Alcohol Studies

This is a preprint (submitted manuscript pre peer review) of an article, subsequently published in Public Health Ethics, 7 (1): 1--4. The final version contains typographical as well as substantial changes compared to this first submission, and can be accessed online: http://phe.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/1/1.abstract. The entire special symposium introduced can be accessed online: http://phe.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/1.toc The idea of a special journal symposium on the theme of New Media and Risky Behavior of Children and Young People: Ethics and Policy Implications originally arose out of a workshop at the University of Gothenburg held in 2011 as part of a European project coordinated by the University of Central Lancashire Law School, on possible policy responses to the impact on young people of exposure to audiovisual media portrayals of alcohol consumption. 1 A main outcome of that meeting, where selected experts on the empirical research in this area as well as on relevant aspects of ethics and law participated, was that the problem is just an instance of a much more complex and encompassing one, not least the underlying value and normative issues. While we did have in mind as a thematic topic the possible clash between two powerful set of societal norms and concerns -the well--being of children and the freedom of expression, it turned out to be a less than straightforward matter to connect these to the empirical information available and the same turned out to hold for issues about the proper sharing of responsibilities between businesses, societal institutions, parents and young people themselves.

Objective There is a lack of consensus regarding the extent to which cognitive dysfunctions may recover upon cessation of alcohol intake by alcohol-dependents (AD), and the divergent findings are most likely due to methodological differences between the various studies. The present study was aimed at conducting a very strict longitudinal study of cognitive recovery in terms of assessment points, the duration of abstinence, control of age and duration of the addiction, and by use of individual analyses in addition to mean group comparisons. Our study further focused on the 2–3 week phase of alcohol detoxification that is already known to positively affect many biological, emotional, motivational, as well as neural variables, followed by longer-term therapies for which good cognitive functioning is needed. Methods 41 AD inpatients undergoing a detoxification program, and 41 matched controls, were evaluated twice in terms of five cognitive functions (i.e., short-term memory, working memory, inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and verbal fluency) within a three-week interval [on the first day (T1) and the 18 th day (T2) of abstinence for AD patients]. Emotional (positive and negative affectivity and depression) and motivational (craving) variables were also measured at both evaluation times. Results Although verbal fluency, short-term memory, and cognitive flexibility did not appear to be affected, the patients exhibited impaired inhibition and working memory at T1. While no recovery of inhibition was found to occur, the average working memory performance of the patients was comparable to that of the controls at T2. Improvements in emotional and motivational dimensions were also observed, although they did not correlate with the ones in working memory. Individual analysis showed that not all participants were impaired or recover the same functions.

Conclusions
While inhibition deficits appear to persist after 18 days of detoxification, deficits in working memory, which is a central component of cognition, are greatly reduced after alcohol detoxification. Individual differences in the trajectory of recovery do arise however, and it might be worth implementing individual assessments of impaired functions at the end of the detoxification phase in order to maximize the chances of success in longer-term treatments and abstinence.

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar la relación entre el nivel de autoestima y el consumo de alcohol en los adolescentes, a través de la realización de un estudio descriptivo transversal, en una facultad de enfermería en la ciudad de Querétaro, en México, en el mes de julio de 2008, en una muestra de 109 adolescentes, entre 17 y 20 años. Para la obtención de los datos fueron aplicados dos instrumentos: AUDIT y Cuestionario de autoestima de Rosemberg. La mayoría de los adolescentes participantes tuvieron la autoestima elevada (94.5%), ninguno presentó autoestima baja. El 80.7% de los adolescentes del estudio no tiene riesgo de consumo de alcohol. Se concluye que la mayoría de los adolescentes presentaron una elevada autoestima y tuvieron riesgo bajo de consumo de alcohol. Por lo que se sugiere implementar programas preventivos con respecto al consumo de alcohol y factores protectores a fin de que los adolescentes continúen con un estilo de vida saludable. Descriptores: Alcoholismo; Adolescente.

Introduction: There has been varied views of authors on the benefit of moderate alcohol consumption on cardiovascular diseases. Especially on the heart, moderate alcohol consumption has been said to be cardio protective, however, over time arguments have been on, and this view is being seen as a myth. Despite the arguments for moderate alcohol consumption, all parties agree that excessive alcohol consumption has a deleterious effect on the cardiovascular system. Electrocardiography has been used to evaluate cardiac abnormalities and is the gold standard in evaluating heart rhythm abnormalities. It has also been used to evaluate cardiac abnormalities in people that consume alcohol. This study set out to evaluate the effect of alcohol on the heart seen on Electrocardiography. Method: Forty-seven male subjects who consented to be part of the studies had electrocardiography test, after filling a predesigned questionnaire; which provided information on their occupation, social habits, and history of alcohol consumption symptoms and clinical findings. The daily quantity of alcohol consumed was assessed and the study population was divided into 3 groups; based on amount of daily alcohol consumption to mild, moderate and excessive drinkers. Results: Forty-seven (47) men consented to be part of the studies, with age range from 19yrs to 91yrs with mean of 32.85 ± 15.61yr. Mean± SD BMI of 24.00 ± 3.11kg/m 2 , mean± SD of systolic blood pressure of 129.33 ± 20.01 mmHg and mean±SD diastolic blood pressure of 77.30 ± 14.50mmHg, mean ±SD daily value of alcohol consumed was 74.24 ± 43.34g/day, The most common electrocardiographic abnormalities were arrythmias; sinus tachycardia, sinus bradycardia, heart blocks, conduction delay. Other abnormalities noted were left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Left axis deviation, right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), left and right atrial enlargement. Conclusion: Fifty percent (50%) of those considered by the study to be Mild drinkers with daily intake of ≤ 50g/ day of alcohol showed abnormalities in their ECGs which were majorly arrythmias. Also, fifty percent (50%) of those considered by the study to be moderate drinkers with daily intake of 50-100g/day had abnormal ECG with 3(13.64%) having multiple ECG abnormalities and Excessive alcohol consumption with daily intake >100g/day was associated with 85% abnormalities on ECG with 4(33.33%) showing multiple ECG abnormalities. This study did note any significant benefit with mild or moderate alcohol consumption but corroborated the effect of excessive alcohol consumption seen by electrocardiographic findings. Alcohol drinkers have longer corrected QT interval. The impact of alcohol on the heart seen by electrocardiography was dose dependent and showed progressive increase from mild to excessive alcohol consumption.

Recent research advances have resulted in dramatic improvements in our understanding of substance use and substance use disorders (SUDs). Perhaps more than any other area of inquiry, the efforts to understand why people use alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs have resulted in substantial gains in knowledge that are improving the lives of so many people.

Few studies have examined long-term effects of ethanol on auditory fear conditioning, and fewer still have examined whether adolescence represents a unique period of vulnerability. We investigated the impact of ethanol consumption during adolescence and adulthood on fear conditioning, following an extended abstinence period. Male and female Long-Evans rats (N = 80) consumed 10% ethanol or water (control) in a limited-access drinking paradigm (1 h) between postnatal (P) days 28-45 (adolescent) and P80-97 (adult). After the abstinence period (30 days), ethanol and control groups were assessed on the auditory fear-conditioning task. Alcohol consumption impaired tone conditioning in the male and female adolescent group. There were no persisting effects of adult dosing. In addition, adolescent rats consumed more ethanol than adults. These data provide evidence that ethanol consumption during adolescence produces enduring effects on auditory fear conditioning. The age-specific effect of ethanol may be attributable to an interplay of higher ethanol intake and the unique neurobiological characteristics of adolescents.

Aims: To study the characteristics, contexts and implications of drinking stories among young drinkers. Methods: Ethnographic fieldwork was conducted among Danish youth at a beach resort in Bulgaria. The fieldwork included three months of participant observation and 45 semi-structured interviews with a total of 104 tourists and 11 guides. The participants in the study were aged between 16 and 26 years. Results: The participants often shared drinking stories with each other. The stories they told involved alcohol consumption followed by one or several acts of transgression such as stripping, fighting or vomiting. They generally told the stories with amusement or pride. However, some stories were told in a critical tone and focused on negative experiences. The data suggest that for many participants, part of their reason for engaging in heavy drinking and drunken transgressions was that they wanted to build a repertoire of personal drinking stories. Their drinking behaviour was subtly motivated, inspired and guided by the drinking stories that they heard from others, as well as by the drinking stories that they themselves wanted to create. Conclusion: There is an intimate interactional relationship between drinking behaviour and drinking stories. Drinking behaviours can generate stories, but the stories, in turn, influence behaviours and attitudes related to alcohol. Drinking stories are therefore key to understanding drinking among youth.

Background: Little is known about the relationship between stressful life events and alcohol craving in the general population, and whether a history of childhood maltreatment sensitizes individuals to crave alcohol after adult stressors.
Methods: Participants were 22,147 past-year drinkers from Wave 2 (2004 to 2005) of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. A structured, face-to-face interview assessed past-year stressful life events, alcohol craving, and history of childhood maltreatment. Logistic regres- sion was used to generate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) to evaluate the relationship between stressful life events and craving, adjusting for demographic characteristics and parental history of alcoholism. Inter- action between stressful life events and childhood maltreatment was also assessed.
Results: Compared to participants with no stressful life events, those with ≥3 events had increased odds of moderate alcohol craving (aOR = 3.15 [95% CI = 2.30 to 4.33]) and severe craving (aOR = 8.47 [95% CI = 4.78 to 15.01]). Stressful life events and childhood maltreatment interacted in predicting severe craving (p = 0.017); those with ≥3 events were at higher risk of craving if they had been exposed to childhood maltreatment.
Conclusions: A direct relationship between stressful life events and risk of alcohol craving was observed. Further, history of childhood maltreatment increased the salience of stressful life events in adulthood. Future studies should examine the role of psychiatric comorbidity in more complex models of stress sensitization and alcohol craving.

In the current study, we propose an integrative approach, which will incorporate elements from the social learning and self-control theories of delinquency and crime to examine violence in an understudied, marginalized, and often discriminated subpopulation group—American Indian youth. The analysis is based on survey data collected between 2009 and 2013 from a sample of American Indian adolescents ( N = 3,380) enrolled in 27 school districts located in five regions of the United States (Northern Plains, Southwest, Upper Great Lakes, Southeast/Texas, and the Northeast). The main objective of the analysis is to identify the factors more likely to predict violent offending among American Indian adolescents, a vulnerable group that has an elevated risk of violent victimization. Results of the Tobit regression analysis indicate that in both gender groups a low level of self-control, association with delinquent friends, poor school performance, and underage alcohol consumption significant...

BACKGROUND Real-time video communication technology allows virtual face-to-face interactions between the provider and the user, and can be used to modify risk factors for smoking, nutrition, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and obesity. No systematic reviews have examined the effectiveness of individual real-time video counseling for addressing each of the risk factors for smoking, nutrition, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and obesity. OBJECTIVE This systematic review aims to examine the effectiveness of individually delivered real-time video counseling on risk factors for smoking, nutrition, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and obesity. METHODS The MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online), EMBASE (Excerpta Medica Database), PsycINFO, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, and Scopus databases were searched for eligible studies published up to November 21, 2019. Eligible studies were randomized or cluster randomized trials that tested...

This theoretical article presents and applies the theories of the French philosopher Gilles Deleuze. The article takes as its starting point the observation that current biomedical, social and psychological research does not provide a coherent view of the nature of addiction and there is a great deal of controversy in the field. The material philosophy of Deleuze provides the opportunity to introduce new ideas and bridge the gaps between different theories and approaches. Deleuze's philosophy is especially useful since neurological research on addiction has developed rapidly. Deleuzian concepts have implications not only for the general theory of addiction, but also for different theories on treatment and recovery. A Deleuzian theory, developed in this article, analyzes addictions as situational and interactional processes. Alcohol and drugs are used because they are connected with situations and interactions that enable the production of desire. They change and alter the body. Addiction alters the production of desire and life itself begins to be reduced to alcohol, drugs or a specific mode of behavior. Recovery from addictions is connected with the changes in life that offer subjects an open future. A recovering body must increase its capacity to be affected and be capable of creating new biopsychosocial connections of desire.

An essay about the impact of the religious right and the "Recovered" movement upon Alcoholics Anonymous and the inherently reactionary nature of the Fellowship.
https://www.poeticdiversity.org/main/prose-fea.php?nameCode=LarissaShmailo&date=2019-04-01

Zaprezentowana w monografii kwestia doświadczania problemów alkoholowych przez kobiety jest obszarem atrakcyjnym poznawczo i badawczo. Osią tematyczną jest tu kobiecy problem alkoholowy, usytuowany w kontekście teoretycznym, jakim uczyniono teorie problemów społecznych, zilustrowany wynikami badań własnych (diagnostyczno – weryfikacyjnych). Całość dopełnia opis form działań, podejmowanych w Polsce w obliczu problemu alkoholowego, z zaakcentowaniem ulokowania w nim kobiet i wspierania ich w procesie wychodzenia przez nie z uzależnienia alkoholowego, z ukazaniem realiów w tym zakresie w polskiej rzeczywistości, jak i szans optymalizowania tego procesu.

It is clear that heavy alcohol and cannabis use is a public health risk with relatively high prevalence rates and varied consequences, especially with regards to underage populations. Decision-making to engage in these substances is manipulated and heavily influenced by the advertising industries of both alcohol and cannabis (albeit quite new), especially through branding and various other appeals present on social media. Simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use, another public health concern, may also be impacted by advertising. The aim of the current study is to determine how a variety of advertisements affect behavioral willingness (BW) to use alcohol and cannabis as shown through the Can-SIDE audio simulation, an analog of alcohol and marijuana use behavior. In a sample (N = 57) that was predominantly women, White, and had an average age of 20.6 years (SD = 1.75), participants were exposed to an advertising prime of either alcohol, cannabis, or alcohol and cannabis. They then completed a version of the Can-SIDE simulation in which BW for alcohol, cannabis, and controls in a variety of situations was self-reported. Participants then completed measures of demographics, past exposure to advertising, receptiveness of advertising, and alcohol and cannabis use history. While successful randomization occurred and the Can-SIDE performed similarly to past studies, BW to accept alcohol and cannabis offers did not differ on the basis of the advertising prime. However, BW to accept control offers was significantly higher in the alcohol and cannabis ad group when compared to the cannabis ad prime. This study yielded mixed results; as the hypotheses were not supported, it is an open question whether alcohol and cannabis advertising does impact the simultaneous use of these agents. Further research is needed to determine how outside forces such as advertising contribute to decision-making, and how such decision-making may lead to the use agents with potentially negative consequences.

An expanding body of work on Britain's night-time alcohol-based leisure economy has acknowledged the importance of collective forms of alcohol consumption in the establishment and reinforcement of key aspects of both subjective and group youth identities. This research project has addressed the ways in which drinking behaviours and leisure characteristics usually applied to 18Á25 year olds are retained and continue to structure the identities of older consumers of the night-time leisure experience. Field data suggest that in the absence of traditional forms of community and social order, the night-time economy now functions as the field upon which many people attempt to develop a sense of communitas and belonging. However, there is also crucial critical evidence to suggest that these consumers are essentially encouraged to heed the siren call of contemporary ideology by consistently reaffirming their commitment to consumer markets that often fail to yield the pleasures and freedoms associated with them. Not taking part in the commodified pleasures of the drinking strip can have a quite profound impact upon the individual, and the perceived freedoms of alcohol-fuelled hedonism often continue to draw the adult consumer towards social behaviours that act against the construction of stable adult identities.

Dal tardo medioevo fino al Seicento, un "viaggio" piuttosto insolito alle origini della "grappa", la tipica acquavite di vinaccia prodotta in Friuli, distillato un tempo ben più noto in lingua friulana con l'accattivante e ormai desueto nome di "petes".

En el estado español, como en la mayoría de países desarrollados, la siniestralidad vial es la principal causa de mortalidad, sobre todo entre la población más joven (hasta los 34 años en el caso de los hombres y los 24 en el caso de las mujeres). El alcohol, como agente indirecto, se encuentra implicado en cerca de la mitad de los accidentes de tráfico con resultado de muerte, y en la tercera parte de los que producen heridos de diversa consideración (Montoro et al.1995).

The public health approach to alcohol control focusses on efforts to reduce overall consumption and therefore the prevalence of “harmful” drinking and its negative health and social consequences.  Within this logic, evidence is corralled in favour of three particular strategies: tax increases; restricting access; and bans on alcohol advertising. In turn, it is argued that these strategies represent the most cost-effective and efficient ways to reduce consumption and its harms. However, the majority of the evidence base from which these recommendations stem derives from studies from countries of the Global North, and in particular, North America, Western Europe and Australasia.  Yet, as the WHO has been quick to note in its Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol, countries of the Global South actually bear the greatest burden of alcohol-related harms. Geographical and anthropological approaches to health and wellbeing remind us that health and consumption practices are inherently contextual, rendering the logic and possibility of global ”best buys” for alcohol control a fallacy. Moreover, they may also engender a homogenisation of national alcohol control strategies. Yet, local contexts must always be inculcated within public health policy endeavours if they are to be plausible and sustainable. In many countries of the Global South, the janus-faced importance of alcohol as a source of income, but also of gross harms, needs to be reconciled. And, such questions will only ever preclude the possibility of the universalist policy solutions that has become so deeply enshrined in the public health literature.

Alcohol consumption is an important health issue in Brazil. This paper provides an overview of alcohol-related problems in the country and explores some of the initiatives employed to address these problems. Although the notion of alcohol harm reduction is relatively new in Brazil, much work has been done to incorporate it further into the country’s drug policy. The paper discusses some of the federal and state government efforts in the realm of alcohol harm reduction and provides examples of good practice from a variety of other actors, such as NGOs and universities. Looking forward, a number of challenges are outlined, such as providing better treatment to all in need of assistance,establishing a fruitful and consistent partnership between private and public sectors, measuring the size and consequences of illicit alcohol production, and addressing alcohol-related problems among Brazil’s indigenous populations. In general, there is a lack of national drug and alcohol data in Brazil. Further research related to alcohol consumption, therefore, is necessary in order to provide Brazil’s decision-makers with comprehensive and reliable data that could guide public health policies.

As a social problem, suicide is one of the oldest phenomena that theorists and sociologist give some thought to. In order to tackle the problem, it is important to know what one have to deal with. However such complete and accurate way of describing is uncommon in the literature. The former Soviet Union states hold one of the highest suicide rates in the world, although there is a decline since year 2001. Various explanations have been risen in order to understand the high suicide rates in post-Soviet countries such as Russia, Ukraine and Belarus etc. Particularly, in Russia suicide rate increased dramatically between 1991 and 1994. One of the interpretation behind all lies in the economic strategies that governments employed after the complete dissolution of Soviet Union. On the other hand, both as a supplementary reason and a single cause, alcohol consumption is considered as the trigger of suicide act by many scholars.

The objectives of this paper are to study the alcohol policies in Muslim countries in the ASEAN Community and to compare alcohol policies among these countries. This qualitative research is conducted be examining documents concerning the alcohol policies in Muslim countries in the ASEAN Community--i.e., Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia. The result of the study indicates that all these countries have a wide range of the alcohol policies including investment policy, import policy, drink age policy, retailing policy, drink-drive policy, advertising policy, and area policy

valutazione in relazione alle sue differenti sfac-cettature. A questo proposito, è stato suggerito un modello psicobiologico a tre vie in grado di differenziare nel craving tre componenti: reward (ricompensa), relief (sollievo) e obsessive (ossessione). Identificare la tipologia di craving può rappresentare una variabile importante in previsione o in corrispondenza di una terapia farmacologica anti-craving. In questo studio viene presentato e descritto lo strumento Craving Typology Questionnaire (CTQ), differenziato nelle sue com-ponenti e tradotto nella sua versione in lingua inglese. Summary Craving is commonly thought to play a crucial role both in the transition from controlled drinking to alcohol dependence and in the mechanism underlying re-lapse. However there is no consensus on its definition, and on its correct assessment. Another significant hindrance is that craving is almost certainly a multi-faceted construct. To this respect a three pathway psychobiological model able ...

Introduction and Aims. Most official healthcare guidelines apply the precautionary principle by recommending that pregnant women abstain from any alcohol consumption. However, a number of women continue drinking alcohol while pregnant. The aim of this study was to investigate couples 0 experiences of the issue of alcohol consumption during pregnancy as a transitional process. Design and Methods. Thirty semi-directive joint interviews were conducted with couples expecting their first child in Switzerland. Interviews were analysed thematically with the help of ATLAS.ti. Results. Couples endorsed the imperative of changing drinking habits and all the women reduced their alcohol consumption, although some reported difficulties. First, we identified three themes describing how couples experienced the woman 0 s change of drinking habits as a smooth transition: Internalisation of risk discourses, abstinence as a social norm and embodiment of alcohol aversion. Second, we emphasised four kinds of difficulties that couples encountered in their everyday lives: burden of risk discourses, conflicting advice, social occasions and desire for alcohol. Discussion and Conclusions. This paper makes a significant contribution by examining prenatal drinking change as a transition. In this conceptualisation, the change of alcohol consumption is a relational process that is shaped by multiple changes and social norms. Our findings have important implications for practice. First, health professionals should be aware of the difficulties women experience when they abstain from alcohol during pregnancy. Second, our findings suggest the importance of a patient-centred approach that considers the role of the partner in supporting a pregnant woman 0 s change of alcohol consumption.

This study explores the disparity between psychiatric interventions and the lived experience of problematic drinking, which is a critical global mental health issue, including in an indigenous area in Northern Taiwan. This strategically situated three-year ethnographic study on a hospital’s jiejiu project highlights the dilemma of current health interventions that target indigenous people who drink under settler-colonial conditions. Interventions based on Western psychiatric categories can lose their efficacy due to disparate understandings regarding illness, moral experience, and perceptions of indigenous drinking cultures. The difficulties of such interventions also appear from hesitant self-identification and ambivalence toward a drinking culture shaped by social changes wrought by marginalization and oppression through colonization. Psychiatrization of the human condition and the top-down format of health delivery policy reaffirm colonial power and generate various levels of stigmatization. This study asserts the need to decolonize modern psychiatric knowledge and inquire into the ontology of drinking practices under complicated contexts in the contemporary world.

Indonesia is the highest muslim population country in the ASEAN and in the world. As a result, the measurement of controlling alcohol drinking consumption have quite strict as the following to Islamic principle This article was aim to study the measurement of controlling alcohol drinking consumption in Indonesia that component of control as following; (1) Forign invesment controlling, (2) Tax controlling, (3) People safety controlling, (4) Advertisment controlling, (5) Retail controlling, and (6) Area controlling. However, Indonesia government awares of the human rights who not be muslim. If they prefer to consume the alcohol in Indonesia, they may consume without causing trouble.

Ü 1/ Rausch und Depression. Alkohol im kommunistischen Polen »Wenn die Wogen des Festes schwellen, schmelzen die Unterschiede dahin. Die Sklaven wurden Herren in den Lupercalien.« Ernst Jünger 1 /Ü2/ The Golden Age of Alcoholism? Während in Westeuropa das »goldene Zeitalter des Kapitalismus« vom Ende des Weltkrieges bis zur Ölkrise ungebrochenes Wachstum brachte, kann man in den kommunistischen Diktaturen Osteuropas nur bedingt von einer solchen goldenen Epoche sprechen. 2 In Polen, Ungarn, der DDR oder der Sowjetunion blieben der Konsum und der Wohlstand der Bevölkerung weit hinter dem Westen zurück. Gleichwohl bildet die Zeit zwischen 1956 und 1989 in der kollektiven Erinnerung postkommunistischer Gesellschaften einen vergleichsweise positiven Abschnitt. Mit dem Ende der stalinistischen Mobilisierungsdiktatur verbesserten sich die Lebensbedingungen und gleichzeitig sorgten noch wachsende Volkswirtschaften seit den sechziger Jahren für einen bescheidenen Wohlstand. Die Verringerung gewaltsamer Repressionen und das Einschwenken auf eine höhere Konsumorientierung hatten jedoch auch ihren Preis. Der emotionale Kitt, den Ideologie, Propaganda und utopisches Projekt spendeten, ging verloren. Da die marxistisch-leninistische Lehre und die stalinistischen Herrschaftsdiskurse -wie die Rede über die Sowjetunion und der Kult um ihre Führer -in den Hintergrund traten, kann man von einem »Ideologieverlust« sprechen, der die Jahre nach 1956 prägte. Diese schleichende Delegitimierung durch Stagnation und Ermüdung war auf Dauer für kommunistische Herrschaft ebenso gefährlich wie die gewalttätigen Herrschaftskrisen, die periodisch in den Parteistaaten auftraten. Gerade 1 Jünger, Annäherungen, S. 202. 2 Hobsbawm, Zeitalter der Extreme, S. 324-362. 1 nach 1956 unterbrachen akute Krisen immer wieder eine bleierne Zeit, die zunehmend von Perspektivlosigkeit gezeichnet war. 3 Bereits zeitgenössisch wurde wahrgenommen, dass der exzessive Konsum von Alkohol ein Charakteristikum kommunistischer Herrschaft in Osteuropa darstellte. In Polen gehörte die Rede über das Problemfeld Alkohol seit Ende der fünfziger Jahre zu den wichtigsten gesellschaftlichen Themen. Das galt sowohl für den innergesellschaftlichen Diskurs als auch für die Wahrnehmung Polens aus dem Westen. Die Parteipresse und die katholische Kirche, westdeutsche Zeitungen und die Periodika der Londoner Exilanten meldeten über Jahrzehnte kontinuierliche Steigerungen der Nachfrage und des Konsums von hartem Alkohol. Während die utopischen Triebkräfte des Sozialismus evaporierten, stieg in der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung der Wodkakonsum. An die Stelle der enthusiastischen Begeisterungsstürme schien der permanente Alkoholrausch getreten zu sein. Die Beteiligten an der Debatte waren sich weitgehend einig, dass es sich dabei um eine bedrohliche Entwicklung handelte; die Deutungen und die Lösungsversuche des Problems gingen jedoch weit auseinander. Hier setzt der folgende Beitrag an und fragt, in welchem Verhältnis individuelle Trunkenheit zum Verlust des oktroyierten Enthusiasmus der Stalinzeit stand und wie sich die spezifische Redeweise über den Alkoholrausch in der poststalinistischen Diktatur erklären lässt. /Ü2/ Enthusiasmus, Depression und Alkoholrausch im stalinistischen Polen Bei der Erforschung von Rauschzuständen in modernen Diktaturen kann man auf kollektive Mentalitäten oder auf individuelle Erlebnisse, auf den Gemeinschaftskörper oder auf die entgrenzten Erfahrungen der vielen Einzelnen abheben. Die Rauscherfahrungen und das, was man als »Rauschpolitik« bezeichnen könnte, betreffen beide Ebenen: die individuelle und die kollektive. Hier untersuche ich beide Bereiche. Am Beispiel des Alkohols können Aspekte des öffentlichen und des privaten Rausches im kommunistischen Polen nachgezeichnet werden. 3 Vgl. Schlögel, Der 17. Juni, S. 23-41. 2 In der Phase der utopischen Sowjetisierung ab 1948 versuchten die Kommunisten in Polen, sich in der kontrollierten Öffentlichkeit als ein Land des »festlichen Rausches« und der »exaltierten Emotionalität« (von Klimó/ Rolf) darzustellen und zwar in der charakteristisch stalinistischen Form kontrollierter Begeisterung, demonstrativer Fröhlichkeit und des disziplinierten Enthusiasmus. 4 Die Sowjetisierung Polens ging einher mit einer breit gefächerten Erziehung zur Freude, zur massenhaften öffentlichen Darstellung des Glücklich-Seins und der Begeisterung für den sozialistischen Aufbau. 5 Eine Rhetorik der Seeligkeit zog sich durch die Massenmedien und die internen Berichte des stalinistischen Polens. So hieß es anlässlich der Feiern zu Stalins 70. Geburtstag in der Tageszeitung Wolność, Polen befinde sich im Zustand »nie da gewesenen Enthusiasmus und Glücks«, und ein Bericht aus Posen zum gleichen Ereignis sekundierte: »Posen war noch nie so geschmückt und erleuchtet wie am 21. Dezember. Die Feierlichkeiten bewiesen, dass der Gen. Stalin unserer Gesellschaft nah und teuer ist. [...] Die Kraft dieser Gefühle wurde am besten in den konkreten Verpflichtungen, in der Sorge um die beste Gestaltung der Geschenke und in der Absendung der schmuckvollsten Briefe ausgedrückt.« 6 Das offizielle Polen leuchtete im Glanze dieser stalinistischen Weihenacht, die fortan in Freundschafts-und Mobilisierungskampagnen sowie den Feierlichkeiten zu Jahres-und Geburtstagen wiederholt wurde. Die vom Regime geforderten positiven Emotionen korrespondierten mit dem Versuch, bei den »Massen« starke negative Gefühle gegen die Feinde des Regimes zu mobilisieren. 7 So zeichnete sich die kommunistische Politik durch den Versuch einer gleichzeitigen Affektkontrolle und -mobilisierung aus. Allerdings konkurrierten die polnischen Kommunisten mit der katholischen Kirche und einem traditionellen Nationalismus um die affektiven Bindungen und die positiven Emotionen der Menschen. 8 Der Parteistaat forcierte zugleich die Kriminalisierung öffentlichen Zur-Schau-Stellens abweichender Bindungen: Dies galt sowohl für kirchliche Prozessionen als auch für die Feier traditioneller Festtage, wie etwa des 3. Mai, des polnischen Verfassungstages. Beides wurde verboten oder gewaltsam spielte das sowjetische Vorbild eine Rolle. Wie die Bol'ševiki in der Sowjetunion, so sahen sich die polnischen Kommunisten gerade gegenüber der Landbevölkerung als Träger einer Zivilisierungs-und Bildungsmission im eigenen Land. In den historischen Landschaften Ostund Ostmitteleuropas, insbesondere in der bäuerlichen Kultur, war der Konsum von hartem Alkohol weit verbreitet. 15 Für die Kommunisten symbolisierten Alkoholismus und öffentlicher Rausch die Rückständigkeit und Irrationalität einer ländlichen Gesellschaft, die es im Zuge der Industrialisierung nicht nur ökonomisch, sondern auch kulturell zu überwinden galt. Nüchternheit, Selbstkontrolle und Leistungssteigerung im Dienste des sozialistischen Aufbaus waren elementare Bestandteile des stalinistischen Modernisierungsprojektes, das zugleich autoritäres Kultivierungsprojekt war. 16 Zudem standen die kommunistischen Parteien hier in der Tradition der Arbeiterbewegung, die schon im 19. Jahrhundert die Trunksucht und den Alkohol als Feinde der bewussten Arbeiter angeprangert hatten. 17 Das stalinistische Regime sah im Alkoholkonsum ein Zeichen der Rückständigkeit und ein Produktionshemmnis. Die Bekämpfung dieses Übels übertrug die Staatspartei den parteistaatlichen Gewerkschaften und den Agitatoren des Propagandaapparates. Wie in anderen gesellschaftlichen Bereichen auch fielen die Analyse des Problems und seine sprachliche Beschreibung undifferenziert aus. Der »Alkohol« und die »Trunksucht« wurden in den Kanon offizieller Feindbilder aufgenommen und zu kapitalistischen Relikten erklärt. Um der Plage Herr zu werden, bedienten sich die Herrschenden in stalinistischer Manier wiederkehrender Kampagnen und einer militanten Rhetorik. Die Propaganda tadelte beispielsweise die Bauern für ihr traditionales Trinkverhalten, das ein Grund sei für den »steigenden Hooliganismus«. Zugleich brachte man von offizieller Seite die Trunksucht jedoch mit den Feinden des Regimes in Verbindung: »Vergessen wir nicht, dass es bei uns Leute gibt, denen daran liegt, die Bauernschaft dem Trunk auszuliefern. Das sind die Kulaken, Spekulanten und die feindlichen Agenten. «18 Zugleich erging an die Frauen die Aufforderung, ihre Ehemänner, Väter, Söhne und Brüder zu nüchternen Menschen zu erziehen. Als weitere »Waffen« in diesem Kampf galten bessere Kultureinrichtungen, Solidarność geprägt hatte, wieder abschwor. 48 /Ü2/ Die Rede über den Alkohol und das Schweigen über den Rausch Noch in einer 2003 erschienen Überblicksdarstellung zur polnischen Zeitgeschichte findet sich das Urteil, der wachsende Alkoholkonsum sei Ausdruck einer moralischen Krise des sozialistischen Systems in Polen gewesen. 49 Das ist sicherlich nicht falsch und deckt sich mit den Urteilen westlicher Beobachter. Deutlich wird aber auch, dass zwar viel über den steigenden Alkoholkonsum geschrieben wurde und man die eigene Gesellschaft moralisch verurteilte. Jedoch wurde kaum gefragt, warum die Menschen, wann und wo und wie viel tranken und wie der Eindruck entstand, Alkohol sei die »Plage der Gesellschaft« -eines der wenigen Urteile über die polnische Gesellschaft, das Parteistaat und Kirche teilten. 50 Die Rede über den Alkoholrausch, über die Pathologien dieser »nationalen Krankheit« ermöglichte eine Kommunikation jenseits politischer Parteiungen. Ähnliche Steigerungen im Alkoholkonsum wie Polen hatte statistisch betrachtet bspw. auch die Bundesrepublik Deutschland zu verzeichnen. 51 Hier wurde dieser Konsum keineswegs als pathologisch wahrgenommen. Worin besteht die Sonderstellung der sozialistischen Staaten, die Sonderrolle Polens? Welche spezifische Kultur des Rausches lässt sich hier beschreiben? Meine These ist, dass wegen der wenig entwickelten Gaststättenkultur und der geringen Arbeitsdisziplin in den Staatsbetrieben der Alkoholrausch häufiger als im Westen in der Öffentlichkeit stattfand. Die...

Objectives This study aims to assess the prevalence of health problems (eg, insomnia, binge-eating, substance use and ill health) among UK doctors and to investigate whether occupational distress increases the risk of health problems. Design This study reports the analysis of data collected at the baseline stage of a randomised controlled trial (protocol #NCT02838290). setting Doctors were invited through medical Royal Colleges, the British Medical Association's research panel and a random selection of NHS trusts across various UK regions. Participants 417 UK doctors with an equivalent split of gender (48% males) and seniority (49% consultants). Main outcomes and measures Outcomes were sleep problems (eg, insomnia), alcohol/drug use (eg, binge-drinking), ill health (eg, backache) and binge-eating (eg, uncontrollable eating). Predictor variables were occupational distress (psychiatric morbidity, burnout, job effort, work-life imbalance, coping with stress through self-blame or substances) and work factors (workplace and years practising medicine). results 44% of doctors binge-drank and 5% met the criteria for alcohol dependence; 24%-29% experienced negative emotions after overeating and 8% had a binge-eating disorder; 20%-61% had some type of sleep problem and 12% had severe/moderate insomnia; 69% had fatigue and 19%-29% experienced other types of ill health problems. The results show that occupational distress and job factors increase the odds of doctors using substances, having sleep problems, presenting with frequent symptoms of ill health and binge-eating. For example, burnout increased the risk of all types of sleep problems, eg, difficulty falling/staying asleep, insomnia (OR ≥1.344; p≤0.036). Even taking into consideration whether or not a doctor works in a hospital, the risk of health problems still rises when doctors have signs of occupational distress. Conclusion Early recognition of occupational distress can prevent health problems among UK doctors that can reduce the quality of patient care because of sickness-related absence.

Two studies were conducted to assess variables related to the social determinants of alcohol consumption. In Study 1, moderate- and heavy-drinking male undergraduates were paired with confederates who behaved in a sociable or unsociable manner while modeling either light or heavy consumption. Modeling occurred in the sociable conditions but not in the unsociable conditions, where subjects tended to drink heavily. In Study 2, a similar group of subjects was exposed to
one of three social status conditions crossed with light versus heavy consumption. The results indicated a modeling effect in all social status conditions. These studies provide further support for the existence of a modeling effect that can be
disrupted by a lack of rapport between drinking partners. This latter finding has implications for the etiology of problem drinking because it suggests that increased alcohol consumption may serve as a strategy for coping with aversive social interactions.

This dissertation examines the intimate connection between the State-building process and the temperance movement and asserts that neither project was merely imposed from the top down, but rather, involved input from a variety of actors.  As presidents worked to rebuild the federal government during the Mexican Revolution of 1910 to 1940, they also strove to rid the country of alcoholism.  In particular, utilizing prejudiced notions of class, ethnicity, and gender, they targeted working-class and indigenous men, who they tried to transform into pacifistic patriarchs, efficient workers, and sober, responsible citizens.  However, the case study of Sonora demonstrates that this federal project did not go uncontested.  Presidents relied on governors and legislators to mandate temperance, mayors to enforce these laws, and citizens to follow them, but these people did not always willingly comply and thus policies often had to be modified.  In other instances, ordinary people supported the anti-alcohol campaign, creating unofficial temperance leagues, petitioning the president to close more cantinas, or demanding that corrupt authorities obey alcohol legislation.  Governors’, mayors’, and especially citizens’ contributions to the anti-alcohol campaign and the State-building process may not have been equal to those of federal leaders, but both projects certainly benefited from the input of a diverse cross-section of society. 

This present research adds to and combines three historiographical fields on the history of alcohol, State-building, and the social and cultural components of revolutions.  It is the first, full-length study of the anti-alcohol campaign during the Mexican Revolution and the only work about Mexico as of yet to examine temperance from the national, state, municipal, and popular perspective.  This work also corroborates the argument of recent political scholars, demonstrating that the process of State formation was shaped by input from individuals on a variety of planes.  Finally, this dissertation shows that the government’s cultural policies, which included promoting high art, distributing propaganda, and carrying out campaigns such as the temperance movement, should not be seen as trivial.  Rather, attempts to form a new, modern citizenry through these projects were a vital part of the State-building process and of social revolution in general.

Tesis doctoral en antropología (médica crítica) donde se abordan, desde un enfoque relacional (E. Menéndez), las representaciones y prácticas sociales de hombres y mujeres sobre el consumo de alcohol, describiendo y analizando no solo sus consecuencias negativas sino también las positivas y ambivalentes en su salud integral, recursos económicos (remunerados, domésticos y de cuidado) y relaciones sociales (inter e intragenéricas). Tesis completa descargable en: http://ciesas.repositorioinstitucional.mx/jspui/handle/1015/959

Alcohol consumption at sporting events is a male dominated contextual act that speaks more to the communal nature of men than to any specific masculine tendency. By examining how the interactions of men occur at UK sporting events, several themes of community emerge and show that the present man is a more group oriented individual than perhaps previously thought.