Arabic Linguistics

Editor's note:
Journal of Phonetics and Phonology of Iranian Languages
The growth of phonetics and phonology studies, and the need to pay more attention to this part of linguistic studies about Persian and Iranian languages, led me to propose the establishment of a specialized journal titled Phonetics and Phonology of Iranian Languages to Professor Mohammad Dabir Moghaddam, the Deputy for Science and Research of the Academy of Language, Literature and Persian. He generously accepted my proposal and it was decided to publish the first issue of the journal as a special issue in one of the supplements to the Academy's journal Nameh-e Farhangestan. I am very happy that the first issue of this journal is being published as a special issue in the Journal of Iranian Languages and Dialects, and I hope that with the cooperation of researchers in phonetics and phonology, we will be able to continue its publication. Here, I thank my colleagues who kindly provided me with all their valuable articles for publication in the first issue of the journal. I am also grateful to Dr. Mohammad Reza Turki, editor-in-chief of the Journal of Nameh-e Farhangestan, and Dr. Majid Tamme, deputy director of the Iranian Languages and Dialects Department, who did kindly their best to publish this issue.
Omid Tabibzadeh

سر مقاله
ویژه‌نامهٔ آواشناسی و واج‌شناسی زبان‌های ایرانی
رشد روزافزون مطالعات آواشناسی و واج‌شناسی در دنیا، و ضرورت توجه هرچه بیشتر به این بخش از مطالعات زبان‌شناسی دربارهٔ زبان فارسی و زبان‌های ایرانی، سبب شد تا تأسیس مجله‌ای تخصصی با عنوان آواشناسی و واج‌شناسی زبان‌های ایرانی را به استاد ارجمندم، جناب آقای دکتر محمد دبیرمقدم، معاونت محترم علمی و پژوهشی فرهنگستان زبان و ادب و فارسی، پیشنهاد کنم. ایشان با گشاده‌رویی بسیار پیشنهاد بنده را پذیرفتند و به صلاح‌دید ایشان قرار شد که شمارهٔ نخست مجله را به‌صورت ویژه‌نامه در یکی از ضمیمه‌های مجلهٔ نامهٔ فرهنگستان منتشر کنیم و درصورت موفقیت در گردآوری مقالات علمی در این موضوع، کار انتشار آن را به صورت دوفصلنامهٔ مستقل ادامه دهیم. اینک بسیار خوشحالم که نخستین شمارهٔ این مجله به‌صورت ویژه‌نامه در مجلهٔ زبان‌ها و گویش‌های ایرانی منتشر می‌شود و امیدوارم با همکاری استادان و پژوهشگران آواشناس و واج‌شناس، بتوانیم کار انتشار آن را پیش ببریم. در اینجا لازم می‌دانم از استادان و همکاران دانشمندم که با مهربانی تمام مقالات ارزشمند خود را برای انتشار در نخستین شمارهٔ مجله در اختیار بنده گذاشتند سپاسگزاری کنم. همچنین قدردان جناب آقای دکتر محمدرضا ترکی، سردبیر مجلهٔ نامهٔ فرهنگستان، و جناب آقای دکتر مجید طامه، معاون گروه زبان‌ها و گویش‌های ایرانی، هستم که از هیچ تلاشی برای انتشار هرچه بهتر این شماره فروگذار نکردند.
امید طبیب‌زاده

In this article, we have talked about a continuum of diglossic situation in Persian language in Iran: high verity (literary eloquent language), and the low verity (the standard spoken language). This article consists of three parts. In the first part, we have talked about the general similarities between spoken Persian and literary Persian in terms of such factors as the lexical stress placement, pitch accent, and some cases that are contrary to the general rule of main stress. In the second part, based on a typological model (Gordon 2016), the typological differences of these two stress systems have been discussed and it has been shown that Persian spoken words belong to the category of quantity-insensitive systems with fixed final main stress without secondary stress, but the Persian literary words however, belong to the category of quantity-sensitive systems for secondary stress and having a final fixed main stress. And finally, in the third part, first the metrical parameters in Persian words has been discussed based on Hayes' metrical parameters (1981) and then a description of the metrical structures of Persian words in both varieties of this language has been given based on Hayes' metrical stress theory (1995). In this part, we have shown that spoken Persian words have neither binary feet nor secondary stresses, and that each phonological word has to be considered as an independent foot, but literary Persian words do have iambic rhythm, even-duration and repetitive binary quantity- sensitive and right-dominant feet.
در این مقاله از وجود پیوستاری از دوزبان‌گونگی در زبان فارسی ایران سخن گفته‌ایم که در منتهی‌الیه یک سمت آن فارسی شمردۀ ادبی (یا شعری) و در سوی دیگرش فارسی گفتاری قرار دارد. سپس بحث کرده‌ایم که گونۀ ادبی فارسی در مقام فراگونه، و گونۀ گفتاری در مقام فروگونه، دارای نظام‌های تکیه‌ای متفاوتی هستند، و بی‌توجهی به این تفاوت‌، و یا خلط آنها با هم در پژوهش‌های آواشناسان و واج‌شناسان، باعث بروز توصیف‌های متناقضی از نظام تکیۀ فارسی شده است. این مقاله مشتمل بر سه بخش است. در بخش نخست از مشابهت‌های کلی تکیه در دو گونۀ فارسی گفتاری و فارسی ادبی از حیث محل تکیۀ اصلی، تکیۀ زیروبمی و موارد خلاف قاعده سخن گفته‌ایم؛ در بخش دوم براساس مدل رده‌شناسی متیو گوردون (2016) تفاوت‌های رده‌شناختی این دو نظام تکیه‌ای را شرح داده‌ایم و به این نتیجه رسیده‌ایم که کلمات گونۀ گفتاری فارسی به ردۀ نظام‌های غیرحساس‌به‌کمیت با تکیۀ ثابت پایانی تعلق دارد، اما کلمات گونۀ ادبی فارسی متعلق به ردۀ نظام‌های دارای تکیۀ اصلی ثابت پایانی و تکیه‌های ثانوی نامقید و حساس به کمّیت است. و بالاخره در بخش سوم پس از توضیح مختصری دربارۀ مؤلفه‌ها وزنی کلمات فارسی براساس آراءِ هیز (1981)، کوشیده‌ایم تا در چهارچوب نظریۀ تکیۀ وزنی بروس هیز (1995) توصیفی از ساختمان وزنی کلمات فارسی در هر دو گونۀ این زبان به دست دهیم. در این بخش بحث کرده‌ایم که کلمات فارسی گفتاری فاقد پایه‌های دوتایی و تکیه‌های ثانوی هستند و هر کلمۀ واجی خود یک پایۀ مستقل محسوب می‌شود، اما کلمات فارسی گونۀ ادبی دارای ریتم آیمبی، پایه‌های دوتاییِ ناهم‌دیرش و تکرارشونده و حساس‌به‌کمّیت و راست‌گرا هستند.

I, hereby, declare that this thesis is my original work and of my own execution and authorship. Zahida Chebchoub. 1 This present work investigates the use of Arabic and French in the city of Algiers. It examines the bilinguals ' usage of the languages and linguistic varieties these bilinguals have at their disposal. 1:l This study takes an interdisciplinary approach to the phenomenon of Arabic/French bilingualis~: it looks at the functional and structural aspects of Arabic and French as they are used in Algiers. On one hand, there is an analysis of the bilinguals ' language selection in various situations as well as the language attitudes held by these bilinguals. On the other hand, the bilinguals ' use of Arabic/French code mixing is studied by means of tape recordings of conversations. As far as Arabic is concerned, an account on the phonological and morphological structures of Standard Arabic and Algerian Arabic is giveno In the first chapter, there is a general in...

Despite the recognition of Arabic as a diglossic language with multiple regional varieties (RVs), Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) continues to be prioritised by educators in England. This study investigates tutors' perceptions on including RVs in their courses through 12 qualitative, semi-structured interviews with tutors from eight of the nine Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in England offering undergraduate degree courses with a major component in Arabic. The findings reveal that tutors' beliefs are often shaped by dominant language ideologies. However, there is growing evidence of change, with some HEIs embracing Arabic's diglossic, multidialectal nature by teaching both MSA and RVs, and tutors increasingly raising awareness of the sociolinguistic reality of Arabic use. Yet, as this is not always a formal part of the curriculum, not all learners benefit. These findings highlight the need for professional development to support tutors in aligning course content with the sociolinguistic reality of Arabic.

For many years, instructors and scholars of the Arabic language in American higher education schools have debated two pedagogical questions: (1) whether or not non-standardized Arabic varieties, Spoken Arabic, should be integrated with Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) in the foreign Arabic classroom, and if so, ( ) what that integration should look like (see Al-Batal, 2017). One of the prominent claims of those favoring MSA in the classroom is that MSA is the more prestigious language variety and therefore better represents Arabic literature, religious tradition and culture (Ryding, 1995:226) However, in the last two decades there has been an evolving pedagogical trend that aims to break the firewall of separation between these varieties and to call for a new vision that integrates both varieties in the Arabic classroom (Al-Batal, 2017b). One of the main arguments of this new trend is that it reflects the sociolinguistic changes taking place in Arabic speaking countries and is therefore more responsive to the students' learning needs. In this study, I aim to build on this argument and make a case for flexibility in teaching that allows for both Spoken Arabic varieties and the students' L1 in the Arabic L2 classroom. This study aims to validate the findings of previous studies in which the L1 was found to be an important tool and resource with which to build proficiency in the L2 classroom. Using the L1, specifically English, alongside spoken Arabic in the Arabic L2 classroom, reflects the sociolinguistic dynamics of the Arab world where English as a global language is widely used both online and in everyday Arabic conversation. The study suggests a model that is based on the communicative approach which focuses on activating vocabulary and building proficiency in Spoken Arabic with the help of the L1 language.

Omani Arabic has a large number of reduplicative verbs whose base is composed of a single syllable C 1 aC 2 . The base reduplicates into two distinct shapes C 1 aC 2 C 1 aC 2 or C 1 aC 2 C 2 aC 2 which are semantically intriguing as they acquire a new lexical meaning distinct from that expressed by the base. Being structurally long, semantically inaccessible and pragmatically succinct, OA reduplicative verbs predict an unprecedented shift in word formation in OA. Not only do they stand in a strange semantic relation with their bases, they are observed to be pragmatically versatile as they are used to serve the functions of griping, advising and entertaining. Such functions are untapped; previous work on reduplication has been devoted to the meanings of reduplication at the lexical level. The functions at the level of discourse and context have long been overlooked. This paper describes reduplicative verbs structurally and semantically. Dialogues where OA reduplicative verbs surface ...

Over the past two decades, the northeastern Jordanian Badia has been a focal point for extensive archaeological research, particularly in epigraphy and rock art documentation. The Badia Epigraphic Survey (BES) Project, launched in 2015, has played a crucial role in re-documenting Safaitic inscriptions and systematically recording newly discovered inscriptions and rock engravings. One of the most significant recent discoveries is a newly documented rock art depiction of an elephant in Wadi Salma, representing the first known example of its kind in the region. This study examines the stylistic features, cultural significance, and possible historical interpretations of this engraving, comparing it to similar elephant depictions found in Al-Ula and Hima (Saudi Arabia). The analysis highlights the influence of environmental, cultural, and artistic factors in rock art production within the harsh desert conditions. The presence of elephants in Arabian rock art suggests either direct encounters with these animals, artistic diffusion through trade, or secondhand knowledge from travelers and oral traditions. Additionally, references to the "Year of the Elephant" (570 CE) in Arabic literary sources raise questions about whether the depiction in Wadi Salma indicates a broader cultural recognition of elephants in pre-Islamic Arabia. However, due to the absence of associated inscriptions, determining the precise meaning of the engraving remains speculative. This study underscores the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in rock art research, integrating archaeology, epigraphy, and cultural history to better understand the significance of such depictions. These findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge on rock art in Jordanian Badia, shedding light on the dynamic cultural exchanges and artistic expressions of ancient desert communities.

Over the past two decades, the northeastern Jordanian Badia has been a focal point for extensive archaeological research, particularly in epigraphy and rock art documentation. The Badia Epigraphic Survey (BES) Project, launched in 2015, has played a crucial role in re-documenting Safaitic inscriptions and systematically recording newly discovered inscriptions and rock engravings. One of the most significant recent discoveries is a newly documented rock art depiction of an elephant in Wadi Salma, representing the first known example of its kind in the region. This study examines the stylistic features, cultural significance, and possible historical interpretations of this engraving, comparing it to similar elephant depictions found in Al-Ula and Hima (Saudi Arabia). The analysis highlights the influence of environmental, cultural, and artistic factors in rock art production within the harsh desert conditions. The presence of elephants in Arabian rock art suggests either direct encounters with these animals, artistic diffusion through trade, or secondhand knowledge from travelers and oral traditions. Additionally, references to the "Year of the Elephant" (570 CE) in Arabic literary sources raise questions about whether the depiction in Wadi Salma indicates a broader cultural recognition of elephants in pre-Islamic Arabia. However, due to the absence of associated inscriptions, determining the precise meaning of the engraving remains speculative. This study underscores the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in rock art research, integrating archaeology, epigraphy, and cultural history to better understand the significance of such depictions. These findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge on rock art in Jordanian Badia, shedding light on the dynamic cultural exchanges and artistic expressions of ancient desert communities.

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist eine möglichst ausführliche Bestandsaufnahme der ganzen "Bandbreite" (in später zu erläuterndem Sinne) kausativer Konstruktionen im Arabischen […]. Es versteht sich, daß die Darstellung eines solchen Gesamtspektrums auch die These und das Zugrundeliegen eines formalen wie inhaltlich funktionalen Gesamt- Z u s a m m e n h a n g s impliziert, ohne den sie ihren Sinn verlöre. Der formale Ordnungszusammenhang ist durch die variierende Komplexität der Ausdrucksmittel gegeben (hier bezogen auf den Ausdruck der kausativen Gesamtsituation) und in erster Annäherung aus dem Inhaltsverzeichnis der Arbeit ersichtlich; dies soll besagen: Die Präsentationsweise der verschiedenen Arten kausativer Konstruktionen richtet sich zunächst nach empirisch näherliegenden Entitäten, den grammatischen Strukturen. Funktionale Korrelate und Übergänge sollen im Zuge der Arbeit sukzessive eingeführt und erläutert werden. Zu den Übergangszonen gehören solche, die als kausationsint...

Puji syukur atas kehadirat Allah Swt atas rahmat dan karunia-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan penulisan skripsi ini. Sholawat serta salam tak lupa senantiasa dilimpahkan kepada sosok teladan umat Nabi Besar Muhammad Saw beserta keluarga dan para sahabat, semoga kita mendapatkan curahan syafa"atnya di hari akhir kelak. Skripsi ini penulis persembahkan untuk memenuhi persyaratan memperoleh gelar

Puji syukur atas kehadirat Allah Swt atas rahmat dan karunia-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan penulisan skripsi ini. Sholawat serta salam tak lupa senantiasa dilimpahkan kepada sosok teladan umat Nabi Besar Muhammad Saw beserta keluarga dan para sahabat, semoga kita mendapatkan curahan syafa"atnya di hari akhir kelak. Skripsi ini penulis persembahkan untuk memenuhi persyaratan memperoleh gelar

The sc/ence of wad', wh/ch deals w/th the relat/onsh/p between words and mean/ngs and was stud/ed /ndependently /n the 14th century, was enr/ched /n the follow/ng centur/es by the wr/t/ng of many works on /t. In th/s context, the 20th century stands out w/th the wr/t/ng of many works related to the sc/ence of wad'. In th/s study, Arab/c works wr/tten /n class/cal and modern styles /n the 20th century were exam/ned and the s/m/lar and d/fferent aspects of these works were d/scussed. The a/m of th/s study was to determ/ne the general status of the sc/ence of wad' /n the 20th century and how wad' was expla/ned. As a result of the study, /t was determ/ned that there were two d/fferent styles /n the ment/oned century due to the cont/nuat/on of the class/cal madrasah wr/t/ng trad/t/on on the one hand and the fact that wad' was taught /n un/vers/t/es and off/c/al educat/onal /nst/tut/ons on the other. In the study, /t was determ/ned that these two l/nes d/verged due to the adopt/on of d/fferent methods /n the explanat/on of the sc/ence of wad'. In add/t/on, /t was concluded that the scholars who wrote works /n the sc/ence of wad' /n the 20th century had d/fferent v/ews on var/ous /ssues.

This article, written in Persian, examines the concept of "ištiqāq" (derivation) in Arabic linguistics and traces its historical development in the works of grammarians, lexicographers, and Quranic scholars. It first defines "ištiqāq" both lexically and terminologically, highlighting its role as a process for identifying phonetic and semantic relationships among related words. The article then explores the status of "ištiqāq" in the works of prominent figures such as Al-ʾAṣmaʿī, Quṭrub, Ibn Durayd, Ibn Sarrāj, Sībawayh, Jawāliqī, Ibn Fāris, and Al-Suyūṭī, emphasizing its role in the compilation of lexicons, Quranic exegeses, and historical and literary sources. Different types of *ištiqāq* are discussed, including ištiqāq ṣaghīr, ištiqāq kabīr(major derivation, or metathesis), and ištiqāq akbar.  The article also analyzes differing views on the relationship between nouns and verbs in the derivation process, comparing the approaches of the Basran and Kufan grammatical schools. Furthermore, the interconnection between ištiqāq, morphology, syntax, and Quranic interpretation is highlighted, illustrating how Islamic scholars employed ištiqāq to analyze Quranic names, geographical terms, and proper nouns. Finally, the article reviews the role of ištiqāq in Arabic lexicography and Quranic exegesis, noting its continued relevance in the works of contemporary scholars. The article concludes that while ištiqāq never emerged as a fully independent discipline, it has remained an inseparable part of the linguistic, exegetical, and historical traditions of Islamic scholarship.

Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) has witnessed a meteoric rise that not only reshaped people's lives but also their language. In its early days, CMC was seen as an impersonal medium, effective in task-oriented communication but inadequate in socio-emotional conversations, because it lacks nonverbal cues. Against the development of CMC and the necessity of nonverbal information in communicative effectiveness, CMC offered its own version of nonverbal cues; hence the inception of emoticons that are mainly used to compensate facial expressions in face-to-face conversations and help CMC users to express their emotions in a fast brief way. Regarding the widespread use of social network sites and the development of CMC mediums, the use of emoticons has drawn the interests of many researchers. The current research adopts a Computer-Mediated Discourse Analysis approach to emoticon use. The study examines the role of gender as a social factor involved in nonverbal cues variation, focusing on the use of emoticons. Against the speculative claim that Arabic males and females differ in their linguistic choices, the analysis reveals that the role of gender was blurred in relation to emoticon use. Accordingly, gender considerations fade away in the Arabic Tunisian e-discourse.

This research delves into the English translation of Qaseeda al-Burda by Shakeel Qaderi, employing Mona Baker's Equivalence at Word Level framework. The study aims to scrutinize linguistic equivalence challenges, exploring nuances in word meanings, prepositional usage, and addressing non-equivalence issues. By applying Baker's principles, the research ensures precision and fidelity in capturing the poetic depth of the original Arabic verses. Through a mixed-method design, the analysis encompasses one-to-one relationships, semantic exploration, and the application of Baker's concepts to morphemes and propositional meanings. The study enhances our understanding of linguistic equivalence dynamics in the translation of poetic and religious texts.
Keywords: Qaseeda al-Burda, translation studies, Mona Baker, Equivalence at Word Level, linguistic equivalence, Arabic poetry

This article traces the metamorphoses of Arabic linguistics from the 16th century to the present day. They can be seen as successive points of view creating “Arabic” objects that are different from one another, but whose traces can be found even in today's Arabic linguistics. Four points of view are examined: orientalist, “semitological”, historical and sociolinguistic.

The main aim of the present research could be categorised as a twofold exercise, which by its very nature is theoretical while operating within the parameters of autopoietic applicative praxis at the same time. First, the primary goal is to reveal the layered network of lexical vocabularies, syntactical styles and the arelation between discourses concerning the quite ambiguous term "Quality of Life" (QoL). The research strategy is based on the concept of "attribute", as found in the Quran, linked to multiple meanings. To do this, the most important terms, the meanings of which represent life as following the findings of' Meaningcondensation', were chosen by using the 'Cross text technique' via the Quranic corpus website for their frequency analysis in the group. The end of this academic journey suggests a rather revealing finding that syntax and lexical semantics are isomorphic to each other and skilfully spin the magnificent web of meaningful discourses. Interesting to note is the fact that the definitive phrase 'quality of life' is nowhere to be seen in Quranic verses. Moreover, the very word 'quality' is missing, which is quite conspicuous in its absence. Nevertheless, the idea of QoL appears to be the given interest more often. Notably, the examination results in an array of four seemingly interrelated leading QoL factors, to which three terms bear deep meaning. These comprise the areas of faith and devotion, ideas and learning, sustenance, and relationships within the society.

This paper examines the macrostructural shift from verse to paragraph structure in English translations of the Qur'an, focusing on the transition from a running-text format to paragraph divisions. It addresses the Qur'an's unique linguistic and structural complexities and evaluates the impact of this shift on the fidelity to the source text and preservation of meaning. The paper also explores how this approach affects cross-cultural understanding and religious interpretation, assessing whether a paragraph format can adequately retain the original functions and meanings of Qur'anic suras in English. By analysing the strategies modern Qur'an translators use, the study demonstrates that the shift from verse to paragraph is a non-obligatory macrostructural change, reflecting considerations of the translator's objectives and the target audience's cultural and linguistic context. This shift is a deliberate choice, not dictated by language, but by the translator's goals of accessibility and skopos in the target text.

The work which will be presented in this paper is related to the building of an ontology of domain for the Arabic linguistics. We propose an approach of automatic construction that is using statistical techniques to extract elements of ontology from Arabic texts. Among these techniques we use two; the first is the "repeated segment" to identify the relevant terms that denote the concepts associated with the domain and the second is the "co-occurrence" to link these new concepts extracted to the ontology by hierarchical or nonhierarchical relations. The processing is done on a corpus of Arabic texts formed and prepared in advance.

Masal (maqol) bu hayotiy kuzatuv va tajribalar asosida shakllangan, avloddan avlodga hech qanday oʻzgarishsiz oʻtadigan, ixcham, loʻnda dono gap. Masal doim insonning koʻzi oldida turadi. nasihat qiladi, buyuradi, qaytaradi. unda uchta asosiy jihat bor lafzning qisqaligi (loʻndalik); maʼnoni yetkazib berish; goʻzal oʻxshatish. Har bir oʻz tiliga ega boʻlgan xalqning asrlar davomida sayqallangan oʻz maqol va matallari boʻladi. Mazkur maqola orqali tilshunoslikda maqol va matallarning olim va tadqiqotchilar orqali oʻrganilganligi haqida batafsil ma’lumotlar berilgan.

Language change is an inevitable and natural phenomenon, and address terms (ATs) in Egyptian Colloquial Arabic (ECA) are no exception. This study explored how 40 commonly used ATs have changed over time. It relied on historical data from Spitta (1880, 1883), Spiro (1895, 1923), Parkinson (1985), and Hinds & Badawi (1986), along with responses from a Google Forms questionnaire completed by 60 participants. The results show that the main type of change is semantic broadening, where the meanings of ATs have expanded to include more inclusive and versatile uses. This linguistic shift is influenced by cultural values that focus on solidarity rather than hierarchy, and the breakdown of class barriers, especially following the 1952 Revolution, creating a more equal system of address. By highlighting the interplay between language and society, the study offers valuable insights for educators and language professionals aiming to develop culturally relevant and effective teaching materials.

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Certainly! Here’s a revised version of the abstract in a more scientific tone:

The Accomplished Scholar Yaqub ibn Ahmad al-Kurdi: Linguistic Contributions and Intellectual Interactions in Medieval Nishapur

This study explores the scholarly legacy of Yaqub ibn Ahmad al-Kurdi, a distinguished lexicographer, poet, and educator in medieval Nishapur. Situated within an era marked by vibrant intellectual exchanges and religious diversity, the paper examines Yaqub’s contributions to Arabic linguistic studies and his engagement with Shia and Mu’tazila schools of thought.

His notable works, including Al-Akhtyarat al-Adabiyyah and analyses of prominent poets such as Al-Mutanabbi and Al-Buhturi, underscore his commitment to preserving the Arabic literary tradition. Yaqub’s approach integrated poetry as a tool for advancing grammatical and linguistic research. His contributions to Arabic pedagogy were pivotal in the evolution of lexicographic methodologies.

Key texts such as Al-Bulghah al-Mutamathil fi al-Lughah and Al-Muhadhdhab fi al-Masadir reveal his meticulous exploration of the interplay between Arabic and Persian, reflecting the broader linguistic and cultural exchanges in Nishapur’s intellectual milieu. These works highlight the dynamic interaction of languages and cultures in a region characterized by religious and ideological pluralism.

Despite his theological affiliations, Yaqub’s academic pursuits transcended doctrinal boundaries, exemplifying the complex intellectual fabric of Nishapur. This paper situates Yaqub’s lexicographic legacy within the broader context of medieval scholarship, emphasizing his role in fostering cross-linguistic and cultural dialogues.

Keywords: Yaqub ibn Ahmad al-Kurdi, Nishapur, Arabic Linguistics, Lexicography, Cross-Cultural Exchange, Intellectual History

Quran-based education is an approach in the world of education that makes the Quran the main foundation in the learning process and character formation of students. This approach aims to create a generation that is not only intelligent in science, but also has noble morals and deep spiritual understanding in accordance with Islamic teachings. In Quran-based education, the values contained in the revelation are applied in various aspects of learning. both in religious education and general education. This concept encourages the application of the teachings of the Quran in everyday life, both in the development of science, the formation of ethics, and improving the social quality of students. Through this approach, it is hoped that students can grow into individuals who are responsible, fair, and care about society, and are able to face life's challenges with strong moral guidance. Quran-based education is expected to produce a generation that not only excels in academics, but also has noble character and contributes positively to society.

The Jews who resided in Iraqi locales such as Kirkuk, Tuz Khurmatu and Khanaqin spoke Arabic dialects belonging to the southern Iraqi Kurdistan sub-branch of the qǝltu dialects. This paper seeks to determine the linguistic position of these dialects within the Jewish qǝltu dialects by analyzing fifteen key grammatical features. Some of these features align with the Jewish dialect of Baghdad, while others mirror the dialects of northern Iraqi Kurdistan, with some exhibiting variation between the two. This suggests that the dialects of southern Kurdistan are essentially northern qǝltu dialects that were heavily influenced by the Jewish dialect of Baghdad.

Cultural taboos, politeness norms, and idiomatic expressions are some salient aspects that must be included in ELT. Through these elements, communicative competence and intercultural understanding can be brought out among learners. Language and culture are inseparable; language teaching beyond grammatical and lexical competence will be socio-culturally sound. Cultural taboos such as what topics are inappropriate or offending in certain societies may bring misunderstanding if not
handled delicately. Similarly, politeness norms vary widely across cultures and influence how requests, refusals, and compliments are expressed. ELT teachers need to navigate these differences by creating awareness without imposing one cultural perspective over another. In many cases, idiomatic expressions carry a meaning that can only be said indirectly and cause problems with non- native speakers. To avoid misunderstandings, idiomatic expressions need to be provided in a context where they could be

accompanied by their explanations and illustrative examples. Cultural awareness in ELT encourages students to consider that their
culture plays a part in a language and puts them ready for cross-cultural communication without creating offense or
misunderstanding. This paper explores the importance of addressing these aspects in ELT, discussing strategies for teachers to
incorporate cultural taboos, politeness norms, and idiomatic expressions in a way that enriches students' language learning experience while promoting global communication skills. Through an inclusive and culturally sensitive learning environment, ELT programs can better equip learners to thrive in increasingly multicultural and interconnected global contexts.

Akulturasi budaya bahasa Kreol yang muncul pada abad ke-17 dan ke-18 di Indonesia, serta pelestariannya di era globalisasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah yang terdiri dari lima tahapan: pemilihan topik, pengumpulan sumber, verifikasi, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Bahasa Kreol, yang awalnya merupakan bahasa pidgin, berkembang menjadi bahasa yang memiliki kelompok penutur sendiri akibat interaksi antara berbagai latar belakang budaya, terutama dalam konteks perdagangan. Proses akulturasi ini dipengaruhi oleh kolonialisasi Eropa dan interaksi sosial yang intens. Selain itu, dokumen ini juga menyoroti dampak globalisasi terhadap bahasa Kreol, yang menyebabkan pergeseran budaya dan tantangan dalam pelestariannya. Melalui analisis dan sintesis sumber-sumber yang relevan, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang perkembangan dan keberlangsungan bahasa Kreol dalam konteks budaya Indonesia yang lebih luas.

Akulturasi budaya bahasa Kreol yang muncul pada abad ke-17 dan ke-18 di Indonesia, serta pelestariannya di era globalisasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah yang terdiri dari lima tahapan: pemilihan topik, pengumpulan sumber, verifikasi, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Bahasa Kreol, yang awalnya merupakan bahasa pidgin, berkembang menjadi bahasa yang memiliki kelompok penutur sendiri akibat interaksi antara berbagai latar belakang budaya, terutama dalam konteks perdagangan. Proses akulturasi ini dipengaruhi oleh kolonialisasi Eropa dan interaksi sosial yang intens. Selain itu, dokumen ini juga menyoroti dampak globalisasi terhadap bahasa Kreol, yang menyebabkan pergeseran budaya dan tantangan dalam pelestariannya. Melalui analisis dan sintesis sumber-sumber yang relevan, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang perkembangan dan keberlangsungan bahasa Kreol dalam konteks budaya Indonesia yang lebih luas.

Akulturasi budaya bahasa Kreol yang muncul pada abad ke-17 dan ke-18 di Indonesia, serta pelestariannya di era globalisasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah yang terdiri dari lima tahapan: pemilihan topik, pengumpulan sumber, verifikasi, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Bahasa Kreol, yang awalnya merupakan bahasa pidgin, berkembang menjadi bahasa yang memiliki kelompok penutur sendiri akibat interaksi antara berbagai latar belakang budaya, terutama dalam konteks perdagangan. Proses akulturasi ini dipengaruhi oleh kolonialisasi Eropa dan interaksi sosial yang intens. Selain itu, dokumen ini juga menyoroti dampak globalisasi terhadap bahasa Kreol, yang menyebabkan pergeseran budaya dan tantangan dalam pelestariannya. Melalui analisis dan sintesis sumber-sumber yang relevan, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang perkembangan dan keberlangsungan bahasa Kreol dalam konteks budaya Indonesia yang lebih luas.

Well-attested cross-linguistically the phenomenon appears to be constrained – not every possible intermixing of a pair of languages is allowed within a sentence. However, a certain amount of variation in CS patterns has already been documented cross-linguistically. A satisfactory account of CS thus raises (at least) the following theoretical questions: First, can an account be provided in terms of general principles of the grammar that are independent of CS, namely the principles of UG known to govern any natural language or does it require principles at work when two languages get mixed? Second, should the principles – be they

The study of language pathology has been going on longer and developing with the development of language studies, the problems encountered in learning speaking skills are often related to speech skills which sometimes enter the language pathology area which requires educator knowledge especially the interference of Arabic learners. This study aims to analyze speech problems and language in the classical study represented by Al-Jahiz seen through the perspective of modern linguistics. This study uses a qualitative approach with library data sources, descriptive analysis is done by reading the content and analyzed. The results showed that Al-Jahiz's views were divided into speech disorders and language disorders; lusghah, luknah, lahn and ayy. Jahiz saw lahn as the worst speech disorder, and he assumed that in lahn is not only caused by articulation factors and motor aphasia but can also be driven by personal factors to replace sounds that are difficult to pronounce with light sou...

While most studies focus on individual training of oral communication in English as a Foreign Language (EFL), this study took a social constructivist perspective in examining the effect of an interpersonal process, that is, peer feedback, on the development of oral communication performance and communication strategy use. A mobile application was developed to facilitate learners' engagement in discussion tasks, replay their conversation as well as carry out peer feedback. To examine the effect of mobile-assisted peer feedback, a quasi-experimental was conducted at a vocational university in Taiwan for five weeks. Forty EFL participants were assigned to an experimental group (n = 20), who received peer feedback on their oral communication performance and strategy use, and a control group (n = 20), who received no peer feedback on their oral communication ability and strategy use. The results show that the use of peer feedback enhanced students' oral communication performance but did not improve their communication strategy use. The findings suggest that with the support of mobile-based peer feedback, students were able to monitor their oral production and provide/receive corrective feedback that enhanced their overall communication performance. It was also found that the feedback provided by the students was not concrete enough to address the use of the target communication strategies. However, the peer feedback data show that students tended to provide varying communication strategies that were not taught in the study but were considered beneficial to their overall oral communication performance. Possible explanations for the findings and future directions are discussed in this paper.

القصة القصيرة هي عمل أدبي في شكل كتابة تحكي قصة خيالية، ثم صرًة بقصيرة وواضحة وموجزة. القصة القصيرة المعنونة " القلب الجارح " للنجيب الكليني قصة عن الصراعات الفردية والصراعات الإجتماعية. هذه القصة القصيرة هي أحد من أعمال أديب عالمي، وهو نجيب الكيلني ، الذي أعماله مشهور ومحبوب عند الأشخاص. ثم تتمتع هذه القصة القصيرة بجمال اللغة وتحتوي على الرسالت الألخالقية التي يريد المؤلّف إيصاله إلى القارئ. كما توجد فيه كلمات تحتوى على كلام الإنشاء الطلبي. لذلك امتدت الباحثة بدراسة علم المعاني، وخاصة فى كلام الإنشاء الطلبي. يهدف هذا البحث فيما يلي: (1) لمعرفة أنواع الكلام الإنشاء الطلبي في القصة القصيرة " القلب الجارح " للنجيب الكيلني.(2) ولمعرفة معانيها في القصة القصيرة " القلب الجارح " للنجيب الكيلني. و طريقة البحث المستخدمة في هذه البحث هي طريقة وصفية. والطريقة الوصفية هي الطريقة الذي يصف الجمل التي تضمنها "الكلام الإنشائي الطلبي"، وخاصة الجمل في القصة القصيرة " القلب الجارح " للنجيب الكيلني التي هي موضوع هذه الدراسة. وأما نتائج البحث فكما يلي : (1) وجدت الباحثة 40 قوال لكالم اإلنشاء الطلبي, منها: 11 تصريحًا من نوع الأمر ، 1 تصريحًا من نوع النهي ، 16 تصريحًا من نوع الاستفهام ، 3 تصريحات من نوع التمني (الترجي) ، 9 تصريحات من نوع النداء.

The Habituation in learning “language” is lessened trial and substantial in terms of mastery and language skills including mastery and Arabic language skills. Because the habituation is a basic requirement in the learning “language” itself. For language learners to be able to master the language being studied or taught in the learning needs of habituation and repetition continuously. On the other side of habituation, the language will have a positive influence on the development of language learners themselves. Therefore, the relation of the habituation in learning the language as an integral part of self-development for language learners. In this paper, the self-development approach used a humanistic approach. This approach is seen to have compatibility with habituation in language learning

Das Kausativpräfix /lá-/ vieler Mandingvarianten könnte seinen Ursprung in einem Verb mit der Bedeutung ‘stellen, legen’ haben, wodurch auch erklärbar wäre, warum das direkte Objekt des Satzes zum logischen Ausüber der im Verb ausgedrückten Handlung wird. Diese Annahme beruht auf folgenden Überlegungen:
1. Für /lá-/ muß wahrscheinlich eine andere Ursprungswortklasse als für andere Präfixe angenommen werden.
a) im Gegensatz zu allen anderen Verbpräfixen findet sich zu /lá-/ keine nominale Entsprechung, weshalb (entgegen den anderen Präfixen) ein nominaler Ursprung nicht bewiesen ist;
b) im Gegensatz zu anderen Präfixen kann unter der Annahme eines nominalen Ursprungs nicht die voraussichtliche Bedeutung der Ableitung (hier = Kausativ) als logisches Ergebnis der Kombination von Einzelelementen vorausgesagt werden. Ein nominaler Ursprung von /lá-/ könnte nicht erklären, warum /lá-/ und Verb zusammen kausative Funktion haben sollten;
c) gleichzeitig ist das kausative Verbpräfix /lá-/ das einzige ohne Entsprechung in Mandesprachen außerhalb der Westgruppe.
2. In Ostmandesprachen findet sich eine nicht morphologisch markierte Kausativstruktur, deren Ableitung im Manding einen logischen und morphologisch markierten Kausativ ergeben würde;
3. Diese Kausativstruktur ist sowohl phonologisch als auch durch existierende Abbauprozesse ins Manding übertragbar.

There has been much discussion regarding the identity of Dhul Qarnayn. From the very beginning, the sahaba, tabiun, tabi al-tabieen all gave varying opinions on what the identity of Dhul Qarnayn was.

This paper will argue that Dhul Qarnayn is King Solomonعليه السلام .

This paper is an attempt to solve a controversy related to the phasal status of adjective phrases (APs). It focuses on APs in Arabic. Given that APs in Arabic are marked for (in)definiteness on a par with nominals, APs modifying definite nouns are, accordingly, DPs. In this paper, I prove that Adjectival DPs in Arabic are not phases. Hence, I argue against Boskovic’s (2012, 2014) view in favor of Hinzen’s (2012) view that APs are not phases. By applying the three-levelled tests: syntactic, P(honetic)F(orm)-based, and L(ogical)F(orm)-based, the paper proves that Arabic modifying adjective phrases do not comply with all the phasal diagnostics.

There has been much discussion regarding the identity of Dhul Qarnayn. From the very beginning, the sahaba, tabiun, tabi al-tabieen all gave varying opinions on what the identity of Dhul Qarnayn was.

This paper will argue that Dhul Qarnayn is King Solomonعليه السلام .

Diglossia in Arabic Linguistics differenciates Arabic into two forms, fusha and ammiyya. Teaching fusha only, students are taught the wrong from of language because it is not used for ordinary oral communication by any group of people in the Arab world. Teaching ammiyya only students will not develop their ability to read and write Arabic. Should we teach both fusha and ammiyya simultaneously and separately or independently? What kind of alternative approach can be proposed for the future of the TAFL based on the integration of Formal and Colloquial Arabic? In the hope of overcoming the problem of Teaching Arabic as a Foreign Language due to diglossia, Educated Spoken Arabic (ESA) which intersects with educated colloquial and written Arabic and cuts across regional vernacular boundaries, is proposed as an alternative for future TAFL, because its features are closest to both Fusha and Ammiyya and can be used for everyday intercourse, as well as for reading and for understanding forma...

This case study is centred on the 17th-century Jerusalem Sharia Court Records (henceforth JSCRs) and scrutinises the linguistic intricacies within the legal documents associated with the Franciscan Custody of the Holy Land during the Ottoman era. The study notably highlights the dearth of dedicated research on Middle Arabic (henceforth MA) within the Ottoman period, with the seminal work of Lentin (1997) standing as a noteworthy exception. Furthermore, it underscores the limited scholarly attention, with the recent contributions by Wagner (2021) and Zack (2022) representing a promising addition to the scholarly discourse.
The central focus lies in elucidating the manifestation of MA features within legal texts, notably exemplified in documents like JSCRs. Moreover, the study undertakes an investigation into the redaction process of the ḥuğğa deeds, accentuating the significance of their intricate revision in discerning the extent of textual corrections within these documents.
The research examines 100 ḥuğğa deeds, employing the scholarly framework posited by Den Heijer (2012). Utilising Lentin’s methodology (1997), the present study draws upon diverse linguistic traits across various domains, analysing and classifying them. The investigation aims to establish a comprehensive understanding of the MA features intricately woven into these texts.
By shedding light on the linguistic and cultural nuances embedded within the JSCRs, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the Ottoman-era sociolinguistic context. The findings have broader implications for the study of linguistic volution and the socio-historical dynamics prevalent in the Ottoman Bilād al-Šām.

D'après la grammaire arabe, un fadoit apparaître entre la protase (p) et l'apodose (q) d'un système hypothétique en ʾin dès lors que l'apodose ne saurait être protase, c'est-à-dire dès lors que l'apodose n'a pas la forme faʿala (accompli neutre du point de vue du temps) ou yafʿal (inaccompli apocopé). Sa présence ne relève toutefois pas que d'une contrainte formelle, encore répond-elle à une nécessité sémantique : les systèmes ʾin p, q marqueraient une connexion logique où q serait le conséquent logique de p, son antécédent ; les systèmes ʾin p fa-q marqueraient, eux, une connexion pragmatique, c'est-à-dire tout le reste. La reconnaissance, ancienne par la tradition arabe médiévale et récente par celle arabisante, de deux valeurs fondamentales du fāʾ, causal (sababiyya) pour l'un, illatif (taʿlīliyya) pour l'autre, invite toutefois à entrevoir que ʾin p fa-q abrite certes la connexion pragmatique mais également, pour partie, la connexion logique, la distinction semblant syntaxiquement motivée : le fāʾ sababiyya précédant ce qui ne se présente pas comme une assertion, le fāʾ taʿlīliyya, lui, s'antéposant justement à une assertion. Cet article ambitionne alors de montrer, à partir d'un grand nombre d'exemples, que cela vaut, tant en synchronie qu'en diachronie, pour si p fa-q, où si est mis à la place de ʾin tout aussi bien que de ʿiḏā et law. Il montrera, par ailleurs, d'une part que lorsque l'apodose est au futur, une ambiguïté interprétative se fait jour entre relation causale ou bien illative, et d'autre part que

It is conventionally accepted that Persian has a fix and final word-stress pattern. There is one case however, where this general pattern is deviated systematically,, namely: the stress pattern of the metra when recited traditionally by Persian prosodists. In this case, the stress pattern is not fix, contrary to the Persian word-stress pattern. It will be shown that this idiosyncratic stress pattern is the same as the Classical Arabic stress pattern. It will be argued that the Persian prosodists have used this odd stress pattern in the recitation of metra imitating the Arab prosodists' pronunciation of the metra. Subsequently, the later Persian prosodists have learned this imitated stress pattern through a purely oral educational system of prosody, preserved over centuries in Persian.
پژوهشگران تکیۀ واژگانی فارسی رسمی را ثابت و پایانی می­ دانند
اما در یک مورد، از این قاعده به­ صورت چشمگیری عدول می شودکه عبارت است از الگوی تکیۀ ارکان عروضی حین قرائت عروض ­دانان از زنجیره ­های وزنی؛ در این شیوۀ قرائت، هر رکن تکیه ­ای می­ گیرد که محل آن نه ثابت است و نه لزوماً در هجای پایانی (یعنی کاملاً برخلاف الگوی تکیۀ واژگانی فارسی)، در حالی ­که وقتی همین ارکان عروضی به ­صورت کلمات مستقل در جملات عادی فارسی به ­کار رود، همواره با تکیۀ عادی فارسی، یعنی روی هجای آخر تلفظ می­ شود. ما نشان می­ دهیم که الگوی تکیۀ نامعمول در این شیوۀ قرائت عروض ­دانان از ارکان عروضی (و نه در قرائت خود شعر)، کاملاً منطبق بر الگوی تکیۀ عربی کلاسیک بوده، به ­عبارت ­دیگر این الگوی تکیه هیچ ارتباطی با ویژگی­ های تکیۀ فارسی ندارد بلکه همان الگوی تکیۀ عربی کلاسیک است که در مقام سنتی ادبی و به­ صورت شفاهی و سینه ­به ­سینه منتقل شده است.

L’analyse des emprunts que les variétés berbères du Nord du Maroc ont faits à l’arabe a trouvé sur son chemin la frontière nord-ouest de la classification zénète-sanhadja qui se base sur la répartition ethnique khaldounienne des Berbères. L’examen des données linguistiques et des éléments historiques sur les plan vertical et horizontal a montré que les éléments sur lesquels se base cette classification ont été générés par les différents types de contacts des variétés  dites zénètes avec plusieurs types d’arabe qui ont été  introduits dans la Berbérie/Tamezgha pendant notamment les premiers siècles de la conquête arabe.