British History

Cette discussion explore trois concepts fondamentaux liés à la critique : le geste critique, la pensée-constellation, et la tradition cachée ou pistée. En nous inspirant des réflexions de G. Didi-Huberman sur le geste critique, nous examinons comment ce dernier, en tant que mouvement non hégémonique, ouvre des voies de compréhension et de mise en question des structures de pouvoir, des emprises sociales et des déterminismes apparents.
Le geste critique, envisagé comme un mouvement oblique, échappe à la fixité et au conformisme en se confrontant à la brutalisation des affects, du langage et des espaces. Cette tension entre pluralité et dissensus nourrit une dynamique relationnelle et performative qui s’incarne dans ce que nous appelons la pensée-constellation : un espace mouvant et ouvert où pensée et imagination s’entrelacent pour produire des passages et des figures nouvelles.
À travers une analyse des gestes critiques et des pensées qui les sous-tendent, nous cherchons à identifier des trajectoires obliques et des chemins de traverse permettant de repenser le passage et la figure du passager comme force émancipatrice. Cette réflexion s’articule également autour des notions de spatialisation et d’hétérotopie, interrogeant les moyens par lesquels la critique peut se matérialiser sans se figer, tout en demeurant un espace de liberté, de relationnalité et de créativité insurgée.

Diplomatie – das sind Verhandlungen zwischen Gesandten, Herrschern und Ministern über Krieg und Frieden, so die gängige Sichtweise. In diesem Buch zeigt Florian Kühnel jedoch, dass Diplomatie in der Frühen Neuzeit weit mehr war als das: Sie war keine individuelle Leistung einzelner »großer Männer«, sondern eine »kollektive Praxis«, an der verschiedene – männliche und weibliche – Akteure teilhatten und die sehr viel mehr umfasste als Verhandlungen allein. Um ein solches erweitertes Verständnis von Diplomatie in der Anwendung zu erproben, nimmt Kühnel vor allem die englische (bzw. britische), aber auch die venezianische, französische und niederländische Botschaft im frühneuzeitlichen Istanbul in den Blick. In akteurszentrierter und praxeologischer Perspektive bezieht er dabei neben Botschaftern auch deren Bedienstete, Familienmitglieder und Freunde sowie lokal angeworbene Personen wie Übersetzer oder Kalligraphen mit ein. Zudem richtet er den Fokus auf den diplomatischen Alltag, etwa die Administration der Botschaft, die Kommunikation mit dem Sultanshof und den anderen Botschaften oder die Praktiken der Spionage. Die Studie bietet damit nicht nur einen wertvollen Beitrag zur Theorie der Diplomatiegeschichte, sondern auch einen grundlegenden Einblick in die konkrete Praxis interkultureller diplomatischer Beziehungen.

The first academic history of the antinuclear movement in Britain to be published in the 21st Century. This overview from the 1950s to the 2020s includes both mass movement phases (late 1950s/early 1960s and 1980s) as well as the period between and the campaign over the last few decades.

As well as CND, the book covers the Direct Action Committee Against Nuclear War, the Committee of 100, European Nuclear Disarmament, the Greenham Common Women's Peace camp and other groups.

The study also examines the relationships between antinuclear activism and antiwar movements (Vietnam, Iraq, Palestine) and other social movements (student, women's, environmental etc.).

Justin Bengry, Matt Cook, Alison Oram, eds, Locating Queer Histories: places and traces across the UK (London: Bloomsbury, 2022).

Ranging from the mid-19th century to the present, and from Edinburgh to Plymouth, this powerful collection explores the significance of locality in queer space and experiences in modern British history.

The chapters cover a broad range of themes from migration, movement and multiculturalism; the distinctive queer social and political scenes of different cities; and the ways in which places have been reimagined through locally led community history projects. The book challenges traditional LGBTQ histories which have tended to conceive of queer experience in the UK as a comprising a homogeneous, national narrative.

Edited by leading historians, the book foregrounds the voices of LGBTQ-identified people by looking at a range of letters, diaries, TV interviews and oral testimonies. It provides a unique and fascinating account of queer experiences in Britain and how they have been shaped through different localities.

Important note: This 2025 update has become necessary following an opportunity to study the records of the London Gauger at the London Metropolitan Archives. Viewing the Gauger records has completely revised this author's thinking on the value of the Customs Bills of Entry to the study of the British South Seas Whaling Trade.

By the close of the nineteenth cen tury, the architectural books that Canadians imported had, for nearly six decades, marked a close cultural affinity with Britain.' For that reason, illustrated books of church designs published in Britain were listed among the routine shipments entering Canada's ports. 3 These books were wrapped in an aes thetic and ideological "packaging" likened to the oil-cloths protecting books that routinely crossed the Atlantic. Church architectural pattern books predominantly marketed the Gothic Revival, making a "medievalizing" aesthetic the preserve of religious monuments . The pattern books surveyed the architectural and engineering accomplishments that Canada's church-builders prized, effectively tethering the drawing boards of its architectural practitioners to the fashions marketed in Britain . At the same time, consumers of the books used the volumes in ways unanticipated by their authors, as demonstrated by the eclecE ...

I n the mid-nineteenth century, practitioners engaged in reviving Gothic form for church building in remote outposts of the British Empire balanced style with necessity, while striving for correct ecclesiological designs. Necessity, read as purposefulness or "Utility," was the motive that activated "development" as a structure permeating antiquarianism for a clientele desiring changeability and adaptability. In remote British colonies there was the question of adapting Ecclesiological rules in their application to site specificity, locale, climate, constricted building budgets, materials availability, and the reality of unskilled labour. Meanwhile, Imperialist geo-political and religious power structures defined the appropriateness of Gothic style. Within the confines of the Gothic Revival style, adjustments made to Ecclesiological correctness exemplified the need for colonial practitioners to build Gothic churches in a practicable manner for the colonies. The ar...

The eighteenth century saw the emergence of modern economic theories and the economist profession, fields predominantly occupied by men. However, practical life often deviated from the theoretical exclusion of women from economic activities beyond domestic responsibilities. Isabella De Mari Doria (1708–1785), a Genoese aristocrat, exemplifies this trend. As a young widow, she managed her own wealth, directly engaging in financial investments and a broad European money-lending network, as well as participating in gambling activities among the Genoese nobility. Isabella's account books and letters reveal her entrepreneurial environment and business strategies. Unlike many female contemporaries, Isabella embraced high-risk investments, significantly increasing her wealth over the years. Her financial acumen and strategic decisions highlight the sophisticated economic roles women could occupy, challenging the traditional narrative of women's limited participation in pre-modern economic activities. Isabella's success underscores the need to reassess historical assumptions about women's economic roles and contributions in the eighteenth century.

In 2009, despite the negative opinion of the Human Rights Commission, Rwanda joined the Commonwealth of Nations, marking its new international status fifteen years after the end of the civil war and the 1994 genocide. It was precisely in the wake of those tragic events, which saw Paul Kagame's Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) impose its rule over the country, that there was a sudden change of allegiance by this former Belgian colony which, in an attempt to come to terms with its long history of ethnic conflict, partially broke its ties with Francophone countries and moved towards the British sphere of influence. A process, however, which is not free of contradictions and further violence. Despite the economic successes achieved by the new Rwanda, the quality of the democratization process undertaken by the RPF after years of systematic ethnic discrimination has proved to be much more ambiguous and problematic than it would seem. The systematic violations of human rights, the repression of opposition and any dissenting voice, a continuous military prominence in the neighboring Democratic Republic of Congo, and even the legal abolition of ethnic identities are just some of the most controversial elements that cast more than a few shadows on the RPF and Rwandan military leadership's policies. Although it is often described as a multi-party democracy, Rwanda is still an authoritarian regime that seems to pursue aims of political and military hegemony in the Great Lakes region, precisely benefiting from the support of its new international partners. By using several British sources recently declassified, the paper aims to investigate the historical evolution of Anglo-Rwandan relations and the state-building process of the new Rwanda from the beginning of the civil war until 2009, and at the same time to reflect upon the new African policy pursued by the United Kingdom.

The elaborate textual mosaic of A. S. Byatt’s novel Babel Tower (1996) contains the records of two fictive court trials, a divorce hearing and a literary obscenity trial. The rendering of the latter is significantly shaped by both explicit refer- ences and implicit links to the 1960 trial of D. H. Lawrence’s novel Lady Chat- terley’s Lover. Whilst the direct references revive the case as a precedent for the fictive trial set in the late 1960s and help create a particular historical context, the implicit links derive from the involvement and presentation of D. H. Law- rence in Babel Tower and other parts of the Frederica Quartet. The article looks at how the utilization of the historical process with “Lady Chatterley”, which works as a thematic link between the trials and informs the staging of Byatt’s obscenity case, participates in the parodic make-up of the novel and the interpre- tation of Lawrence’s literary legacy.

Chapter I examines the text of the "Manuel des Péchés." A new concept of
the genuine structure and subsequent corruption of the poem is evolved with close reference to internal and external (MS.) evidence. Previous claims that the "Manuel" was designed for the edification of laypeople are shown, with detailed attention to the text, to be indefensible. The poem is a tract which promotes observance of sacramental law and which was designed for repeated study and absorption by a genera] clerical readership.
Chapter II begins with an unprecedented positive identification and
biography of the author of the "Manuel." William of Waddington was a secular canon and a prominent figure in the legal hierarchy of the Diocese of York. The MS. circulation is thereafter investigated. Copies of the work almost instantly reached clerical individuals and institutions throughout England. Waddington's intended and achieved audiences are nearly identical.
Chapter III considers the text of "Handlyng Synne." It is demonstrated that
this poem was not, as some have claimed, intended for systematic use in a program of education of the laity. It does not promote the sacrament of
confession and it removes much of the reformative material in the "Manuel." It was designed for random and selective group and individual reception by unsophisticated laypeople and clerics from' the author's region. Through local stories, a familiar tone, and an uncomplicated and leisurely style Robert Mannyng, the author, transformed the "Manuel" into a local story-book/directory of sin.
Chapter IV traces the MS. circulation of "Handlyng Synne." The poem was
received for the most part by the ordinary lay and religious people for whom it was intended.
Chapter V studies the text and MSS. of the stanzaic redaction of "Handlyng
Synne" by Peter Idley. It is demonstrated for the first time that the work
commonly called "Idley's Instructions to His Son" seems in fact to be two
independent and internally unrelated poems (the second being the redaction of Mannyng's work) which initially circulated separately and which were subsequently fused by a scribe. A biography uncovering Idley's connections with literary society is provided. He transformed Mannyng's poem into a guide to prosperity for the prosperous. Deft additions to and deletions from his source often cunningly reassure men of position that wealth is a product of virtue, and largely irrelevant borrowings from Lydgate's "Eall of Princes" are appropriately fashionable. The MSS. iridicate that the poem achieved geographically wide circulation among the prosperous laity for whom it was intended.
These three poems were in practice received by the audiences for whom
they were intended. While the texts share a common core of content, they are extremely different from each other in purpose and audience. There is, however, a fringe audience of interconnected northern landed families who took an interest in all three texts. At the center of this network is a family closely connected with the village of Waddington, Lancashire, the birthplace of the author of the "Manuel," and more distantly linked with Mannyng's birthplace and with apparent ancestors of associates of Idley. These and other matters are developed in the nine appendices which conclude the thesis.

La aparición de un nuevo tipo de milicia a partir de 1806, trastocó completamente a la sociedad rioplatense. No solo porque se convirtieron en la pieza clave para la defensa del territorio virreinal, sino porque estableció un nuevo tipo de relación, más horizontal, entre las autoridades y las clases populares. Esto no fue bien recibido por algunos grupos, como los oficiales del Ejército, que quisieron mantener una estructura vertical que los subordinara. En este artículo mostramos un episodio en el que esos dos mundos chocaron, mostrando como poco a poco, un mundo nuevo se iba abriendo paso gracias a un contexto de ruptura de la estructura virreinal.

Rum asıllı Divân-ı Hümâyûn tercümanlarından sonra Yahya Naci Efendi,
Zenob ve İshak Efendi gibi tercümanların Mühendishane’den yetişip
Babıâli Tercüme Odası’na getirilmeleri XVIII. yüzyıl sonunda kurulan
bu okulun gelişimiyle ve bu alanda kat ettiği mesafe ile de yakından
ilgilidir. Yunan İsyanı ile Fenerli Rumlardan arındırılan Babıâli Tercüme
Odası’nın ilk iki tercümanının mühendishane hocalarından seçilmesi
bu okulda verilen Fransıca derslerinin ne derece önemli olduğunun
kanıtıdır. Yahya Naci ve Başhoca İshak Efendilerin 1821 Yunan İsyanı ve
1828-29 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı sırasında Babıâli Tercüme Odası’nı idare
etmeleri ve burada ders vererek bir öğrenci topluluğu oluşturmasıyla
Türk diplomasisi farklı bir evreye girmiştir. Böylece Osmanlı diplomasisi
Fenerli Rumlardan Türklere rücu’ ettirilmiştir.

Mythological tourism can be singled out as a separate direction of cultural tourism. Tour operators, guides, museums and rural estates use mythology in their activities. The theme of mythology is popular among tourists. The potential of Belarusian mythological tourism has not yet been fully used.

Скворчевский, Д. В. Мифологический туризм в Беларуси: идея и практика / Д. В. Скворчевский // Материалы первой международной научно-практической конференции “Перспективы развития туризма в современных условиях: мировое тенденции и региональные контексты”. г. Минск, 28 сентября 2021 г. – Минск : А. Н. Вараксин, 2021. – С. 40–45.

https://www.csmc.uni-hamburg.de/publications/aom/033-en.html.

The Miscellaneous Collection Reports (MCR) in the Library & Archives of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew, west of London, consist of over 770 volumes with thousands of folios, organised in scrapbooks, holding almost every kind of archival document imaginable: handwritten notes, drawings, maps, newspaper cut-outs and typewritten or manuscript letters from all over the world. Thus, the MCR provides – in the archive’s own words – ‘an essential resource for exploring the central role of Kew in the colonial and global networks of economic botany and scientific activity, 1850–1928’. Curiously, among all these documents, a single-leaf letter of only 13 lines immediately caught the present author’s attention. What is it that makes this document (fol. 44 in the Scrapbook MCR/10/7/9) special? Quite simply, it is testimony to the unlikely association of two very different botanic traditions, enshrined in an extraordinary written artefact.

Imagine what the following tell you about the past - a Tudor role play of Queen Elizabeth visiting Kenilworth Castle; a photograph of London during the Blitz; a picture of Viking warriors attacking Lindisfarne monastery. The first of the images can perhaps draw on a family visit to an event or a school trip, provide a sense of fun and relate to ways in which the past is typically presented to people. Each image provides a vivid picture of a time in the past and is a great lead into a topic. However, if they are the only images which children have of different times in the past they would clearly present a stereotypical view of the periods in which each event happened. We believe that teaching diversity provides an essential means of ensuring that children and adults can critically evaluate how well such images relate to different times by providing insights into the lives of different people who lived at different times in the past.

Around the year 1000, England is in a state of crisis and demoralisation which most likely fosters apocalyptic anxieties. The preoccupation becomes prominent in the writings of contemporary vernacular homilists, and plays a key role in Archbishop Wulfstan’s eschatological preaching. By focusing on his use of the list of sinners, this paper illustrates the evolution of Wulfstan’s apocalypticism throughout his career, from ideological conviction to rhetorical tool. In particular, I intend to focus on how the alliterating catalogue, which first appears in De Fide Catholica (Bethurum sermon no. 7, p. 163 and ll. 128-134), is then reworked not only in the longest version of the Sermo Lupi ad Anglos(Bethurum sermon no. 20, p. 273 and ll. 161-166) but also in Wulfstan’s legal writings and political tracts (in which case the list comes to describe earthly sinners, namely criminals proper). The way the catalogue is rephrased signals a change in Wulfstan’s eschatological tone, which is ever-present but still loses its immediacy as the years, his career and the Viking invasions wear on.

The Çanakkale (Gallipoli) War of 1915 is still the single Ottoman military victory to commemorate in modern Turkey. The date, 18th March, on which the first Ally naval attempt to pass the Dardanelles was repelled by the Ottoman Army was promulgated as the Day of Martyrs. Despite it being an Ottoman victory, the official republican historiography depicted the Çanakkale War as the source of inspiration for the War of Liberation. Furthermore, while other events marked in the national calendar gradually lost their allure, at least in the eyes of the public, the Çanakkale War has maintained its appeal in Turkey’s collective memory. The Çanakkale War provided Turkey’s politicians with a wide range of possibilities for the instrumentalization of the victory for political purposes. In striking contrast to the Çanakkale War, another success the Ottoman Army accomplished in 1916 against the advancing British Army in Iraq, memories of the victory of Al Kut almost immediately lost their appeal and failed to survive the republican era. After being remembered and commemorated for a couple of years in the frame of the centennial anniversary of the Great War, the victory of Al Kut seems to have been forgotten again. After summarizing what happened in theatres of war in Çanakkale and Al Kut, the present study aims to highlight commemorative activities and narratives formed around these two victories and the way in which they changed or disappeared, as were the case with the commemorations of Al Kut. The study argues that official narratives and activities to commemorate past victories resonate with shifting priorities of parties in power or influential socio-political movements.

The article examines a limited corpus of texts for children published by female authors in two centres of Russian exile – Berlin and Riga – in the 1920s-early 1930s. The selected texts have rarely caught the attention of modern researchers of children’s literature. In the early and mid-1920s, a special version of „consolatory myth” – „girls’ notes” about life in the pre-revolu- tionary Russian Empire – got promoted in the book-publishing centres of the Russian emigra- tion. In Berlin, V. Naryshkina-Witte and Y. Ilyina-Poltoratskaya published their memoirs for young readership. In Riga, autobiographical short stories were published by the editor-in-chief of the youth magazine „Yunyy Chitatel’” Y. Andrusova, daughter of N. Belotsvetov, the owner of the famous publishing house „Salamandra”; later, a book of fiction stories based on the autobio- graphical material was published by V. Heince. The narratives of the „girls’ notes” genre, groun- ded in reflections of the past, extend beyond mere nostalgia. They serve as a conduit for readers to comprehend and reconcile the dissonance between the emigrants’ present circumstances and the distant realities depicted in these stories. By immersing themselves in these narratives, you- ng readers find themselves not only anchored in history but also engaged in navigating their positions within the present – a crucial endeavour for emigrant youth as they grapple with integrating their cultural heritage into the contemporary challenges they face. The analyzed texts also underscore the potency of literature as a mechanism for both safeguarding and ex- tending culture. In revisiting their personal histories, the authors concurrently contribute to the collective memory of the Russian emigrant community. These narratives emerge as threads that interconnect individuals within the community, weaving a tapestry of shared experiences, emotions, and aspirations. In conclusion, the article illuminates an often-overlooked facet of children’s literature – the „girls’ notes” genre – in the context of Russian emigrant communities situated in Berlin and Riga. Through a meticulous analysis of the literary contributions by authors such as V. Naryshkina-Witte, Y. Ilyina-Poltoratskaya, Y. Andrusova, and V. Heince, this study delves into the role of literature in shaping identity and ensuring cultural continuity. Ultimately, these texts offer young emigrant readers a bridge that spans their past and present, facilitating their navigation through the intricate terrain of evolving identities within new and challenging environments.

Key words: children’s literature, Russian exile, consolatory myth

This publication sets forth to give a regimental half-pay list for the year 1699. This is based on several original sources and gives a fullest possible account of the reductions after the Nine Years' War for all three establishments. Also added is a list of Huguenot pensioners. Regimental narratives and a variety of appendices attempt to provide contextual information.