NG Majumdar: An explorer of ancient Sindh

NG Majumdar: An explorer of ancient Sindh Prof. Aziz Kingrani The prominent archaeologist of our subcontinent, Nani Gopal Majumdar was born on first December 1897 in Jessore district of present Bangladesh. The historians of Sindh have wrongly mentioned his birth year as 1868 and birth place as ‘Mazumdar’ village in Bangladesh. I have endured for correction in this regard, writing many articles in Sindhi, English and Urdu languages. Nani Gopal was born to Dr Baradaprasnna and Sarojini Majumdar. He had passed his M.A in 1920 and secured first class first position. He was awarded a gold medal. He continued his studies and from 1921 to 1923 he showed extraordinary performance in research field. During this period he was awarded the Griffith Memorial Prize for an interesting thesis on Vajra by Calcutta University. Majumdar was married to Snchalata Mukherji and had two daughters and a son, Tapas Majumdar. Tapas was only 10 years old when Majumdar was assassinated. He remained Superintendent, Central Circle, Archaeological Survey of India, from April 22 to May 9, 1929. He was then transferred to Calcutta on May 11, 1929 as Assistant Superintendent, Archaeological Survey of India. However, Sindh, then a western province of undivided India and mostly unexplored, is grateful to Majumdar for his groundbreaking works in the field of archaeology and also feels sorry for his assassination in Dadu. During his first exploration in Sindh, he discovered approximately 62 sites which he mentioned in his book “Explorations in Sindh”. Apart from “Explorations in Sindh”, the following books of Nani Gopal Majumdar are also cited by different researchers till today. 1 Naland Copper plates of Devapaladeva Monograph the Varendra research society, Rajshahi No.1, April 1926, 31 pages. 2 Inscriptions of Bengal Vol. III, containing inscriptions of the Chandras, the Varmas and the Senas and of Isvaraghosha and Damodara, Rajshahi, Bengal 1929, 200 pages. 3 A list of Inscriptions. Pages, 40.Newly published 2008. 4 A guide to the Sculptures in the Indian Museum part II 1937, 106 pages. 5 A guide to the Sculptures in the Indian Museum part II, Delhi 1937, 137 pages. Besides these books Nani Gopal Majumdar has written so many research articles on different subjects regarding to different fields of history and archaeology. In “Explorations in Sindh” book, he has discussed and reported about physical aspects and climate of Sindh. He cited explorations and excavations at about 32 sites and a has given comparative studies, related to Mehi, Kulli, Naal, Amri, Harappa or Mohan Jo Daro and other early Indus civilizations and comparison with Sumerian civilisation. Many of those sites are Neolithic and chalcolithic periods. These include Kahu Jo Daro, Chanhiyon Jo Daro, Kot DiJi, Rohri, Lohum Jo Daro, Wahi Pandhi. Munds, Ghazi Shah Daro, Gorandi mounds, Mounds of Jhukar, Ali Murad Daro, Tando Rahim mounds, sites of Pir Lakhio Daro, Pir Mashakh, Lohri and Trihni’s mounds along the bank of the Lake Manchhar, Lakhmir’s mounds in Naig valley, Amri civilization mounds, Dumb Bhatti in Kohistan, Mol Valley and at hilly streams near Jhangara. Among the above-mentioned places, he discovered artefacts related to Harappa or Mahenjo Daro (at that time only two of Indus Civilisation were discovered) or even more ancient culture and relation with Mesopotamian/Sumerian civilizations. He also explored traces of Balochistan and other civilizations at the mentioned places which are included in his book ‘Explorations in Sindh’. Majumdar was deputed for six months to complete a survey of prehistoric sites of the Indus Valley Civilisation in October, 1938. He started work at the foothills of the Khirthar range and adjoining highlands and plains in Sindh and discovered during his three weeks’ exploration half-a-dozen Chalcolithic sites. Murder Mystery of Majumdar Nani Gopal Majumdar came to Sindh for the second time in 1938 to search further remains of ancient Sindh. After discovering other places in Sindh, he came to excavate sites in present Dadu district of Sindh. Unfortunately, Majumdar was assassinated on Nov 1938 when he and his team were searching for the ruins of Rohel ji Kund, an ancient settlement in the Khirthar Hills, on the banks of the Gaj River in Khairpur Nathan Shah Tehsil, near Johi town, Dadu District of Sindh province of Pakistan. N. G. Majumdar was assassinated proximately 83 years ago. Still his murder is a mystery. I contacted his relatives via email to find out the real facts of his murder, body and the FIR. His relatives have made important revelations which are not on the historical record yet. N. G. Majumdar’s grandson Anjan Mukherji has shared an article in which he reveals that the group of robbers suddenly attacked him and his team thinking that he was in search of treasure. After killing him, the robbers ran away and then took refuge in Kalat state which was not under British rule and was an independent state under the control of Khan of Kalat. Anjan Mukherjee writes that according to Majumdar’s partner and eyewitness Krishna Dev, N. G. Majumdar was killed and Mr. Chetterji (a teammate) lost his arm. His dead body was brought to hospital in Dadu city. Anjan Mukherji further writes that the district administration had faced great difficulty in bringing the body of N. G. Majumdar from the hills. From the mountains, his body was brought by SP Dadu to the Gaj Bungalows on the banks of the Gaj River in the plains of Kachho and informed about incident to Collector of Dadu District KB Muhammad Bux who sent Deputy Collector Dadu. Deputy Collector and SP Dadu brought N. G. Majumdar’s body to Dadu city hospital and after taking necessary action and medical formalities, the local administration contacted Sindh Government, Central Delhi Government and N. G. Majumdar’s relatives. According to the collective decision of all, as per Hindu religious rites, the body of N. G. Majumdar was cremated in Dadu city and the ashes were sent to his relatives. Later, the British government contacted the Khan of Kalat state and pressured him to arrest the dacoits and hand them over to British authorities. The Khan of Kalat made efforts under the pressure of the British government. Eventually the Khan of Kalat besieged the dacoits to capture them in which one dacoit was killed and six were arrested who were handed over to the British government. It is also possible that these robbers were known to Kalat State or that they tried to find them under the pressure of the British government and soon as they were traced, they cordoned off the area for their arrest. The robbers were arrested and brought to Dadu. A case was registered against the dacoits and the case was taken up in the court of Mukhtiarkar / Magistrate Dadu. The case was heard and the robbers were sentenced to life imprisonment. How long did the murder case last? What were the names of the robbers? To which tribe did they belong? Did the robbers really kill N. G. Majumdar thinking that he was looking for treasure or was there something else behind his assassination? The question is whether the robbers confessed to the crime or were punished in the light of statements of the witnesses. If convicted under the Statement of Evidence, what were the names of the witnesses? The answers to all these questions can unravel the mystery of the murder of N. G. Majumdar These answers can be found in the office records of the present Civil Hospital Dadu, Mukhtiarkar Dadu and Deputy Commissioner Office Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan. If this record is found then this historical mystery will be solved and the accuracy of the history will be fixed. I tried to get record from office Deputy Commissioner Dadu but they replied that the record had been burnt at the time of assassination of Benazeer Bhutto in 2007 but they will try to find record. It is hoped that a record will be provided which will alleviate the pain of Sindh over the murder of N. G. Majumdar. Locally, it is believed they dacoits attacked, thinking he must be possessing some treasures. In those days, people considered archaeologists as treasure hunters and they used to think that treasures of ancient people are hidden in ancient ruins and explorers excavat such treasures. Among his six books, ‘Explorations in Sindh’ is really firsthand information about the ancient history of Sindh. The local scholars and historians of Sindh with the collaboration of a local organization had built a simple cenotaph at the site of Rohel Ji Kund and they have established a memorial café near Gaaj Bungalows But, It is suggested that the department of archeology and the government of Sindh should build a cenotaph at the place where he was assassinated to pay tribute to the archeologist from Bengal. The Central Legislative Assembly of British India and murder incident The murder news of NGM was spread thought British India like fire in forest. Every concerned people became grieved but Sindh is grieved and indebted to him yet due to his murder mystery. After brutal and painful murder incident of genuine and genius person was discussed in the sessions of Central Legislative Assembly of British India from 30th November 1938 to 8th February 1939 as well. The MLAs of the Legislative Assembly had shared their opinions from different directions. The following questions had been brought under discussion during different sessions. (a) Whether he will make a abort statement as to why and under what circumstances Mr. N. G. Majumdar of the Archeological Survey was killed; (b) Whether his party was supplied with protective measures in men and arms; if so, what; (c) Whether additional and sufficient protective measures are intended to be supplied to such parties; if so, what; (d) Whether Government intend to give the family of the late officer handsome monetary compensation; (e) The qualifications of the murdered officer and his position in his profession; (f) Whether Government have considered the advisability of insuring at Government cost such officers who work for the Government at considerable risk of life; and (g) Whether Government intends to express their estimation of the work of the deceased officer in any other shape? The questions were raised on 30 November 1938 in house that “Government deeplquestionsy regret that Mr. Majumdar, Superintendent of Archeology, who was touring in Sind (Sindh) with a small party for the purpose of surveying pre-historic sites was shot dead by a body of armed men who attacked his camp on the morning of the 11th November, 1938, at Nei Gaj in Dadu District. Archaeological exploration in Sind (Sindh) had been carried on before with complete safety without the need for resort to special protective measures. Mr. Majumdar's party, therefore, was not accompanied by any guard”. Regarding security or guard provided to NGM it had been replied that no guards were provided to Majumdar. At that time robberies were increased, especially in the areas inside Sindh along the borders of Sindh and Kalat State. In the session on 6th December 1938 question had also been raised before the house that “Will the Honourable the Home Member he pleased to make a full statement on the recent dacoities committed in the village of Kathia in Dadu district in Sind and at Rohila-ji-Kund on the evening of the 10th and the morning of the 11th November, 1938, showing the loss of life and property, respectively, and state how dacoits passed through the ghats (Passes) of the hill connecting the Kalat territory with Sind? Was there any permanent or temporary police guard posted on the borders by the Balochistan, Kalat or Sind Government? If so, when and for how long? If not, what is the arrangement for safety and security on these borders? Is it a fact that since the past few years dacoities and murders have occurred on the border sides in Sind and Kalat in the interior by persons residing in the hills and the Kalat territory? If so, have the dacoits in any of these atrocities been secured and brought to book? If not, why not? Will the Honourable Member be pleased to refer to my demi-official letter to the Secretary to the Government of India, Home Department, on the subject of dacoities in Sind, dated the 10th November, 1938, and the correspondence which ensured in consequence between the Government of India and the Government of Sind and Balochistan, and state what steps were taken to eradicate the recurring evil of dacoities in Sind by the Brahuis and other Baloch tribes?) Is it a fact that the Balochistan authorities then agreed to work in co-operation with the Kalat State authorities and Sind Government, to watch and ward off these nefarious happenings? If so, what steps were taken, and did they continue till the recent dacoities referred to a question in which it has been asked that how an officer, Mr. Majumdar, and some Hindus and Mohammedans were killed and some injured?” Unfortunately, no satisfying answers were given according to questions. Whereas, it is stated in the session of CLA session that “in the special notification published in the Government of India Gazette dated the 26th of this month (November 1938), Mr. Majumdar was an officer of exceptional ability and promise. He was a Master of Arts, a Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, and Ex-Superintendent, Archaeological Section, Indian Museum and Special Officer for Exploration. By his death, which the Government of India deeply regrets, Indian archaeology has lost a worker of great merit”. On 7th December 1938, the statement of Mr. Jamshed Mehta MLA Sindh was published in Hindustan Times dated 17th November 1938 regarding the death of N G Majumdar. Mr.Jamshed Mehta was of the opinion that the cause of NGM’S murder was weak vigilances over dacoits along the border areas of Sindh, Kalat and Balochistan. The following questions were placed before the house of CLA on 8th February 1939 (a) whether he can supply further details about the attack on and murder of Mr. N. G. Mazumdar and his party in the Dadu district beyond the report given by him in the last Session, and whether it is a fact, as stated by Mr. Savarkar in his presidential address at Hindu Mahasabha Conference at Nagpur that "they (the murderers) asked each one of Mr. Mazumdar’s party are you a Hindu? If he said 'Aye', he was forthwith shot dead. One Hindu pretended to him a Muslim and he was let go alive and unmolested"; (b) Whether the gossip that 'there was one Muslim in Mr. Mazumdar's party and he was not attacked, is true; if so, the name of the Muslim and his present address; (c) whether the gossip that in order to test whether the members of Mr. Mazumdar's party were really Muslims, the murderers asked them to repeat the Kalma and that tutored by the Muslim servant the party did so is true; (d) whether Mr. Mazumdar was required to keep with him a substantial amount of cash to pay for the excavations, etc., and what amount, if any, he had at the time; (e) Whether within four miles of the place of murder, there was a Dak Bungalow fitted with telephone; (f) Whether the party pursuing the dacoits was on camels and the dacoits on foot, and whether the pursuing party reached Mr. Mazumdar's camp at noon, as against the dacoits' arrival early morning; (g) whether Government are satisfied that the provincial authorities before the event did their best; if not, what measures, if any, have the Central Government taken about the issues which caused the death of one of their valuable officers; and (h) The reason why no armed guard or arms were supplied to Mr. Mazumdar's party, in spite of the fact that the party had to keep substantial amounts of money to pay wages and to go in jungles and hills? All the questions were brought under discussion including the report of District Magistrate Dadu during the session on 8th February 1939 that can be considered as main point of the session but the result was pathetic to me since no member of the house had dared to answer clearly. To me question (a) and (b) were the attempts to change the dimension or direction of the original reason of the murder. I have remained of the opinion that the murder of NGM had been made deliberately mysterious. Even at Government level, the efforts had been made to present the incident as mystery. The involvement of religious and criminal factors like behavior of dacoits pushed the facts into the sea of the darkness. Why the names of the culprits had not been brought on the record? If there was the security risk due to dacoits then why the security had not been provided to him by the District Administration, even by Government of Sindh? The reason of the assassination, which I think, was professional jealousy to his field and department as well. The report of District Magistrate Dadu seems to be managed according to instructions from the higher level. Is it possible, the dacoits were engaged in robbery whole the day on 10th of November 1938 subsequent to earlier attempts to elsewhere and the police and administration would remain unaware at sub divisional and District level? The robbers entered in Sindh near Miro Pat or Miro-Jo-Pat now in District Qamber Shahdadkot of Sindh, about 60 km from Khairpur Nathan Shah and Kakar, Dadu District. According to a report, the robbers came to Kakar and robbed Hindu family at Kakar not far from KN Shah of Dadu Dstrict . Was the police not there? The dacoits easily came to Tharari Jado Shaheed situated at the distance of approximately 15 km from Kakar towards west. Afterwards, robbers reached at Kathia and Mitho villages in same proximity hardly 4 kilometers far from Tharari. Later, they crossed Pat Gul Muhammad village, 20 km away from Tharari Jado Shaheed to the west. After Pat Gul Muhammad the robbers arrived at village Kasbo near Gaj bungalows on the bank of Gaj. Ader Shah Muhammad of Kasbo fired on them and robbers rushed to Nai Gaj. Whole the day dacoits wandered and robbed the area. Was police and District Administration were in deep slumber? Had they not heard about robbery? The next day on 11th of November 1938 early in the morning they went to the site of Rahel-ji-Kund located at the distance of 8 km from Gaj Bungalow and easily shot dead the asset? Is it believable? Was no one at the Gaj Bungalow? The District Administration might have not heard about such big harassment and violence of robbers in the huge area? The District Administration initiated efforts to track the footprints of robbers very late and why? It indicates to a conspiracy of high level for hiding the actual reason of the murder of an unmatched Archaeologist. Report of the District Magistrate Dadu, on the murder of Mr. N. G Majumdar, Superintendent, Archaeological Surrey, dated the 26th November, 1938. A gang of dacoits consisting of about ten Brahuis of Kalat State armed with rifles, guns and swords crossed border and was seen by a group of Brahuis nomads to Sind at about 7 A.M. on the 9th November,1938. On enquiry from them, the leader of the gang informed the group of nomads that they were going to meet the British officers of Dadu area for the rehabilitation of a Brahui married girl under instructions from the Khan of Kalat. The gang proceeded further and at about 3 P.M. of the same day came across a party of camel-men belonging to the camp of the Superintendent of the Archaeological Survey Department who were camping in Rohil-ji-Kund, a solitary spot in the interior of the hills along the Kalat border about 7 miles from the Nai Gaj Head works of irrigation Department. The dacoits had asked for some sugar from the party of the camel men which the latter refused. 2. The dacoits are said to have enquired as to whose camp it was and why he and his team encamped there. The camel men were reported to have replied that it was Deputy Sahib's camp and he was engaged in the excavation of the old fort nearby. They then marched onwards and at about 11-30 P.M. reached Kasbo village, (Taluka Johi) which is about 13 miles distant from Rohil-ji-Kund. Here they are said to have purchased parched grain (Bhugras) and sweets (mithai) from one Teja Singh Shop-keeper. On the following day at about 11 am. they met one Abdullah Kaheri in a village called 'Miro-JoPat' and asked him to give them meals. They told him that they were Policemen going to headquarters for the verification of their arms. Kaheri believed them and gave them food. Proceeding further, they reached the Flood Protective Bund near Police Station Tharari Jado Shaheed, at about 3 P.M. and later they were busy roaming here and there for the next three hours in that locality. They were seen by different men as they passed by different places while going towards the P. W. D Regulator near Mttho Village. Crossing the Regulator they set up for Kathia which they reached at about 6-30 pm. 3. It appears that the dacoits came prepared to raid the house of Seth Dhanrajmal whom they found at the yard just near the entrance of his house along with his guest Seth Pritomal of Kaker. After some conversation, the dacoits made a show of going to the house of the Wadero of the village (headman) but as soon as Seth Dhanrajmal and his guest about to enter into the house from the yard, they rushed into it after them. Seth Dhanrajmal was asked to hand over all his belongings and like a clever man, that he is he promised to comply without a demur. Seth Prilamal was asked to do likewise but as obviously he could not comply, he was shot dead, evidently in the belief that he was evading to hand over his wealth. While all this was taking place, a nephew of Seth Dhairajomal closed the doors leading from the yard to the house and removed the ladies, children and valuables from the back door and leaving them in the house of the Wadero of the village returned to the place with a gun and fired a few stray shots here and there. This frightened the dacoits who ran out of the house taking away with themselves a few cloth, and other things worth about Re. 388. On coming out of the place they found some Muslim villagers advancing towards them. The dacoits fired towards them and killed the foremost of the villagers’ party, viz., Umar Babar. They escaped thereafter from the village after having remained therein for about an hour. On their way back, they robbed Seth Rupchand, a cousin of Seth Dhanrajmal and a little later one Fakirbaksh, who were returning to Kathia riding horses worth about Rs.350 and Rs.90 respectively. 4. Crossing the P. W. D. Regulator near Mitho village the dacoits chased by Pat Gul Muhammad and diverted their route. They reached and entered Kasbo village at about 3 a.m. Perhaps they intended to raid this village at that time but they could not carry out their intention as Shah Mahommed Laghari who was the headman of the village took courage and fired a few gun shots in the air as a result of which the dacoits were frightened and resumed their march to the hills from where they had come. At about 7 am on the 11th October instant they reached Rohil-ji-Kund where the Archaeological Staff was encamped. The kits of the team were being packed at that time since the camp was ready to move to Rajodero. Mr. Majumdar and his party were having their morning tea and intended to leave the place immediately thereafter. The dacoits decided to raid the camp but fearing that the party might have some arms with them they did not fall on them at once. They went to the top of a hill nearby and from the height of about 60 to70 feet fired a few shots at the party. Killing Mr. Majumdar instantaneously and injuring 4 others. Viz: Arabindo Chatterji (Draftsman), Mani Sen Gupta (Photographer), Krishna Dev and Urs Mabrimmed (Chowkidar). Thereafter they climbed down the hill and after satisfying themselves that there were no weapons in the camp, they took some of the private and official property of the Archaeological Staff worth about Rs. 4,388 and marched off with 5 camels belonging to persons who had been engaged on monthly wages by the camp. The camel owners followed them for some time entreating them to return their camels but the efforts went into vain. The camel men returned to Rohil-ji Kund while the dacoits—now on horses and camels rushed back to the Kalat border which they are said to have reached and crossed by about 1.30 pm on the 11th instant. 5. On receiving the information regarding the dacoity at Kathia, Mukhtiar-kar and Sub-Inspector of Police Khairtiur Nathan Shah rushed to the scene of offence which they reached at about 9-30 P.M. The SubInspector immediately arranged a tracking party and with it followed the prints of the dacoits. 6. The next to reach Kathie were the Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Dadu and Sub-Inspector of Police Rukan who went there at about 11 pm On the same night. After studying the situation they went to Mitho Regulator and there they came to know that the tracking party headed by Sub-Inspector. Khairpur Nathan Shah was going to the direction of Pat Gul Muhammad and Nai Gaj. They therefore, decided to go to the Northern side and with Zamindari assistance to keep a watch over Salari, Harbah and other passes beyond Mado. They went to several villages and securing Zamindari assistance arranged to keep a watch on some Northern Passes in order to stop and arrest the dacoits attempting further advances. They manned the border through passes. 7. The District Superintendent of Police who was encamped at Mehar went to the scene of crime soon after he received the information about the Kathia dacoity, reaching the place at about 11.30 am. Similarly, the Sub Divisional Magistrate went to Mitho Regulator and there he was informed about the route taken by the tracking party headed by Sub inspector of Police. Khairpur Nathan Shah 'and Sub-Divisional Magistrate had proceeded on that way. He decided to motor down to the Southern direction and reach Pat Gul Muhammad by a different route, which he did just before the tracking party reached the place. In this village the District Superintendent of Police secured same camels and, accompanied by his Sub-Divisional Inspector, Sub-Inspector Mehar and some policemen and Zamindars, pursued the deceits. At Kasbo, he learnt that the deceits had gone to the Nat Claj side and were about 4 hours ahead of him. He followed them still further and reached Rohil-ji-Kund about 3 hours after the dacoits had raided the Archaeological Camp, learning about the tragic occurrence on the way. He hastened his march, though the camels of the party were very tired and reached the Kalat border at 2-30 m only to learn that the dacoits had crossed it about 8 hours before his arrival. Leaving a small force at the pass District Superintendent of Police returned to Nai Gaj at 9-30 P.M. on the 11th instant. 8. According to the statement of the Deputy Collector - On the day of the Kathia occurrence I encamped at Manjhand about 70 miles from Dadu and 94 miles from Kathia. At about midnight I received a telegram from Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Dadu informing me of the incident. Immediately thereafter, I issued telegraphic messages to the District Superintendent of Police at Dadu asking him to rush to the scene of the offence along with Mukhtiarkars of the Division to take precautions, accord co-operation to the Police and send certain Zamindars to meet me at Kathia on the following morning. A little after dawn I left for Kathia picking up Sub-Divisional Magistrate of Dadu at Dadu who had returned to the Head Quarters to give me the information of the occurrence in person. I examined the situation at Kathia and thereafter, leaving the Mukhtiarkars behind reported to Mitho Regulator where I learnt about the tragic occurrence of Rohil-ji-Kund. I, therefore, hastened to Johi and then after collecting some Zamindars and securing some guns, rushed to Nei Gaj reaching the Bungalow at about 10 pm. On arrival, I found that the District Superintendent of Police had returned there about half an hour before me. He informed me that the dacoits had crossed the Sind-Kalat border about 2 hours before he reached there. Immediately thereafter I held consultations with the Police and Revenue Officials and Zamindars adopted protective measures all round and arranged to send private parties to pursue the dacoits and secure clues about them. The possibility of hot pursuit was also considered but the course was dropped for various weighty considerations. Some of the difficulties that came in the way were that the dacoits were already ahead of us by about 12 hours and it would have taken us still some hours to get fresh camels and be ready to start on a journey into the hills. It was some time after midnight then and the Kalat border was about 22 miles away from where we were stationed. Besides, we were not sure of the legal position of the venture and whether an attempt to cross the border about a day after the dacoits had crossed it would be covered by the words 'hot pursuit'. All sides of the question reconsidered the course appeared futile as well a. legally doubtful and was therefore abandoned. Acknowledgement I am thankful to dear Aamir Ali Mugheri Assistant PRC Officer at Pakistan Institute for Parliamentary Services, Provincial Assembly of Sindh Pakistan who provided the pages of report of Central Legislative Assembly of British India. Source Material or refrences (1) Explorations in Art and Archaeology of South Asia, edited by Debala Mitra, Directorate of Archaeology and Museums government of West Bengal Calcutta, 1996. (2) Mallar Mitra, Biographical Profile of Nani Gopal Majumdar, published in Debala Mitra’s above edited book. (3) Nani Gopal Majumdar, Explorations in Sindh, Indus Publications Karachi, 1934. (4) Mr.Dipankar, Dasgupta, AKaleidoscope, http://dipankardasgupta.com,Obituary Tapas Majumdar. (5) Vedadms eBook: A List of Kharoshthi Inscriptions. (6) http://www.getcited.org/mbrz/10093103 (7) http://openlibrary.org/authors/OL208245A/Nani_Gopal_Majumdar, (8) The legislative Assembly official reports 1938, Polished in 1939