Broadcasting

Die Verflechtungsstrukturen deutscher TVSender und Produktionsgesellschaften sind hoch komplex und sehr intransparent gestaltet. Der Versuch, diese schlüssig zu durchdringen, ist für den Fernsehzuschauer angesichts
von verfügbaren Informationen und Veröffentlichungen
der Sender nur mit Mühe möglich. Um dessen Situation möglichst konkret nachzubilden, wurde die Methode reiner Exploration
gewählt. Die diesem Beitrag zugrundeliegende Studie versucht, allen Hindernissen zum Trotz, auf diesem Wege für die – gemessen an den Wirtschaftsdaten – fünf größten deutschen
TV-Sender eine erste Verflechtungsmatrix aufzuzeigen. Sie versteht sich am Ende als Aufforderung zur Erhöhung der Transparenz, die sich insbesondere an die öffentlich-rechtlichen
Leistungsträger richtet.

The second edition of the Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, co-edited by two leading scholars in the international relations subfield of public diplomacy, includes 16 more chapters from the first. Ten years later, a new global landscape of public diplomacy has taken shape, with major programs in graduate-level public diplomacy studies worldwide. What separates this handbook from others is its legacy and continuity from the first edition. This first edition line-up was more military-focused than this edition, a nod to the work of Philip M. Taylor, to whom this updated edition is dedicated. This edition includes US content, but all case studies are outside the United States, not only to appeal to a global audience of scholars and practitioners, but also as a way of offering something fresher than the US/UK-centric competition. In Parts 1-4, original contributors are retained, many with revised editions, but new faces emerge. Parts 5 and 6 include 16 global case studies in public diplomacy, expanding the number of contributors by ten. The concluding part of the book includes chapters on digital and corporate public diplomacy, and a signature final chapter on the noosphere and noo-politik as they relate to public diplomacy. Designed for a broad audience, the Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy is encyclopedic in its range and depth of content, yet is written in an accessible style that will appeal to both undergraduate and postgraduate students.

Restoration practice suggests that neighbor control is essential in semiarid grasslands, but ecological theory predicts that neighbor effects are relatively small in young fields. We investigated the effectiveness of neighbor control (mowing and herbicide) for establishing native grasses in a recently abandoned field in southwestern Saskatchewan, Canada. We also examined its interactions with common restoration techniques, such as mulching (straw and sawdust) and contrasting sowing methods (drilling, and broadcasting cleaned seeds, cleaning remainders, and native hay). The experiment was repeated over three years to examine the effect of weather. Neighbor control had no effect on establishment and rarely any effect on first-year survival. This contrasted with significant effects of neighbor control on community and ecosystem-level variables (species richness, water, N). The lack of neighbor effects is concordant with theory which predicts low competition intensity from ruderal annuals. Establishment in seeded plots varied two-fold among years in drilled plots and 50-fold in broadcast plots, and it was lowest during a cool, dry summer. Thus, variables beyond human control are a major factor determining restoration success. Overall, broadcasting was as effective as drilling. The highest long-term establishment of native species was produced by broadcasting cleaning remainders. Almost no seedlings emerged from plots supplied with native hay. Straw mulch increased soil moisture and available N, and sawdust decreased N, but neither had any long-term effect on native grasses. Our results suggest that restorations of semiarid old fields should focus less on neighbor control and more on strategies for exploiting suitable years for germination, either by monitoring soil moisture or through repeated seeding.

Project EAR (Environments for Alzheimer’s-friendly Radio) involves working alongside BBC Radio Devon to make the mechanics of radio-broadcasting more dementia friendly. The initial feedback stage was conducted using small sample discussions. There was no standardized questionnaire used, but the general question of “how can we make radio more dementia friendly” was put to people, including some of the answers already provided to give people a starting point for discussions. This information was used to structure the fully-produced 60 minute broadcast on  BBC Radio Devon “Music, Memory and Making Radio”. The documentary structure was an unusual mix of music and speaking, with multiple repetitions of the presenters’ names. The topic of the programme was repeatedly explained, mini-features kept as short as possible, and during the recording of interviews, signs were put up asking people to speak clearly. Mini-features included: what makes music memorable, how music can be used to help people with dementias, and initial considerations regarding dementia-friendly radio broadcasts. Below is an overview of the making of the programme; as well as samples of feedback we have been receiving from broadcasters, people living with dementia and their carers.

In this paper we evaluate the performance of our earlier proposed Enhanced relay-enabled Distributed Coordination Function (ErDCF) for wireless ad hoc networks. The idea of ErDCF is to use high data rate nodes to work as relays for the low data rate nodes. ErDCF achieves higher throughput and reduced energy consumption compared to IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF). This is a result of: 1) using relay which helps to increase the throughput and lower overall blocking time of nodes due to faster dual-hop transmission, 2) using dynamic preamble (i.e. using short preamble for the relay transmission) which further increases the throughput and lower overall blocking time and also by 3) reducing unnecessary overhearing (by other nodes not involved in transmission). We evaluate the throughput and energy performance of the ErDCF with different rate combinations. ErDCF (11,11) (i.e. R 1 =R 2 =11 Mbps) yields a throughput improvement of 92.9% (at the packet length of 1000 bytes) and an energy saving of 72.2% at 50 nodes.

The efficient implementation of collective communication patterns in a parallel machine is a challenging design effort, that requires the solution of many problems. In this paper we present an in-depth description of how the Quadrics network supports both hardware-and softwarebased collectives. We describe the main features of the two building blocks of this network, a network interface that can perform zero-copy user-level communication and a wormhole routing switch. We also focus our attention on the routing and flow control algorithms, deadlock avoidance and on how the processing nodes are integrated in a global, virtual shared memory. Experimental results conducted on 64-node AlphaServer cluster indicate that the time to complete the hardwarebased barrier synchronization on the whole network is as low as 6 ¡ s, with very good scalability. Good latency and scalability are also achieved with the software-based synchronization, which takes about 15 ¡ s. With the broadcast, similar performance is achieved by the hardware-and software-based implementations, which can deliver messages of up to 256 bytes in 13 ¡ s and can get a sustained asymptotic bandwidth of 288 Mbytes/sec on all the nodes. The hardware-based barrier is almost insensitive to the network congestion, with 93% of the synchronizations taking less than 20 ¡ s when the network is flooded with a background traffic of unicast messages. On the other hand, the software-based implementation suffers from a significant performance degradation. With high load the hardware broadcast maintains a reasonably good latency, delivering messages up to 2KB in 200 ¡ s, while the software broadcast suffers from slightly higher latencies inherited from the synchronization mechanism. Both broadcast algorithms experience a significative performance degradation of the sustained bandwidth with large messages.

La transparencia en las instituciones públicas, además de ser una obligación legal en determinados aspectos, es un deber moral con la ciudadanía, que confía en los representantes políticos para gestionar adecuadamente su país, incluidos los recursos que, vía impuestos, administran dichas instituciones; y es, también, un factor diferencial, un elemento de valor añadido que aporta reputación y prestigio a la administración que apuesta decididamente por ella. Valores que se traducen en confianza hacia esa institución y, lo más importante, en confianza en el sistema político, profundizando así en la participación ciudadana, en su capacidad de decisión, en la configuración de una opinión pública mejor formada y, en definitiva, en la mejora de la estabilidad y la calidad democrática.

ESPN, the self-proclaimed (yet rarely disputed) “Worldwide Leader in Sports”, has long realized it was much more than an entertainment company. Acknowledging that with great power comes great responsibility, ESPN assigned George Solomon the title of first “Ombudsman” in 2005, functioning much like a referee ensuring that sports journalism exhibited the standard of being accountable to the ethical norms of the profession. For 13 years, six ESPN ombudsmen collectively served in this role. On May 2018, however, the company discontinued this position, arguing it had outlived its usefulness against the real-time feedback provided by social media. With the role of ombudsman discontinued, the last three ESPN Ombudsmen/Public Editors were interviewed to ascertain their impressions of the impact of their role and the changing status of ESPN. Kelly McBride is a writer, teacher and media ethics expert at the The Poynter Institute for Media Studies (St. Petersburg, Florida); as part of the Poynter Review Project, she served as ESPN ombudsman between 2011 and 2012. Robert Lipsyte is a sports journalist who started his career in 1957 as an editorial assistant for The New York Times; throughout his career, he has written for The New York Post and USA Today and has been a correspondent for CBS and NBC, serving as the ESPN ombudsman in 2013-2014. Jim Brady is a former sports and executive editor at WashingtonPost.com and editor-in-chief of Digital First Media. More recently, he serves as the CEO of Spirited Media; he served as the ESPN Ombudsman from November 2015 to March 2018. These interviews, conducted between August and September 2018, provide insight into the presumed value of this role, the prominent issues each ombudsman tackled, their relationship with ESPN staff, and the challenges that the organization faces in the current media landscape. Altogether, these conversations capture a greater idea of the value that this unique position delivered as well as reflect on what was lost after ESPN decided to eliminate it. Interviewed separately, the three responses are nevertheless combined here for better thematic flow and word economy.

The Mapping Digital Media project, which examines the changes in-depth, aims to build bridges between researchers and policymakers, activists, academics and standard-setters across the world. It also builds policy capacity in countries where this is less developed, encouraging stakeholders to participate in and influence change. At the same time, this research creates a knowledge base, laying foundations for advocacy work, building capacity and enhancing debate. The Mapping Digital Media project assesses, in the light of these values, the global opportunities and risks that are created for media by the following developments: the switch-over from analog broadcasting to digital broadcasting; growth of new media platforms as sources of news; convergence of traditional broadcasting with telecommunications. Covering 60 countries, the project examines how these changes affect the core democratic service that any media system should provide—news about political, economic and social affairs.

Some safety applications in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) require the dissemination of safety information to all nearby vehicles in a broadcast fashion. Each vehicle should periodically broadcast its state information up to a safety range around itself to avoid likely collisions. This causes a congested channel in dense areas especially in multi-lane roads and leads to significant performance reduction. In this paper, using a Markov model, we analytically derive the percentage of channel utilization as well as the packet transmission rate based on the contention window size, carrier sense range, density of vehicles and packet generation rate. Unlike the previous models, the devised Markov model enables us to derive the probability of packet obsolescence before broadcasting from the probability mass function of service delay. Also, we can evaluate the performance of tracking applications for large and small contention window sizes. The extensive simulations carried out confirm the accuracy of our model.

Автор обращается к архивным материалам телевидения, анализирует примеры передач начального периода отечественного вещания. В статье выявляется онтологическая близость игры и телевидения. Автор приходит к выводу о системообразующем характере феномена игры для экранных коммуникаций, в первую
очередь для жанра репортажа. Показано, что телевидение родилось как зрелище, которому интересен homo ludens (человек играющий) и в контексте транслируемой телепрограммы, и за экраном, как зритель и потенциальный участник игрового процесса.

In this work, we study coding over a class of two-user broadcast channels (BCs) with additive white Gaussian noise and multiplicative fading known at the receivers only. Joint decoding of low-density paritycheck (LDPC) codes is analyzed. The message update rule at the mapping node linking the users' codes is derived and is found to exhibit an interesting soft interference cancellation property. High performance codes are found using the differential evolution optimization technique and extrinsic information transfer analysis adapted to our multiuser setting. The optimized codes have rates very close to the boundary of the achievable region for binary constrained input for both faded and unfaded channels. Simulation results for moderate block lengths show that our codes operate within less than 1 dB of their respective threshold.

This paper proposes a mining-based method to achieve event detection for broadcasting tennis videos. Utilizing visual and aural information, we extract some high-level features to describe video segments. The audiovisual features are further transformed to symbolic streams and an efficient mining technique is applied to derive all frequent patterns that characterize tennis events. After mining, we categorize frequent patterns into several kinds of events and therefore achieve event detection for tennis videos by checking the correspondence between mined patterns and events. The experimental results show that the proposed approach is a promising way to detect events in broadcasting tennis video.

Radio is an old medium that seems to struggle to renew itself. With the switchover from analogue to digital and the necessity to keep up with consumer demand and expectations, radio has been regularly deemed to be obsolete. Radio as a primetime media died, but radio also morphed into something else. During the French occupy movement Nuit Debout in April 2016, people who were walking around Place de la République-the Parisian heart of the protest-might have been surprised to discover Radio Debout ("radio stand up"). Why one should contribute to such a radio when Internet and social networks prevail? With the idea that micro-radio broadcasting holds the potential to empower ordinary people at the local community level, radio-activism is tinkering its way back against the overriding force of computer-mediated technologies. An earlier version of this piece appeared on inaglobal.fr, the online journal of the French National audiovisual institute (INA).

« Revolt on the air - Radio Activism, Protest and French Politics », Explosivepolitics.com, 28/12/2016, http://explosivepolitics.com/blog/revolt-on-the-air-radio-activism-protest-and-french-politics/

This paper proposes a fine edge-preserving deinterlacing algorithm that is based on local gradient features. The proposed algorithm uses horizontal and vertical gradient operators to find the various edges, and then determines the dominant edge using the surrounding edges of the interpolating pixel, to increase the edge direction accuracy. The proposed method uses different reference pixels and weighting factors depending on the dominant edge direction. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the conventional deinterlacing methods 1 .

In a snoopy cache multiprocessor system, each processor has a cache in which it stores blocks of data. Each cache is connected to a bus used to communicate with the other caches and with main memory. For several of the proposed models of snoopy caching, we present new on-line algorithms which decide, for each cache, which blocks to retain and which to drop in order to minimize communication over the bus. We prove that, for any sequence of operations, our algorithms' communication costs are within a constant factor of the minimum required for that sequence; for some of our algorithms we prove that no on-line algorithm has this property with a smaller constant.

Replication is an area of interest to both distributed systems and databases. The solutions developed from these two perspectives are conceptually similar but differ in many aspects: model, assumptions, mechanisms, guarantees provided, and implementation. In this paper, we provide an abstract and "neutral" framework to compare replication techniques from both communities in spite of the many subtle differences. The framework has been designed to emphasize the role played by different mechanisms and to facilitate comparisons. With this, it is possible to get a functional comparison of many ideas that is valuable for both didactic and practical purposes. The paper describes the replication techniques used in both communities, compares them, and points out ways in which they can be integrated to arrive to better, more robust replication protocols.

Abstract Summary form only given. In a broadcasting problem, a message is sent from a source to all the other nodes in the network. Blind flooding is a classical mechanism for broadcasting, where each node retransmits received message to all its neighbors. We ...

The complexity of integrated-circuit chips produced today makes it feasible to build inexpensive, special-purpose subsystems that rapidly solve sophisticated problems on behalf of a general-purpose host computer. This paper contributes to the design methodology of efficient VLSI algorithms. We present a transformation that converts synchronous systems into more time-efficient, systolic implementations by removing combinational rippling.

Objective quality assessment models have been used more and more in recent years to assess or monitor speech and audio quality in many multime-dia and audio processing systems. These methods offer a clear and repeatable way to evaluate a customer experience by measuring perceived quality on a subjective scale, which is easily understood, such as a quality rating scale, ranging from excellent quality to a low quality. Subsequently, the aim of service providers is to offer reliable services providing the end-user/customer with the best possible quality in the context of the current network conditions to avoid a customer churn. This paper presents a design and performance evaluation of parametric models estimating the audio quality experienced by the end user of broadcasting systems and web-casting applications. The Random Forest (RF) algorithm is used to design non-intrusive parametric models, establishing the relationship between the feature description and the perceived quality scores. For this, the broadcast and web-cast sub-databases were created , where the web-cast sub-database includes 17,280 degraded samples and the broadcast sub-database contains 1,080 degraded samples obtained from the Slovak Radio. The results reported for the proposed paramet-ric audio quality models have validated Random Forest as a powerful technique that provides a good efficiency in terms of Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE).

Mediante el analisis de la programacion de once emisoras denominadas culturales, destaca la importancia de las interacciones entre la musica, la radiodifusion, la educacion y la cultura; senala responsabilidades y posibilidades en el terreno de las politicas publicas respecto a la formacion o construccion cultural social.

The paper deals with the relationship between television and the so-called crisis of the fast time. It pays attention to the changes of modern social space-time which are connected with critical reactions concerning inadequate speed of social processes and pervasiveness of speed instantaneity and present time in the life of society. The autor searches for the roots of these fenomenons in the realm of modern mass media, especially in television broadcasting. In the final section, the paper offers an interpretation of television time in the context of time structure of society and everyday time experience.

A Reaction Paper on Luis Diaz-Beltran, broadcast journalist and newspaper columnist. His style of writing and popular TV Programs had made him famous but at the same time made him notorious for his remark that then President Corazon Aquino hid under her bed in the 1987 coup attempt. He and his Publisher were convicted of libel. His so called analysis of political events may be classified at superficial and not in-depth to maintain wider reach.

This letter proposes the enhanced hierarchical routing protocol (EHRP) for ZigBee Mesh Networks. The EHRP finds the shortest hierarchical path based on the ZigBee hierarchical addressing scheme. The EHRP provides efficient and reliable routing paths. In addition, the EHRP is completely compatible with ZigBee v.1.0 standard. Simulation results demonstrate that the EHRP reduces routing overhead and route discovery delay of ZigBee mesh networks significantly compared with the hierarchical routing protocol (HRP) defined in ZigBee v1.0.

Author(s): Ala-Fossi, Marko Title: Digital Divergence of Terrestrial Broadcasting Systems in Europe Main work: Intermediality and media change Editor(s): Herkaman, Juha; Hujanen, Taisto; Oinonen, Paavo Year: 2012 Pages: 214-241 ISBN: 978-951-44-8147-5 Publisher: Tampere University Press Discipline: Media and communications School /Other Unit: School of Communication, Media and Theatre Item Type: Article in Compiled Work Language: en URN: URN:NBN:fi:uta-201302251032

A comprehensive book on media ethics dealing with the concept of ethics and as it applies to various forms of media content- in print, broadcasting, advertising public relations and Internet. Also gives selected codes of ethics and deals with press councils. ombudsman and some regulatory bodies.

This article takes a critical look at Ghana’s rapidly evolving broadcasting scene and in particular at the expansion and popularity of religious broadcasting. Sketching the developments of the Ghanaian media landscape, it analyses the changing politics of representing religion in this field. The much-celebrated processes of media deregulation and democratization, and the new opportunities for ownership, production, and participation they entail, have led to a dominance of Pentecostalism in the public sphere. While this development has been analysed from the perspective of churches and pastors, this article explores the intertwinement of commercial media and Pentecostalism from the perspective of a number of private media owners and producers in Accra. Whether these media entrepreneurs are themselves Pentecostal or not, they all have to deal with, and commercially exploit, the power and attraction of Pentecostalism. Their experience that commercial success is hardly possible
without Pentecostalism makes clear that the influence of Pentecostalism in the Ghanaian public sphere reaches way beyond media-active pastors and born-again media practitioners, and invites us to rethink the relationship between media, business and religion.

The transition from synchronous transport methods to IP for production quality video and audio services implies a deterioration of the timing quality of the signals, since IP is a completely asynchronous transport format. IEEE 1588 (PTP) has been introduced to convey precise timing over an IP network. In the Studio LAN, reaching the required quality level of timing transport with PTP is manageable, but doing it in the WAN is very challenging. In practice the only wide area solution today is to use GPS controlled Grand Master (GM) clocks at each remote location to provide synchronization with sufficient quality. This scheme has some disadvantages in that it depends on that a GPS signal is always available, which may not be the case, for several reasons. The industry also needs solutions for PTP transport over the terrestrial WANs. We will describe the challenges with PTP over the WAN, but also show how a synchronous overlay on top of the IP network can provide sufficient PTP quality over the WAN for professional Audio and Video services without resorting to GPS controlled GMs at each end point. Real operational cases using this functionality will be described.

We propose a framework for a secure RSU-to-OBU message broadcasting in VANETs using proxy signatures. We consider a VANET infrastructure for which the network assumptions are similar to the current standards of VANET communications. The main purpose of our scheme is to provide message integrity, authenticate the broadcast messages, and authenticate the RSU to the OBUs. We set the appropriate liabilities to the network components enabling the OBU to verify the received message for its validity and integrity. Our contribution includes modification of the proxy signature scheme in order to fulfill the security requirements of a VANET's message broadcast. The security analysis of our scheme strongly supports the applicability of our proposed framework.

O livro se volta para o estudo de mecanismos de estímulo ao pluralismo
interno de conteúdo na radiodifusão televisiva, compreendidos como
ferramentas jurídico-regulatórias que incidem sobre a programação,
estabelecendo direitos e deveres destinados a assegurar que o conteúdo veiculado por determinado meio de comunicação seja representativo dos pontos de vista e opiniões dos diferentes atores e grupos sociais. Do ponto de vista metodológico, a pesquisa é ancorada em análise comparativa entre Brasil, Alemanha, Espanha e EUA, em que se examinam mecanismos como o direito de antena; as cotas de programação de conteúdo; e os direitos a uma programação televisiva que seja, em seu conjunto, equilibrada.
Sob a perspectiva teórica, a existência de mecanismos de realização do
pluralismo midiático interno é tratada como elemento relevante para a
constituição de uma esfera pública democrática, embasada, conforme
abordagem de Habermas, no reconhecimento das tensões sociais como
condição constituinte da democracia contemporânea e no reconhecimento dos direitos humanos como garantia de que todos os atores possam participar dos processos políticos e normativos de tomada de decisão que possam atingi-los.

In a snoopy cache multiprocessor system, each processor has a cache in which it stores blocks of data. Each cache is connected to a bus used to communicate with the other caches and with main memory. Each cache monitors the activity on the bus and in its own processor and decides which blocks of data to keep and which to discard. For several of the proposed architectures for snoopy caching systems, we present new on-line algorithms to be used by the caches to decide which blocks to retain and which to drop in order to minimize communication over the bus. We prove that, for any sequence of operations, our algorithms' communication costs are within a constant factor of the minimum required for that sequence; for some of our algorithms we prove that no onqine algorithm has this property with a smaller constant.

H ow can you connect teachers in two different school districts, separated by more than 50 miles, on a weekly basis to provide ongoing professional development (PD)? Our answer-videoconferencing. We used videoconferencing as a means to provide support for a yearlong PD project that focused on increasing elementary teachers' science content knowledge and inquiry-based teaching practices. Based on our experiences, we believe that multiple PD formats can be enhanced by videoconferencing because it is a viable tool for facilitating learning and sustaining collaboration among classroom teachers and between schools when physical proximity is not possible.