Automotive Engineering

Fren kuvveti uygulanan tekerlek aracın hızına uygun olmayan şekilde yavaş dönerse bu olaya kayma denir. Serbest dönen tekerlek %0 kaymalıdır. Kilitlenmiş olan tekerleğin kayması % 100'dür. En ideal fren durumu tekerleğin durduğu anda değil lastik ve zemin durumuna göre %10 veya %50 kayma durumudur. İstenilen kaymanın elde edilebilmesi için gerekli fren basıncı lastik ile yol arasındaki bağlantı kuvvetine bağlıdır. Bu kuvvet katsayısı kuru zeminde yüksek , ıslak zeminde daha düşük , buzlu zeminde çok düşük bir değerdir. ABS bütün bu zemin durumlarına uyum sağlayarak tekerlekleri istenilen kayma aralığında tutmayı amaçlar. Islak veya kaygan zeminde sürücü aniden frene bastığı zaman aracın kayması çok kolaydır. Frenlerin aniden devreye sokulması tekerleklerin kilitlenerek kaymasına neden olur. Araç hareketine devam etmekle kalmaz, istikamet dengesi ve direksiyon hâkimiyeti de kaybolur. Böyle bir durumda aracın frenleri devamlı değil, ara ara pompalayarak aracın dengesini korunabilir ve böylece direksiyon hâkimiyeti kaybedilmez. Ancak bu durumda da durma mesafeniz çok artar. Bu sakıncaları ortadan kaldırmak için araçlarda ABS (Anti-Lock Brake System) kullanılmaktadır. ABS genel olarak, kaygan zeminlerde ani ve stabil bir şekilde durmayı sağlayan fren sistemi olarak tanımlanır. Kaygan bir zeminde acemi bir sürücü eğer aracında ABS sistemi varsa, ABS olmayan usta bir sürücüye göre çok daha rahat ve erken durabilir. Sistem bilgisayar kontrollü çalıştığından sürücü sadece frene basılı tutar, gerisini sistem otomatik halleder.

Ön düzen geometrisi, ön tekerleklerin, süspansiyon ve direksiyon parçalarının birbiriyle olan açısal ilişkileri olarak tanımlanır. Bu parçaların gövde veya şasiye birleştirilmelerinden sonra geometrik açı ve boyutlarının ayarlanması da ön düzen ayarı olarak tanımlanır. Taşıtlardaki ön düzen ayarı genel itibariyle rot ayarı olarak da tanımlanabilmektedir. Direksiyon ve süspansiyon sistemlerinin görevlerini kusursuz bir şekilde yapabilmeleri için ön tekerlek açıları doğru olarak düzenlenmelidir. Bu düzenlemeler sürüş performansını, direksiyon kararlılığını ve parçalarının dayanıklılığını artırmak için yapılır.

Objective: Human body finite element models (FE-HBMs) are available in standard occupant or pedestrian postures. There is a need to have FE-HBMs in the same posture as a crash victim or to be configured in varying postures. Developing FE models for all possible positions is not practically viable. The current work aims at obtaining a posture-specific human lower extremity model by reconfiguring an existing one. Methodology: A graphics-based technique was developed to reposition the lower extremity of an FE-HBM by specifying the flexion–extension angle. Elements of the model were segregated into rigid (bones) and deformable components (soft tissues). The bones were rotated about the flexion–extension axis followed by rotation about the longitudinal axis to capture the twisting of the tibia. The desired knee joint movement was thus achieved. Geometric heuristics were then used to reposition the skin. A mapping defined over the space between bones and the skin was used to regenerate the soft tissues. Mesh smoothing was then done to augment mesh quality. Results: The developed method permits control over the kinematics of the joint and maintains the initial mesh quality of the model. For some critical areas (in the joint vicinity) where element distortion is large, mesh smoothing is done to improve mesh quality. Conclusions: A method to reposition the knee joint of a human body FE model was developed. Repositions of a model from 9 degrees of flexion to 90 degrees of flexion in just a few seconds without subjective interventions was demonstrated. Because the mesh quality of the repositioned model was maintained to a predefined level (typically to the level of a well-made model in the initial configuration), the model was suitable for subsequent simulations.

Engine downsizing is desired for modern heavy-duty vehicles to enhance fuel economy and reduce emissions. However, the smaller engines usually cannot overcome the parasitic loads during engine start-up. A new clutch system is designed to disconnect the downsized engine from the parasitic losses prior to the idling speed. A multi-scale, multi-physics model is developed to study the clutch system. Multi-body dynamics is used to study the combined translational-rotational motions of the clutch components. A micro-scale contact model is incorporated to represent the frictional characteristics of the sliding surfaces. Although the clutch is designed for dry contact operation, leakage of actuating hydraulic fluid can affect the interfacial frictional characteristics. These are integrated into the multi-body dynamic analysis through tribometric studies of partially wetted surfaces using fresh and shear-degraded lubricants. Multi-scale simulations include sensitivity analysis of key operating parameters, such as contact pressure. This multi-physics approach is not hitherto reported in the literature. The study shows the importance of adhesion in dry clutch engagement, enabling full torque capacity. The same is also noted for any leakage of significantly shear-degraded lubricant into the clutch interfaces. However, the ingression of fresh lubricant into the contact is found to reduce the clutch torque capacity.

Despite its risks, an increasing number of buyers share design work with their suppliers. However, the outsourcing of design work has been relatively neglected in the literature. Based on mail survey data from 174 U.S. and 122 Japanese automotive component suppliers with product design capability, this study investigates the degree of supplier involvement in design and the factors leading to supplier involvement. The two strongest predictors of the degree of early supplier involvement in design in both Japan and the United States are the degree of technological uncertainty and supplier technical capabilities. Automotive companies are more likely to outsource designs of high uncertainty and select suppliers of high technical capability for design outsourcing. Technological uncertainty also has interaction effects-in the United States, high uncertainty makes customers want to give greater design responsibility to highly technically capable suppliers and those who are most dependent on them as a percent of supplier sales. Overall, the study supports notions of convergence between the U.S. and Japanese supplier management practices in joint product development.

The state estimation and the analysis of load flow are very important subjects in the analysis and management of Electrical Power Systems (EPS). This article describes the state estimation in EPS using the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and the method of Holt to linearize the process model and then calculates a performance error index as indicators of its accuracy. Besides, this error index can be used as a reference for further comparison between methodologies for state estimation in EPS such as the Unscented Kalman Filter, the Ensemble Kalman Filter, Monte Carlo methods, and others. Results of error indices obtained in the simulation process agree with the order of magnitude expected and the behavior of the filter is appropriate due to follows adequately  the true value of the state variables. The simulation was done using Matlab and the electrical system used corresponds to the IEEE 14 and 30 bus test case systems. State Variables to consider in this study are the voltage and angle magnitudes.

In this paper, we describe an intelligent signal analysis system employing the wavelet transformation towards solving vehicle engine diagnosis problems. Vehicle engine diagnosis often involves multiple signal analysis. The developed system first partitions a leading signal into small segments representing physical events or stateds based on wavelet mutli-resolution analysis. Second, by applying the segmentation result of the leading signal to the other signals, the detailed properties of each segment, including inter-signal relationships, are extracted to form a feature vector. Finally a fuzzy intelligent system is used to learn diagnostic features from a training set containing feature vectors extracted from signal segments at various vehicle states. The fuzzy system applies its diagnostic knowledge to classify signals as abnormal or normal. The implementation of the system is described and experiment results are presented.

Real-time simulations refer to the simulations of a physical system where model equations for one time-step are solved within the same time period as in reality. An FPGA/CPU-based real-time simulation platform is presented in this paper, with a full-electric vehicle model implemented in a central processing unit (CPU) board and an electric drive model implemented in a field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) board. It has been a challenge to interface two models solved with two different processors. In this paper, one open-loop and three closed-loop interfaces are proposed. Real-time simulation results show that the best method is to transmit electric machine speed from the vehicle model to the electric derive model, with feedback electric machine torque calculated in FPGA. In addition, a virtual vehicle testing tool (CarMaker) is used when building the vehicle model, achieving more accurate modeling of vehicle subsystems. The presented platform can be used to verify advanced vehicle c...

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Published: 1 Sept , 2019 Today most accidents are caused by drivers’ fatigue, drowsiness and losing attention on the road ahead. In this paper, a system is introduced, using RGB-D cameras to automatically identify drowsiness and give warning. In this system two important modules have been utilized simultaneously to identify the state of driver’s mouth and eyes for detecting drowsiness. At first, using the depth information, the mouth area and its state are identified. Then using CNN networks, to predict whether the eyes are open or closed, a semi-VGG architecture is used .The results of yawning and eyes states detection are integrated to decide whether an alarm should be issued. The results show an accuracy of about 90% which is encouraging.

Previous investigations show that soot particle volume fraction and number density were significantly reduced by exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) diluents CO 2 and H 2 O. However, these investigations were often convoluted by their experimental flame configurations and primarily focused on soot volume fraction rather than soot inception. To isolate the effects on soot inception and the corresponding chemistry, the current study measured the reactivity of CO 2 (up to 9.5% volume fraction) for both C 2 H 2 (1.00% volume fraction) and CH 4 (1.85% volume fraction) fuels in homogeneous mixtures. Computed effect of H 2 O on these and other fuels are also presented. Experiments were performed at high temperature (1640 K and 1770 K) and high equivalence ratios (U = 55 and 75) to understand the effect of CO 2 on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and formation of nascent soot particles with negligible oxygen influence. Experimental results show that CO 2 enhanced the soot inception rate when added to C 2 H 2 but had an undetectable affect on CH 4. Gas chromatography confirmed that CO 2 increases CO mole fraction and reduces C 2 H 2 fuel concentration. Chemical kinetic simulations showed that the C 2 H 2 was being converted to soot precursors. CO 2 enhanced the soot inception rate for C 2 H 2 by producing OH radicals. Images of nascent soot particles produced in the presence of CO 2 were used to determine the size of PAH molecules in the particles and particle morphology. Both attributes were similar to particles formed without CO 2. CO 2 had little impact on the long reaction pathway from CH 4 to PAH molecules because H and CH 3 radicals propagated these reactions more readily than OH radicals.

This paper presents a modelling and simulation approach for determining the optimal degree-of-hybridisation for the drive train (engine, electric machine size) and the energy storage system (battery, ultra capacitor) for a medium-duty truck. The results show that the degree-of-hybridisation of known medium-duty hybrid electric trucks is close to the optimal degree-of-hybridisation using the methods as described in this paper. Furthermore, it is found that the Li-ion battery is from an energy and power density as well as cost point of view the most preferable energy storage system.

A device built in a camshaft drive chain sprocket for detecting precise torque fluctuation with minimum change on the valve drive system dynamical characteristics was developed. Strain gages are placed on thin plate areas in the sprocket disc. The signal from the circuit goes through frequency modulation and is transmitted to demodulation circuit via coil antennas. By this arrangement, almost perfect linearity was observed in the relationship of the output voltage and the applied torque. Torque fluctuation measured with this device on a model cylinder head driven by a variable speed motor showed good correlation with simulation results. .

Measurements of gaseous species and temperature profiles for RDX/BAMO pseudo-propellants were performed to study their decomposition and the chemical and physical effects of their binder ingredient, 3,3Ј-bis-azidomethyl-oxetane (BAMO), on the base ingredient, 1,3,5-trimethylene trinitramine (RDX). The propellants were made from a physical mixture of RDX and BAMO in weight ratio of 80:20. Experiments were conducted at atmospheric pressure in argon with heat fluxes of 100 and 400 W/cm 2 delivered by a CO 2 laser. Gaseous samples were extracted through the use of quartz microprobes and analyzed by a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (TQMS). Temperature profiles were measured using micro-thermocouple techniques to investigate surface and gas-phase reaction zones identified by the species measurement. Results of species and temperature measurements showed chemical and physical interactions between the two ingredients. From the species measurements, products of each ingredient, RDX and BAMO, were found to exist simultaneously throughout the gas phase; however, primary reaction chemistry in the gas phase was dominated by RDX. Three different categories of gaseous products were identified in the species measurements: species common to both BAMO and RDX; from RDX or BAMO only; and those which can not be attributed to RDX or BAMO alone. Surface temperatures were ϳ640 and ϳ670 K at 100 and 400 W/cm 2 , respectively, while that of RDX was ϳ610 K for both heat fluxes. The temperature profiles showed the existence of an isothermal region in the gas phase, with the temperature of ϳ1200 K at 100 W/cm 2 and ϳ1500 K at 400 W/cm 2 . The effect of BAMO in RDX/BAMO was clearly evident in the change of surface mole fractions and profiles of major species, expansion of reaction zones, and the constant temperature profile in the gas phase.

The combustion of hydrogen in a hot, bubbling bed of quartz sand fluidized by air has been studied for the first time, by injecting hydrogen just above the distributor, via six horizontal fine tubes of Cr/Ni. Overall the fluidizing gas was oxygen-rich, with the composition varying from nearly stoichiometric to very lean mixtures. With the bed initially fluidized at room temperature, combustion (after ignition by a pilot flame) occurs in a premixed flame sitting on top of the bed. When the sand warms up, combustion becomes explosive in bubbles leaving the bed, exactly as with a hydrocarbon as fuel. However, in contrast to hydrocarbons, it is clear that when the bed reaches 500-600 • C, heat is produced both above the top of the bed (because of H 2 bypassing the bed) and very low down in the bed. In fact, with hydrogen as fuel, the location of where bubbles ignite descends abruptly to low in the sand; furthermore, the descent occurs at ∼500 • C, which is ∼100 K below the ignition temperature predicted by well-established kinetic models. However, the kinetic models do reproduce the observations, if it is assumed that the Cr/Ni hypodermic tubes, through which the fuel was injected, exert a catalytic effect, producing free H atoms, which then give rise to HO 2 radicals. In this situation, kinetic modeling indicates that bubbles ignite when they become sufficiently large and few enough to have a lifetime (i.e. the interval between their collisions) longer than the ignition delay for the temperature of the sand. The amounts of NO found in the off-gases were at a maximum (24 ppm), when the bed was at ∼500 • C for λ = [O 2 ]/[O 2 ] stoich = 1.05. The variations of [NO] with [air]/[H 2 ] and also temperature indicate that NO is produced, at least partly, via the intermediate N 2 H. In addition, the air-afterglow emission of green light (from NO +O → NO 2 +hν)

CO 2 adsorption with solid sorbents is one of the most promising options for post-combustion CO 2 capture strategies. Typical post-combustion flue-gas conditions are CO 2 1-15% vol. and atmospheric pressure and the performances of solid sorbents under typical flue gas conditions have been poorly investigated. In that condition the CO 2 uptake capacity is influenced primarily by material functionality effects rather than material pore metrics so materials with a distinctive surface chemistry (presence of activated surface atoms or sites) could find applications in adsorption technologies. Hence the sorbent selection became a key point because the materials should be convenient from the economic point of view but versatile in postcombustion conditions. Recent studies of CO 2 adsorption on low-cost iron metal oxide surfaces strongly encourage the possible use of metal oxide as sorbents, but the tendency of magnetite particles to agglomerate causes a lowering of CO 2 uptake capacity. The dispersion of magnetite nanoparticles on carbonaceous matrix appears to be a promising strategy to overcome this shortcoming. This work investigates the adsorption behavior of CO 2 on composite materials prepared coating a low-cost commercial carbon black (CB) with magnetite fine particles. The CO 2 capture capacity of composites produced at different CB load was evaluated on the basis of the breakthrough times measured at atmospheric pressure and room temperature in a lab-scale fixed bed micro-reactor. A CB-FM composite has been selected to verify the possibility of carrying out a two-stage operation and the thermochemical stability in a sound assisted fluidized bed. To this aim the reactor has been firstly operated for CO 2 adsorption and then for regeneration. The effect of multiple cycles of adsorption and desorption steps has been also quantified.

Fast charging is an essential stakeholder concern for achieving a deeper penetration of Electric Vehicles (EVs), as optimizing the charging times of conventional vehicles is as yet a bottleneck to be solved. An important drawback of EV’s fast charging lies in the degradation suffered by the Li-ion Batteries (LIBs) at high charging currents. A deep understanding of the how these fast-charging activities affect the LIBs’ degradation is necessary in order to design appropriate fast charging stations and EV powertrains for different scenarios and contexts. In this regard, the present paper analyzes the effect of fast charging on Libs’ degradation under operation profiles from real driving cycles. Specifically, Battery Electric Buses (BEBs) driving profiles from three demos in European Cities (Gothenburg, Osnabrück and Barcelona) have been used in this analysis. In order to deduce the best practices for the design of the charging stations, different sizes for the chargers have been simul...

Driver distraction and inattention are prominent causes of automotive collisions. To enable driver assistance systems to address these problems, we require new sensing approaches to infer a driver's focus of attention. In this paper, we present a new 3D tracking algorithm and integrate it into HyHOPE, a real-time (30fps) Hybrid Head Orientation and Position Estmation system for driver head tracking. With a single video camera, the system continuously tracks the head in six degrees-of-freedom, initializing itself automatically with separate modules for head detection and head pose estimation. The tracking module provides a fine estimate of the 3D motion of the head, using a new appearance-based algorithm for 3Dmodel tracking by particle filtering in an augmented reality environment. We describe our implementation, which utilizes OpenGL-optimized graphics hardware to efficiently compute particle samples in real-time. To quantitatively evaluate the accuracy of our system, we compare its estimation results to a marker-based cinematic motion capture system installed in an automotive testbed. We evaluate the system on real daytime and nighttime drives with drivers of varying ages, race, and sex.

The asymptotic structure of laminar, moderately rich, premixed methane flames is analyzed using a reduced chemical-kinetic mechanism comprising four global reactions. This reduced mechanism is different from those employed in previous asymptotic analyses of stoichiometric and lean flames, because a steady-state approximation is not introduced for CH 3 . The aim of the present analysis is to develop an asymptotic model for rich flames, which can predict the rapid decrease of the burning velocity with increasing equivalence ratio . In the analysis, the flame structure is presumed to consist of three zones: a preheat zone with a normalized thickness of the order of unity, a thin reaction zone, and a postflame zone. The preheat zone is presumed to be chemically inert, and in the postflame zone the products are in chemical equilibrium and the temperature is equal to the adiabatic flame temperature T b . In the reaction zone the chemical reactions are presumed to take place in two layers: the inner layer and the oxidation layer. The rate constants of these reactions are evaluated at T 0 , which is the characteristic temperature at the inner layer. In the inner layer the dominant reactions taking place are those between the fuel and radicals, and between CH 3 and the radicals. An important difference between the structure of the inner layer of rich flames and that of lean flames analyzed previously is the enhanced influence of the chain-breaking reaction CH 3 ϩ H ϩ (M) 3 CH 4 ϩ (M) in rich flames. Here M represents any third body. This reaction decreases the concentration of H radicals, which in turn decreases the values of the burning velocity. In the oxidation layer of rich flames, the reactive-diffusive balance of O 2 is considered. This differs from the structure of the oxidation layer of lean flames where the reactive-diffusive balance of H 2 and CO was of primary interest. The burning velocities calculated using the results of the asymptotic analysis agree reasonably well with the burning velocities calculated numerically using chemical-kinetic mechanisms made up of elementary reactions. The values of the characteristic temperature at the inner layer T 0 are found to increase with increasing values of the equivalence ratio and to approach T b at ϭ 1.36. When T 0 is very close to T b , the asymptotic analysis developed here is no longer valid and an alternative asymptotic analysis must be developed for even larger equivalence ratios.

Global opportunities in the auto industry have resulted in increases in production outside North America. This paper reports the results of a study in which a group of small automotive suppliers assessed the appropriateness of global entry strategies, and evaluated the degree of asset specificity and risks

Informing the users about their environment is of extreme importance for their full and independent functioning in the traffic system. Today's development of technology provides the user the access to information about their environment by using the smartphone device at any moment if there is a defined applicative solution. For this, it is necessary to define the user's environment according to the Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) concept, which understands adequate technology of gathering, processing and distribution of information. This paper presents the proposal of the solution for informing the traffic network users about the environment for the defined group of users based on the beacon technology. The mentioned solution is based on the results of two separate studies about the needs of users who move along a part of the traffic network. The aim of the proposed solution is to provide the user with precise and real-time information and to raise the level of safety during m...

The introduction of airbags into automobiles has significantly improved the safety of the occupants. Unfortunately, airbags can also cause fatal injuries if the occupant is a child smaller (in weight) than a typical six-year-old. Between 1986 and 2001, 19 infants and 85 children were killed by airbags during relatively minor vehicle collisions. In addition to these infant and child deaths, there have also been seven adults killed by airbags due to their proximity to the airbag during deployment. In response to these deaths, the National Highway Transportation and Safety Administration has mandated that, starting in the 2006 model year, all automobiles be equipped with automatic airbag suppression. The suppression of the airbag based on the type of occupant can be framed as a two-class classification problem, while the suppression of the airbag based on the location of the occupant relative to the airbag can be framed as an occupanttracking problem. This paper describes an integrated real-time vision-based occupant classification and tracking system using a single grayscale camera with commercially available processing hardware. The classification system has achieved a classification accuracy of approximately 98%. Likewise, the tracking system has demonstrated the ability to detect a dangerous proximity of the occupant relative to the airbag within only 7 ms.

In the present time, the automobiles running on the roads have drastically increased in number due to the advancement in the sector with low cost to offer to the people. Though this has made the life sophisticated as well as has made our life easier in terms of travelling and transportation, this has dragged us towards a major issue regarding the pollution it causes to the atmosphere. The compression ignition engine that are used in the vehicles produces a large amount of obnoxious gases like NO X , HC, CO, etc. The existing catalytic converter that is used in order to convert this harmful gases are not meeting the demands of euro 6 emission standards as well as they are inadequate to work in very high temperature. In order overcome this issue and make the system more efficient, the existing catalytic converter's ceramic structure can be modified by applying a wash coat of Cu catalyst to it which results in lower NO even at high exhaust temperature.

BMW has never disappointed any of the customer when it comes to dynamic sporty driving experience on the road. It is the car of dreams in every aspect. Powerful engines, dynamic power range, beautiful interior and elegant exterior make it the best choice for buyer.

The increasing number of traffic fatalities in recent years has become a serious social problem, making it imperative to find scientific and effective ways of preventing accidents on the road. An important step in this direction is to identify the causes underlying each accident pattern. This paper presents a study of the causes of rear-end collision, focusing on the danger of the driver's mis-judgment of the brake timing in approaching a preceding vehicle. The results indicated that drivers showed inappropriate judgment in some situations.

This paper describes first results from the AutoMoDe (Automotive Model-Based Development) project. The overall goal of the project is to develop an integrated methodology for model-based development of automotive control software, based on problem-specific design notations with an explicit formal foundation. Based on the existing AutoFOCUS framework [1], a tool prototype is being developed in order to illustrate and validate the key elements of our approach.

The structures of atmospheric-pressure, fuel-rich, premixed benzene-air flames have been described by the concentration profiles of reactants and also major and minor combustion products, as measured along the axes of two benzene/air flames with different C/O ratios (0.72 and 0.77). The main effect of the C/O ratio was on the flame temperature and on the final yields of CO, C 2 H 2 , polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and soot, whereas the relative distributions of the light hydrocarbons and PAHs did not change on increasing the C/O ratio. Large amounts of phenol and cyclopentadiene were found early on in the flames. Acetylene and methane were the dominant hydrocarbon products and had much larger concentrations later on than the C 3 -C 4 unsaturated hydrocarbons. PAHs were formed within the main reaction zone and were rapidly destroyed, while soot was formed. Some small differences in the distribution of PAHs were found with an aliphatic fuel. The concentration of PAHs as evaluated by gas chromatography takes into account a very small amount of condensed species, which are formed in significant quantities at soot inception and then consumed while soot is formed.

Recent years have seen an increase in the use of electric traction drives for automotive applications. This field is rapidly advancing thanks to the drive for greater power density in such drive systems, and this can place additional demands on the DC link capacitor. This component must maintain high reliability and long life, while storing large amounts of charge at high voltage, but the constraints it introduces are often not considered fully. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of this field at the present time, which is currently lacking in the literature; identify limitations of current technology; and provide impetus for future research. Current dielectric materials and their suitability for this application are assessed and compared, and then the direction of current research into novel materials is investigated. Capacitance, μF 1000 ± 10% Operating voltage, VDC 200 to 450 Peak transient voltage for 50 ms 700 Energy density, J/cm 3 ≥0.2 Leakage current at operating voltage, mA ≤1 Dissipation factor, % <2 Ripple current, amp rms 100 continuous Transient ripple current, amp rms for 50 ms 300 Temperature range of ambient air, °C-40 to 140 Volume, l ≤1.2 Cost ≤$30 Failure mode Benign Life @ 80% rated voltage >10,000 hr, 120°C

The Indian government is introducing Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) emissions standards (equivalent to Euro VI standards) from 2020, completely bypassing Stage V standards. For commercial vehicles with diesel engines, these standards will reduce the NOx emissions by 88% and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions by 66% from current BS IV standards. Table 1 shows tailpipe emissions and test cycles for BS IV and BS VI emissions standards [1]. Table 1. Tailpipe emissions standards for India.

h i g h l i g h t s Multi-dimensional, quasi-discrete model for gasoline fuel droplets. An analysis of the time evolutions of the droplet surface temperatures and radii. Effects of the approximation of gasoline fuel on droplet heating and evaporation.

This paper presents an analytical approach to assess technological capability gaps at an industry level and determine proper strategic areas to support industrial development. A case study of automotive industry in Thailand is presented along with the study on the two strategic scenarios addressing the possibilities for the future development.

Due to the increasing importance of cyber-physical and embedded systems in industry, there is a strong demand for engineers with an updated knowledge on contemporary technology and methods in the area. This is a challenge for educators, in particular when it comes to creating hands-on experiences of real systems, due to their complexity and the fact that they are usually proprietary. Therefore, a laboratory environment that is representative of the industrial solutions is needed, with a focus on software and systems engineering issues. This paper describes such an environment, called the Mobile Open Platform for Experimental Design (MOPED). It consists of a model car chassis, equipped with a network of three control units based on standard hardware, and running the automotive software standard AUTOSAR, which consists of operating system, middleware, and application software structures. It is equipped with various sensors and actuators, and is open to extensions both in hardware and software. It also contains elements of future systems, since it allows connectivity to cloud services, development of federated embedded systems, and continuous deployment of new functionality. In this way, the platform provides a very relevant learning environment for cyber-physical systems, today and in the future.