Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles

Green Energy and Technology More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8059 Bogdan Ovidiu Varga Florin Mariasiu Dan Moldovanu Calin Iclodean • • Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles Advanced Simulation Methodologies 123 Bogdan Ovidiu Varga Automotive and Transport Department Technical University of Cluj-Napoca Cluj-Napoca, Cluj Romania Dan Moldovanu Automotive and Transport Department Technical University of Cluj-Napoca Cluj-Napoca, Cluj Romania Florin Mariasiu Automotive and Transport Department Technical University of Cluj-Napoca Cluj-Napoca, Cluj Romania Calin Iclodean Automotive and Transport Department Technical University of Cluj-Napoca Cluj-Napoca, Cluj Romania ISSN 1865-3529 Green Energy and Technology ISBN 978-3-319-18638-2 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-18639-9 ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-319-18639-9 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2015940989 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword When Bogdan Varga asked me to write the Foreword to his book on “Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles Advanced Simulation Methodologies” I was indeed honored: Generally, people who are asked to write Forewords are those who matter to the author. I met Bogdan Varga in 2007 at a conference for automotive engineers organized by the Technical University of Cluj. I had just taken over the job of Sales Manager for Central and Eastern Europe for Instrumentation and Test Systems. I was impressed by the determination and ardor Bogdan showed in his scientific work as well as his professionalism and effectiveness in preparing big research projects. In 2010, AVL together with Technical University of Cluj built a Laboratory for Testing, Research, and Certification of Internal Combustion Engines, AVL delivering not only testing equipment but also research tools as well as software for data processing and simulation. Since then the Technical University of Cluj and AVL have been in close contact, exchanging knowledge and experience in research, focusing mainly on methods to deal with the increasing complexity of powertrains. The complexity and diversity of future powertrain systems elevates dramatically. One driving factor is given by enhanced legislative requirements, such as reduction in CO2 fleet emissions and pollutant emissions under real-world driving conditions (RDE). Another factor is increased customer demands as positive driving experience, safety, agility, comfort, and confidence in driver assistance systems. On top of this, shorter model cycles and moderate cost of ownership are demanded. One key to managing this complexity is to use and integrate virtual development environments into the development process of powertrain systems. In the past, for example, the functional integration of subsystems into a complete vehicle system was done within a system integration using only real hardware. Today this is combined with virtual environments, too. In future this integration will be done in purely virtual environments in early stages of development. v vi Foreword With the book’s approach Bogdan provides an excellent tool for researchers working on these challenges: he not only describes the simulation method of complex powertrains, but also explains how to build a working virtual development environment for classical, hybrid, and electrical powertrains. I am convinced that Bogdan’s book will be a big help for any researcher to better understand the process of modeling and simulation of complex powertrains and to start out in creating a virtual laboratory. Graz April 2015 DI Stefan Kanya Sales Manager Central and Eastern Europe AVL List GmbH Acknowledgments The writing process of this book consumed a huge amount of work, research, and documentation, but in the end, the effort is dedicated to those who are interested in applicative use of advanced modeling and simulation technologies for the optimization of energy efficiency in automotive electric and hybrid powertrains. First of all, we are deeply grateful to AVL LIST GmbH, A-8020 Graz, Hans-List-Platz 1 (www.avl.com) for their essential logistic support, availability, and also for provision of their high-level professional expertise and technical support in the writing process of the book. Their advice definitely increased the scientific and applicative quality of book. Still, all of this would not have been possible if we did not have a strong and permanent support of leadership (Prof. Nicolae Burnete, Ph.D.) and our colleagues from Automotive Engineering and Transport Department of Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Therefore, we would like to extend our sincere thanks to all of them. Nevertheless, we express our gratitude toward our families for their support, understanding, and encouragement, which helped us permanently throughout the preparation of the book. Bogdan Ovidiu Varga Florin Mariasiu Dan Moldovanu Calin Iclodean vii Contents 1 Principles of Modeling and Simulation Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Mathematics Behind the Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Vehicle (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.2 User-Defined Variables . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.3 Input and Output Variables . . . . . . . . 2.1.4 Computation of the Module Variables . 2.1.5 Equation System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Clutch (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 User-Defined Variables . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.3 Input and Output Variables . . . . . . . . 2.2.4 Computation Variables . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.5 Equation System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Torque Converter (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2 User-Defined Variables . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.3 Input and Output Variables . . . . . . . . 2.3.4 Computation Variables . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.5 Equation System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Gearbox (G). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2 User-Defined Variables . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.3 Input and Output Variables . . . . . . . . 2.4.4 Computation Variables . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.5 Equation System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 9 9 9 12 20 20 21 28 29 30 31 32 32 33 34 35 37 38 39 40 41 44 46 47 47 ix x Contents 2.5 CVT—Continuously Variable Transmission (H) . . . . . 2.5.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.2 User-Defined Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.3 Input and Output Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.4 Computation Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.5 Equation System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 Single Ratio Transmission (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.2 User-Defined Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.3 Input and Output Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.4 Computation Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.5 Equation System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 Differential (N). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.2 User-Defined Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.3 Input and Output Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.4 Computation Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.5 Equation System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 Planetary Gearbox (PG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8.2 User-Defined Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8.3 Input and Output Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8.4 Equation System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 Internal Combustion Engine (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9.2 User-Defined Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9.3 Input and Output Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9.4 Computation Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9.5 Equation System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9.6 Power Correction on Environment Conditions 2.9.7 Charger Response Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9.8 Temperature Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9.9 Consumption Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9.10 Fuel Shut-Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10 Generator (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.2 User-Defined Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.3 Input and Output Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.4 Computation Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.5 Equation System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.11 Electrical Consumer (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.11.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.11.2 User-Defined Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 50 53 56 57 57 59 59 62 64 64 65 66 67 67 69 69 70 70 71 71 72 73 73 74 83 95 96 97 99 102 103 106 114 116 117 117 119 120 120 122 123 123 Contents 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 xi 2.11.3 Input and Output Variables 2.11.4 Computation Variables . . . 2.11.5 Equation System. . . . . . . . Electric Motor (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12.2 User-Defined Variables . . . 2.12.3 Input and Output Variables 2.12.4 Computation Variables . . . 2.12.5 Equation System. . . . . . . . Electric Machine (EM) . . . . . . . . . 2.13.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.13.2 User-Defined Variables . . . 2.13.3 Input and Output Variables 2.13.4 Computation Variables . . . 2.13.5 Equation System. . . . . . . . Battery H (QH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.14.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.14.2 User-Defined Variables . . . 2.14.3 Input and Output Variables 2.14.4 Computation Variables . . . 2.14.5 Equation System. . . . . . . . Gearbox Control (O) . . . . . . . . . . . 2.15.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.15.2 User-Defined Variables . . . 2.15.3 Input and Output Variables 2.15.4 Computation Variables . . . 2.15.5 Equation System. . . . . . . . Gearbox Program (P) . . . . . . . . . . 2.16.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.16.2 User-Defined Variables . . . 2.16.3 Input and Output Variables 2.16.4 Computation Variables . . . 2.16.5 Equation System. . . . . . . . CVT Control (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.17.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.17.2 User-Defined Variables . . . 2.17.3 Input and Output Variables Anti-Slip Control (ASC) . . . . . . . . 2.18.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.18.2 User-Defined Variables . . . 2.18.3 Input and Output Variables PID Control (PID) . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.19.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 125 125 125 126 126 128 129 129 131 132 133 135 136 137 140 140 141 145 146 147 148 148 150 151 151 151 153 153 154 161 162 162 162 162 163 164 165 165 165 166 167 167 xii Contents 2.19.2 User-Defined Variables . . . 2.19.3 Input and Output Variables 2.19.4 Equation System. . . . . . . . 2.20 Brake (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.2 User-Defined Variables . . . 2.20.3 Input and Output Variables 2.21 Cockpit (CO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.21.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.21.2 User-Defined Variables . . . 2.21.3 Input and Output Variables 2.22 Exhaust System (EX) . . . . . . . . . . 2.22.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.22.2 User-Defined Variables . . . 2.22.3 Input and Output Variables 2.22.4 Computation Variables . . . 2.22.5 Equation System. . . . . . . . 2.23 MATLAB®/Simulink™ (ml) . . . . . 2.23.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.23.2 User-Defined Variables . . . 2.23.3 Input and Output Variables 2.24 Function (FU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.24.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.24.2 User-Defined Variables . . . 2.24.3 Input and Output Variables 2.24.4 Equation System. . . . . . . . 2.25 Constants (CN). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.25.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.25.2 User-Defined Variables . . . 2.25.3 Input and Output Variables 2.26 Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.26.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.26.2 Input and Output Variables 2.27 Wheel/Tire (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.27.1 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.27.2 User-Defined Variables . . . 2.27.3 Input and Output Variables 2.27.4 Computation Variables . . . 2.27.5 Equation System. . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 169 169 170 170 171 172 173 173 174 175 176 176 177 178 179 179 179 179 180 180 180 181 181 183 183 185 185 185 185 186 186 186 186 187 189 194 194 195 200 Virtual Powertrain Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 221 Contents xiii 4 Classical Powertrain Configuration Model and Simulation 4.1 Classical Vehicle Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1.1 Classic CVT Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1.2 Automatic FWD Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Run Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.1 Result Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.2 Standard Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 223 223 250 277 277 282 287 5 Hybrid Powertrain Configuration Model and Simulation 5.1 Hybrid Vehicle Model Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1.1 Hybrid CVT Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1.2 Hybrid Planetary Gearbox Model . . . . . . . . 5.2 Run Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.1 Result Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.2 Standard Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 289 289 320 341 341 346 385 6 Electric Powertrain Configuration Model and Simulation . 6.1 Electric Vehicle Model Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.1 Electric FWD Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.2 Electric FWD RE Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Run Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1 Result Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.2 Standard Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 387 387 397 424 424 430 462 7 Creating Virtual Road Infrastructure 7.1 AVL Road Importer . . . . . . . . . 7.1.1 Getting Started . . . . . . . 7.1.2 Data Submenu . . . . . . . 7.1.3 Road Submenu . . . . . . . 7.1.4 Plot Submenu. . . . . . . . 7.1.5 Export Submenu . . . . . . 7.1.6 Going Online . . . . . . . . Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 463 463 464 465 470 473 476 476 8 Loop Powertrain Simulation . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 IPG CarMaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1.1 Virtual Vehicle Environment 8.1.2 CarMaker Main GUI . . . . . . 8.1.3 CarMaker Main Parameters . 8.1.4 Start Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 477 477 479 498 504 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv Contents 8.2 CRUISE—CarMaker Co-Simulation . . . . . 8.2.1 General Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.2 CRUISE—CarMaker Interfaces . . 8.2.3 Model for Co-Simulation . . . . . . . 8.3 Running the Simulation for Electric Model References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 507 509 513 520 524 Abbreviations 4WD ABS ACC ARB ASC AST BMEP CIT CTF CVT DLL DoE DVA EFG EMS EPS ESP EV FCHEV FWD GHG GIS GPS GUI GXF HEV HPS HTML ICE iFD IFF Four Wheel Drive Anti-lock Braking System Autonomous Cruise Control Anti-Roll Bar Anti-Slip Control Advanced Simulation Technologies Brake Mean Effective Pressure CarMaker Interface Toolbox Concerto Transport File Continuously Variable Transmission Dynamic Link Library Design of Experiments Direct Variable Access Energy Flow Graphics Engineering Measurement System Electric Power Steering Electronic Stability Program Electric Vehicle Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle Front Wheel Drive GreenHouse Gas emissions Geographic Information System Global Positioning System Graphic User Interface GPS eXchange Format Hybrid Electric Vehicle Hydraulic Pneumatic Supplies HyperText Markup Language Internal Combustion Engine Ratio of Final Drive Input From File xv xvi ISG iTR KML NEDC PHEB PID PNG RE RPN SAM SOC SRT VVE XML Abbreviations Integrated Starter Generator Ratio of Final Transmission Keyhole Markup Language New European Driving Cycle Plug-in Hybrid Electric Bus Proportional Integral Derivative Portable Network Graphics Range Extender Reverse Polish Notation System Analysis Mode State Of Charge Single Ratio Transmission Virtual Vehicle Environment eXtensible Markup Language