rest others totally failed to grow on the medium. The variations in the isolates might be due to the genetic variations in the plant genotypes and their properties.
Experiment was conducted to study the biodiversity of entomopathogenic fungi present in the ten a... more Experiment was conducted to study the biodiversity of entomopathogenic fungi present in the ten agro climatic zones of Karnataka. A systemic survey was made to isolate entomopathogenic fungi and to study murda complex incidence in the chilli growing areas on different agro climatic zones of Karnataka. Maximum fungal biodiversity was observed in Southern transitional zone and least was observed in North East transitional zone and North Eastern dry zone. The 13 fungal isolates were isolated from the soil samples collected during the survey. Most common genera isolated from all zones includes Penicillium, Aspergillus, Acremonium, Fusarium, Mucor, Paecilomyces, Talaromyces, Trichoderma and Cladosporium macrocarpus. In this isolates two of them were recognized as entomopathogens namely Metarrhizium anisopliae, Verticillium lecanii and rest others Neozygites floridiana and Nomuraea rileyi were antagonistic saprophytes. No other fungus belonging to commonly known entomopathogenic groups was noticed. Among the groups, the two fungi, Fusarium isolate and Aspergillus sp. were in equal proportion, four Fusarium isolates, four Aspergillus isolates and single isolates of each Verticillium lecanii, Metarhizium anisopliae, Neozygites floridiana, Penicillium and Nomuraea rileyi was found. Among 13 isolates Verticillium lecanii, Metarhizium anisopliae and Fusarium isolate was tested on the sucking pests like thrips and mites. In the in vitro condition Fusarium isolate caused 86.6 per cent mortality, N. floridana 80 %, M. anisopliae 13.3 % mortality and V. lecanii 3.33% mortality on S. dorsalis. The results obtained revealed that the biodiversity of entomopathogenic fungi is more in the soils having high organic matter and rich in fertility status.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of bioagents (Trichoderma viride, Pseudomona... more The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of bioagents (Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas fluorescens) and PGPRs (Bacillus megaterium, Azotobacter chroococcum) for the control of root rot pathogen (Fusarium solani) and its influence on growth and yield of okra plants under greenhouse conditions. Among all the treatments, T 21 showed significant increase in plant height (135.67 a cm) compared to T 25 (133.33 b cm), co-inoculation of Trichoderma viride 1 + Pseudomonas fluorescens 1 + Bacillus megaterium 1, significantly, increased number of fruits per plant T 25 (28.33 a) compared to untreated control T 1 (1.67 p), fruit length and fruit diameter also significantly increased in the treatment which received T.v 1 + P.f 1 + B.m 1 compared to all other treatments under green house conditions.
In the present study, the combination of biocontrol agents along with PGPRs like P solubilizers a... more In the present study, the combination of biocontrol agents along with PGPRs like P solubilizers and N 2 fixers as soil application is more effective in improving crop growth and yield parameters as compared to uninoculated plants. The result obtained were clearly revealed that the combined application of Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium and Azotobacter chroococcum were significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, number of fruits per plant, fresh fruit yield per plot of okra and significantly reduced the root rot incidence in the plots where the above said biocontrol agents and PGPRs treated.
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higher due to application RDF (100%) and least was found in the control.
higher due to application RDF (100%) and least was found in the control.