Classical Period

The subject of this article is a group of lekythos belonging to probably Beldam Painter or his Workshop at the Archaeology Museum of Anamur. In conjunction with the construction a museum in Anamur in 1992 some of the works have been transferred to the Museum of Anamur from the Museum of Erdemli in Mersin. This group, situated between the works that are transferred to museum, had been found out in consequence of illegal excavations examined by treasure hunters in Kelenderis in 1960s and had been sold to Museum of Erdemli. 9 pieces of lekythos belonging to the Beldam Painter or his Workshop exist in the Museum. Nine of the lekythos have been found out in Kelenderis. Lekythos with floral ornaments on a white ground belonging to second and third quarters of B.C. in 5th century constitute a major part of the works being production probably Beldam Painter and his Workshop. Among lekythos with figure finding out by the excavations and at museum in the general region of Cilicia, samples belonging to Beldam Painter and his Workshop constitute the most intense of the group of find. Samples belonging to this group finding out intensively in Kelenderis throughout the region are also met at the Archaeology Museum of Alanya, the Archaeology Museum of Silifke, the Archaeology Museum of Mersin and the Archaeology Museum of Tarsus.

This essay will attempt to question the visual communication and symbolism embedded in elite Classic-period Maya women’s traditional attires. For many cultures of Mesoamerica, textiles were a commodity used in trade and in the payment of tributes but, above all, they were markers of one’s status among the members of the Mesoamerican society (Chase et al., 2008: 127). As a purveyor of information, the graphic elements embedded in cloth are revealing of pervasive societal attitudes, and it is specifically in the patterns of elite Maya women’s costumes that the roles they played within the society are clearly displayed.
Textiles and body adornments are means of artistic expression through which disparate cultural arrangements can be displayed as they convey the structuring of social relations and identity. Traditional costumes can be conceived as a preverbal landscape: a spectacle there to be deciphered, given that the human body’s adornment, just as much as its institutionalised bareness, are associated with the symbolic enactment of one’s social self. Attires deemed decorous and associated with tradition are influenced by great regional variations, however every society draws upon diverse apparel in order to classify and reinforce social differentiation. Individuals eventually identify themselves as bearers of specific costumes and by conforming to a given standardised look, a certain attire becomes the ultimate frontier of a member’s social position within the community (Sørensen, 2000: 124-125). By means of clothes, the self becomes the informer of the countless ways in which individuals become cultural beings and are, in turn, permeated by their society’s ideals (Turner, 1980: 486-487). Appearance constitutes a medium through which individuals expose, but most of all, maintain the social and moral conventions to which they conform, for “clothing is more than a means of covering the body, it is above all a means of communication” (Holsbeke, 2003: 17).

Plus qu'un simple état de la science sur les Cyclades antiques, ce livre entend interroger les perspectives géopolitiques, économiques, diplomatiques et culturelles induites par le rapport entre les Cyclades -comprises comme un ensemble cohérent dans ses diversités -et les différents pouvoirs ayant dominé la région égéenne au cours du millénaire envisagé ici. C'est ainsi face aux pouvoirs naxien, parien, samien, athénien, lagide, rhodien puis finalement romain que l'histoire des îles cycladiques est interrogée par les vingt contributeurs que réunit cet ouvrage, dans une approche fondée sur la convergence des sources historiques et archéologiques.

Στον χώρο της Μακεδονίας η ταυτότητα του πολεμιστή γίνεται ιδιαιτέρως αισθητή μέσα από τα ταφικά σύνολα του 6ου και του 5ου αι. π.Χ. Ειδικότερα στην περιοχή της Μυγδονίας, η οποία αντιστοιχεί γεωγραφικά ως επί το πλείστον στη σημερινή Περιφερειακή Ενότητα Θεσσαλονίκης, έχουν εντοπιστεί σημαντικά νεκροταφεία με πλούσιες ταφές πολεμιστών κυρίως των αρχαϊκών, αλλά και των κλασικών χρόνων. Τα πιο αξιόλογα εξ αυτών είναι τα νεκροταφεία της Σουρωτής και της Αγίας Παρασκευής στην κοιλάδα του Ανθεμούντος, της Θέρμης (πρώην Σέδες), καθώς και της Σίνδου. Εξίσου σημαντικές θέσεις αποτελούν το νεκροταφείο του Αρχοντικού Πέλλας, στο οποίο εντοπίστηκε μεγάλος αριθμός ενόπλων ταφών, καθώς και η αρχαϊκή νεκρόπολη της Αιανής, οι ασύλητοι τάφοι της οποίας περιείχαν τόσο επιθετικό όσο και αμυντικό οπλισμό. Επιπλέον, τα τελευταία έτη έχουν εντοπιστεί πλούσιες ταφές πολεμιστών και στην Αχλάδα Φλώρινας, στην περιοχή της αρχαίας Λυγκηστίδος.

Στο παρόν άρθρο εξετάζονται εν συντομία τρία από τα νεκροταφεία που μόλις αναφέραμε, το νεκροταφείο της Αγίας Παρασκευής Θεσσαλονίκης, το νεκροταφείο της Σίνδου, καθώς και το νεκροταφείο του Αρχοντικού Πέλλας, τα οποία έχουν ερευνηθεί σε μία μεγάλη έκταση τους. Μέσα από την εξέταση τους θα προσπαθήσουμε να κατανοήσουμε την ταυτότητα του πολεμιστή, αλλά και την κοινωνική και οικονομική διαστρωμάτωση των νεκρών, βασιζόμενοι στα κτερίσματα των ανδρικών ταφών και ειδικότερα στα επιθετικά και αμυντικά όπλα που τις συνόδευαν.

Th is book looks at food and foodways with special focus on Malta. It looks at the Roman, Arabic and Medieval periods in the life of the Maltese Islands. Furthermore it takes Mdina as its departing point as it was the main urban settlement; the other inhabited areas were no more than villages and hamlets. The only other two places that had some socio-political prominence and significance were the Borgo and the Rabat cittadella of Gozo. Yet Mdina remained the city of Malta and the place where
the political, religious and social elites lived. It was thus the leader of an otherwise rural population. It was a forward looking and enterprising city when all the casals were conservative and circumscribed. It was from Mdina that the island of Malta was administered through the Universitas which set rules, regulations and directions.

Σεμιναριακή εργασία στο μάθημα ΣΑ 20 Κλασική Αρχαιολογία του τμήματος Ιστορίας και Αρχαιολογίας της Φιλοσοφικής Σχολής του Ε.Κ.Π.Α. Γίνεται προσπάθεια στην παρούσα εργασία να εξετασθεί η αρχαία ελληνική πόλις των Παρίων,  ως ένα αστικά συγκροτημένο κέντρο κατοίκησης με την αναπόσπαστα συνδεδεμένη ενδοχώρα του και ως ένας πολιτειακά οργανωμένος σχηματισμός. Αφετηρία και οδηγός για την αναζήτηση όλων αυτών των στοιχείων στάθηκε η πρώτη τεκμηριωμένη μελέτη των 1.035 αρχαίων ελληνικών πόλεων της αρχαϊκής και κλασικής περιόδου (650-325 π.Χ.) των Hansen, M., & Nielsen, T. 2004. An inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis.

Seminar work in the Classical Archeology of the Department of History and Archeology of the School of Philosophy of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. An attempt is made in this paper to examine the ancient Greek city of Paros, as an urbanly constituted habitation center with its inextricably linked hinterland and as a formally organized formation. The first documented study of 1,035 ancient Greek cities of the Archaic and Classical period (650-325 BC) of Hansen, M., & Nielsen, T. 2004, An inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis, was the starting point and guide for the search for all these elements.

ÖZET
Bu çalışma İzmir Müze Müdürlüğü tarafından ortaya çıkarılan Teos Batı Nekropolisi’nin ikinci ve üçüncü gömü evrelerine yöneliktir. 2./3 gömü evrelerinde çatı kiremidi mezarlar, amphora, situla mezarlar, sanduka, basit inhumasyon, hücre mezar ile birincil ve ikincil olmak üzere kremasyon mezarlardan oluşan toplam 6 farklı tipte mezar tespit edilmiştir. İlk gömü evresine göre diğer gömü evrelerinde kremasyon mezar sayısında artış yaşandığı görülmektedir. Özellikle 3. gömü evresinde nekropoliste bilinen sanduka mezar tipinin değişmesi, situla mezarların ortaya çıkması, ikincil kremasyon olarak urne mezarlar ile hücre mezar gibi yeni mezar tiplerinin nekropolisteki mezar tiplerine dahil olması Hellenistik dönemdeki iskân politikaları sonucu değişen nüfus yapısının bir sonucu olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Söz konusu çalışma ile İonia Bölgesi’nin Klasik ve Hellenistik dönem ölü gömme geleneklerine bir katkı sağlanması amaçlanmaktadır.
ABSTRACT
This study focuses on the second and third burial phases of the western necropolis of Teos which unearthed by the İzmir Museum Directorate. İn the 2nd /3 rd burial phases, a total of 6 different types of tombs including roof tile graves, the inhumation types of burials to amphorae, situla cist graves, a type of cell grave and primarily and secondary cremation graves were identified. There is an increase in the number of cremation graves in other burial stages compared to the first burial stage. Especially in the 3rd burial stage, the change of the cist grave type known to the necropolis. The emerges of situla graves, the inclusion of new grave types such as urne graves and cell grave in the necropolis are considered as a result of the settlement policies in the Hellenistic period. With this study it is aimed to contribute to the Classical and Hellenistic burial customs of İonian region.

A necropolis area that was used between the 2nd half of the 5th century BC and the first half of the 2nd century BC was unearthed during the rescue excavations in the west of Teos ancient city. 3 burial phases were identified in the necropolis. The earliest burial phase, dated at 5th century BC and the first years of the 4th century BC, is the subject of this study. The majority of the burials in this burial phase are terracotta Clazomenian sarcophagi. A small number of cist graves, pithoi and cremation graves were observed. It was documented that the production and use of the Clazomenian sarcophagi lasted until the end of the 5th century BC thanks to the contexts containing Attic pottery which could be dated more safely. Although their preservation is not good, the available data indicate that these sarcophagi were decorated with figures. Alabaster alabastrons were placed inside the graves as gifts, pottery were left near the edges of tomb or on the lids. It is noteworthy that the local pottery have traces of Archaic form and decoration traditions. The continuation of the production of banded skyphoi, which are classified as “Sub-Geometrical”, will contribute to Ionian archeology as a new data. The findings of the Western Necropolis of Teos, have become meaningful in the problem of 5th century BC culture of the Ionia, which was missing due to the abandonment of cities after Ionian Revolt and/or not being able to excavate on the related layers and publish.

For quite a long time the attribution of gold coins, dated to the fourth century BCE and with the types of a horse and a ram, was disputed between Cyprus and Cyrenaica because numismatic evidence could assign them to either region. The purpose of this paper is to discuss these coins and to examine the iconography, the weight standard and the coin legend. Although the legend is obscure and the weight of the coins can apply to both areas’ weight standards, the iconography does not support the attribution of the coins among the issues of the kings of the Cyprus and favors Cyrenaica.

The existence of categories of divers and the anxiety for discovery of an early breathing apparatus suggests that the issue of diving was quite thoughtful in classical times and ancient divers were already acquainted with some form of diving apparatus. But the absences of data make every effort of research difficult. How the ancient divers dived, what was their behaviour during submerged, what kind of equipment was available at their times, and how these were functioned, are matters that are still remaining with no answers until the moment that new data will be emerging.
Diving in classical times is a subject that fascinated researchers and deserves the effort for a further study.

Yeni Foça-İzmir karayolunun batısında, Kyme Antik Kenti’nden yaklaşık 1 km uzaklıkta, kentin güney nekropolisi içerisine  giren  tepelerin  batıya bakan  yamaçları  Batı  Liman  Nekropolisi  olarak  isimlendirilmiştir. 2011  yılında yürütülen kazı çalışmalarında, nekropolisin batı yamaçlarını kapsayan üçüncü derece taşınmazda mezarlara ulaşılmış, bu çalışmada tespit edilen mezarların tümü incelenmiştir. Kazısı yapılan alanda toplam 34 mezar ortaya çıkarılırken, anakaya ve toprak çukurlar içerisinde olmak üzere, mezarların tümünde inhumasyon geleneği uygulanmıştır. Bireylerin bu çukurlara defin edilmesinin ardından, üzerleri bir ila beş arasında değişen kireçtaşı plakalar ve çatı formu verilerek yapılmış çatı kiremitleri (stroterler) ile kapatılmıştır. Buluntu kontekstlerine sahip mezarlar sayesinde kronolojik bir değerlendirme yapıldığında, nekropolisteki en erken gömü MÖ 5. yüzyıl ikinci yarısına tarihlendirilen kireçtaşı plaka kapaklı mezarlar ile temsil edilmektedir. MÖ 4. ve 3. yüzyıllarda kısmen baskın bir gömü yoğunluğunu olduğu saptanırken, MÖ 2. yüzyıl ortası ve sonrasına ait mezarlar geç gömüler olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra, kazısı yapılmış ve kısmen yayınlanmış diğer Kyme nekropolisleriyle benzerlikleri ve farklılıkları karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınmıştır.

Les auteurs tiennent à remercier Agnès Rouveret pour sa bienveillante et amicale relecture du texte et Bernard Holtzmann pour ses conseils avisés. Brecoulaki 1998 : Brecoulaki Hariclia, « Observations sur la course des chars représentée dans l'antichambre de la tombe III à Verghina », dans AIPMA, 51-57. Brecoulaki 2006 : Brecoulaki Hariclia, La peinture funéraire de Macédoine. Emplois et fonctions de la couleur, iv e -ii e siècles av J.-C., Athènes, 2006.

The subject of the following thesis is the history of Thebes in 404-379/8 BC. The beginning
of the Fourth Century was a crucial period for this central Greek  polis. It was the time when
Thebans became the leading political force of Hellas. This political promotion helped them to reach
the superiority over another Greek city-states in the 70s and the 60s of this century. The period
between 404 and 379/8 BC was characterised by the Theban departure from alliance with Sparta
which was concluded in the Mid-Fifth Century BC. Thebans and Spartans as allies gained a victory
in the Peloponnesian War against Athens (431-404 BC). After this conflict these two  poleisbegan to
diverge and gradually the Thebes was taking up anti-Spartan attitude. This change was caused to
a great extent by the rising of Spartan imperialism. Sparta was taking advantage of her strengthened
position and it triggered resistance of other Greek states. The Corinthian War (395-387/6 BC) in
which Thebes, Athens, Corinth and Argos faced the Lacedaemonian power ended with the keeping
of the  status quo ante. The King's Peace (387/6 BC) was concluded thanks to Persian support to
Sparta and it sanctionned the Spartan hegemony in Greece proper. The principle of autonomy (the
base of the treaty) led to the dissolution of the commanded by Thebans Boeotian League. After
King's Peace Sparta governed by the king Agesilaos pursued an imperialistic politics and broke the
principles of the treaty. The clearest example of this politics was taking control over Thebes and
appointing of the puppet government of Leontiades in 382 BC. His pro-Spartan faction eliminated
the majority of the oppositional group of Ismenias. Three-year rule of Leontiades' clique was ended
in December 379/8 BC by the coup d'état. It was conducted by the small group of patriots with the
Athenian support. Then Thebans reactivated the Boeotian League and started the war against
Sparta. This conflict named the Boeotian War was finished by the battle of Leuctra (371). Its result
was the downfall of Spartan hegemony and rise of Thebes.
This following thesis shows an historical outline of Theban history in the beginning of the
Fourth Century in the chronological order. In the introduction were depicted the premises of the
thesis and the sources dealing with this period. The first chapter outlines the history of Thebes from
the Archaic Period to the year 404 BC. It's divided into two sections: the first of them shows the
situation in Thebes and in Boeotia before the Peloponnesian War, the other one depicts the crucial
(from Theban perspective) changes that took place during this conflict. The second chapter presents
the period 404-382 BC. It was the time when independent Thebes began to conduct hostile politics
towards Sparta. This politics was crowned by the Theban participation in the Corinthian War. The
beginning of this war, year 395 BC, is a turning point dividing this chapter into two sections.
57
Theban foreign policy, the political strife between the pro- and anti-Spartan factions and the activity
of two leaders (Leontiades and Ismenias) are the main topics in this part of the work. The third
chapter shows the three-year period between two coups d'étatmade in Thebes in 382 and 379/8 BC.
These events are placed in separate chapter because of their unusual importance to the history of
Greece in the Fourth Century. Thebes liberated in winter 379/8 BC became independent again.
Thebans began the war against Sparta and in 371 BC put an end to the Spartan hegemony.

This article provides a preliminary investigation of the ceramics found by the salvage excavations conducted by the Bursa Archaeology Museum in the area of the ancient city of Kios, which is partly in the Gemlik district of Bursa. The article aims to make inferences about the trade relations of Kios in light of the uncovered ceramics. Within the scope of this paper, firstly information about the history of the city is provided and then the classifications and evaluations of the ceramics found within the city are presented. In light of the archaeological finds, it seems that the Archaic Period of the city begins with its foundation, which is known from the ancient literature and ends in the 5th century BC. The Classical and Early Hellenistic Periods (between the beginning of the 5th century BC and the end of the 3rd century BC) constitutes the largest density of ceramics. This period can be divided into the Early Classical (the 5th century BC) and Late Classical-Early Hellenistic Periods (the 4th and 3rd centuries BC). According to the ceramic finds, Kios had an intense relationship with the cities along the shores of the Western Anatolia and also Lydia during the Archaic Period, as well as trade relations with Athens to a lesser extent. In the Classical and Early Hellenistic Periods, it was observed that there were intense commercial relations with Athens, which is also known from the ancient sources and epigraphical evidence, besides the cities located in the Southern and Northern Aegean and Black Sea region. Despite these conclusions, the ceramics found from the excavations are not sufficient enough to evaluate the commercial relations of the Late Hellenistic and Roman Periods.

All attempts to identify and characterize the elements of the Greek city-state in the course of history involve elements from many different historical sources, as well as the testimony of archaeological science, the work of which is partly the reconstruction of images of the past based on the elements brought to the surface through excavations. Undoubtedly in many cases the testimonies or assumptions made in the light of new findings often clash or reshape and this means that one cannot be absolute in the course of one’s associations, especially when considering periods that extend far beyond current historical “limits”. Undoubtedly the city was not an exclusively Greek institution. Organized cities existed in much older periods than those claimed by Greek history with living and dynamic mythology and were considered by the peoples who inhabited them literally and figuratively axis of the world (axis mundi). The difference lies in the fact that even with their clear political and social disadvantages -seen from the point of view of the present time- the Greek cities in their best moments bequeathed to modern culture ideas such as tolerance of particularity, living interest in the course community and passion for independence. How much we have adopted or developed these ideas as a modern culture is a different story.

This article contains research about a group of coins which are selected from the inventory of Bilecik Museum. The aim of this work is to date and obtain information about the mints of coins. The coin collection of the Bilecik Museum contains over 3830 coins however, this study focused on 92 Greek coins, most of them were minted in Classical and Hellenistic Period. There are 5 silver and 87 bronze coins analysed in this article which were minted in the name of the cities in Phrygia, Pontus, Paphlagonia, Mysia, Troas, Aiolis, Lydia, Ionia, Caria, Cilicia and Corcyra.

An Athenian in Miletupolis. A Gravestone of Hypermenes from the Classical Age - an importand Document of the Relationship between Miletupolis and Athens

Miletupolis, Miletuteichos, Mysia, Athens, Museum of Bursa, man and dog stelai, classical period, gravestele with inscriptions.

Archaeobotanical analysis has been used to reconstruct the nest and diet of a small rodent from the Classical period (first century B.C. to second century A.D.) and most probably from Greece. The nest was found in the hollow interior of a very valuable bronze statue of a young athlete, recovered from the waters of the Northern Adriatic and named the Croatian Apoxyomenos. Apoxyomenos was probably the cargo of a Roman ship on one of highly frequented sea routes in ancient times, along which, among other things, a highly developed trade in artworks was maintained. All plant remains were non-carbonised and mineralised; encrusted with metallic salts, especially of copper, and preserved in excellent condition. The nest itself (wisps of ''straw'' found in the hollow interior of the left forearm of the statue) was mainly composed of stems and leaves of grasses (Poaceae), but also of laurel (Laurus nobilis) leaves and other plant remains. Along with ''straw'', a further 837 individual plant remains were found and analysed and 41 different plant taxa were identified. Plant remains that presumably were part of the rodent's diet belong to various wild and cultivated plants which indicate various anthropogenic habitats probably situated somewhere on the edge of human settlement. From zoological analysis of bite marks found on fruit stones of cherry and olive, and of the potential rodent fauna in the area the statue was assumed to be in prior to becoming submerged, it was established that the rodent was most probably one of the taxa of the Mus domesticus group.

The essay begins by giving an economic and critical context to the frequency of American remakes of French films in what is termed ‘classical period’, 1930-1960 – particular attention shall be paid to the ‘ideology of the auteur’. The main body of this chapter then comprises analysis of key Franco-American remakes of the period, and discussion of practices shared amongst them. It looks at narrative organisation, ‘generic familiarisation’ and characterisation and then examines issues of class and the social in relation to war discourses (World War II separating many of the remakes from their French models), then issues of sexuality. It concludes by questioning the relative merits of approaches to examining remakes that take ‘circles of intertextuality’ or the opposition of ‘original’ and ‘copy’ as central.
This study has drawn directly on seven ‘original’ French films and their ‘Améremakes’: 'La Chienne' (Jean Renoir, 1931) into 'Scarlet Street' (Fritz Lang, 1945), 'L’Equipage' (Anatole Litvak, 1935) into 'The Woman I Love' (Anatole Litvak, 1937) , 'Pépé le Moko' (Julien Duvivier, 1937) into 'Algiers' (John Cromwell, 1938) and 'Casbah' (John Berry, 1948), 'La Bête humaine' (Jean Renoir, 1938) into 'Human Desire' (Fritz Lang, 1954), 'Pièges' (Robert Siodmak, 1939) into 'Lured' (Douglas Sirk, 1947), 'Le Corbeau' (Henri-Georges Clouzot, 1943) into 'The 13th Letter' (Otto Preminger, 1951) and, finally, 'Le Jour se lève' (Marcel Carné, 1939) into 'The Long Night' (Anatole Litvak, 1947). I discuss films like 'La Chienne'-'Scarlet Street', 'Pépé le Moko' and its remakes far less than 'Le Jour se lève'-'The Long Nigh't and 'Pièges'-'Lured' because the former have had major studies devoted to them, while the latter are little discussed .

Parion, one of the most important port cities of Troad, possesses great importance to Anatolian archaeology with its necropolis. Excavated continuously since 2005, a small portion of the cities southern necropolis, named Tavşandere, became the leading information provider for the understanding of the organisation of the cities burial grounds, funerary customs and grave typology.

However, a small rescue excavation conducted nearly a kilometre south of the Tavşandere tends to change this situation. This rescue excavation that took place within a small-scale area revealed two cist graves and one sarcophagus. Especially one of the cist graves attracted attention with its very rich inventory of jewellery. This new burial ground possesses the potential to change our state-of-the-art knowledge on the size, topography and organisation of Parion’s southern necropolis. Evaluated under two publications this new burial ground from the hinterland of Parion still did not find its deserved place within the funerary archaeology of the Troad.

This paper aims to re-evaluate this new burial ground, its topography, organisation and finds with some updated knowledge, new points of view and more in-detail comparanda. To do so, the topography, grave typology and most importantly the find repertories of this burial ground will be re-examined, compared with parallels and evaluated with the other burial grounds of the region.

Burials and necropoleis contain an inexhaustible amount of information on sepulchral ritual practices and conceptions of the afterlife. Burial and grave good customs allow us to generate conclusions on the relationship with the deceased and with death itself, and possibly allow us to reconstruct the social status of the deceased, the bereaved and the mourners as well.
At least six necropolis areas can be found nearby the polis of Halieis, a small city on the southern tip of the Argolid, settled from ca. 700 - 300 BCE. Here for the first time, a systematic evaluation of these necropoleis was undertaken by Jenny H. Schlehofer based on reports from American excavations in the 1970s, offering a comprehensive reconstruction and interpretation of the burial and grave good customs, as well as a complete detailing of all finds and features. Additional physical anthropological analyses of the skeletal remains revealing gender and age allow further conclusions to be drawn on sepulchral rites.
In addition, graves and necropoleis from the entire Argolid are places in regional comparison with those of Halieis, the results of which are brought together to form a detailed overall picture of burial and grave good customs of the Argolid during the Archaic and Classical periods. The comprehensive, newly created catalogue of all burials in the Argolid provides vital, ideal information for further studies.
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Gräber und Nekropolen enthalten eine unerschöpfliche Menge an Informationen über sepulkrale Ritualpraktiken und Jenseitsvorstellungen. Bestattungs- und Beigabensitten erlauben uns, Rückschlüsse auf den Umgang mit dem Tod und den Toten zu ziehen und möglicherweise auch, den sozialen Status der Verstorbenen sowie der Hinterbliebenen und Trauernden zu rekonstruieren.
Mindestens sechs Nekropolenareale gehören zu der Polis Halieis, einer kleinen Stadt an der Südspitze der Argolis, die von ca. 700 – 300 v. Chr. bewohnt war.
Die erstmalig systematische, von Jenny H. Schlehofer unternommene Untersuchung dieser Nekropolen basiert auf der Auswertung US-amerikanischer Grabungen der 1970er Jahre und bietet eine umfassende Rekonstruktion und Interpretation der damaligen Bestattungs- und Beigabensitten sowie eine vollständige Materialvorlage sämtlicher Befunde und Funde.
Die zusätzlichen anthropologischen Analysen an dem Skelettmaterial erlauben geschlechts- und altersspezifische Schlussfolgerungen zu den Sepulkralriten.
Darüber hinaus werden Gräber und Nekropolen der gesamten Argolis in einen regionalen Vergleich mit den Nekropolen von Halieis gestellt und die Ergebnisse zu einem detailreichen Gesamtbild der Bestattungs- und Beigabensitten in der Argolis der archaischen und klassischen Zeit zusammengeführt. Ein umfangreicher, neu erstellter Katalog aller argolischen Gräber bietet überdies beste Voraussetzungen für weiterführende Studien.

In 2013, during underground electric utility construction at the intersection of University Street and İsmet İnonu Avenue in Atatürk neighborhood, in the Mezitli district in Mersin, underground chamber tombs carved into rocks were discovered. Rescue excavations were carried out by the experts from Mersin Museum Directorate. A great number of grave goods were obtained during the excavation. Among the finds were five lekythos which are the subject of this study. All the lekythos are decorated in Black Figure Technique and are the examples of the “shouldered lekythos” (Shoulder Lekythos-Standard Type) form that began to be seen in the second half of the 6th century BC. Palmette and ivy decorative elements were a common body decoration of Mersin Mezitli Lektyhoi. These types of lekythos with palmette and ivy decorations are products of Beldam Painter or Workshop which intensively dominated the market throughout a wide geographic region until the third quarter of the 5th century BC. Mersin Mezitli Lekythoi, as identified from both their form and their stylistic properties, are the imported Attica products that belong to the Beldam Painter or Workshop. These examples, decorated with palmettes date back to the first or second quarter of the 5th century BC, while the ones with ivy decorations date to the second or third quarter of the 5th century BC. The above mentioned lekythoi are not, in general, of very high quality; they are inexpensive products with poor craftsmanship. For this reason, the lekythoi under study were probably preferred by the people of lower economic status.

"During the fourth century BC certain Cypriot kingdoms issued gold coinage. This is a remarkable phenomenon because the issue of coins in this metal was extremely rare before the gold staters of Philip II of Macedon, with the exception of the gold darics of the Great King of Persia.
Which Cypriot kings issue gold coins? In which kingdoms? When and why? What are the sources of gold? Are these issues regular? What is the relation between these coinages and the political history of Cyprus? What is the role of the coinages in the coin circulation of the classical period and what is the weight standard and the exchange rates between gold and silver coinage?
These are only some of the questions addressed in the present book, which focuses on the analysis of the monetary policy of the Cypriot kings through a corpus of their gold coinages organised by dies; it also discusses thoroughly the metrology and the metallurgical composition of these coinages. The literary, epigraphic and archaeological sources are related to the testimony of the coins, to illuminate the history of Cyprus down to the extinction of the autonomous kingdoms."

Burials and necropoleis contain an inexhaustible amount of information on sepulchral ritual practices and conceptions of the afterlife. Burial and grave good customs allow us to generate conclusions on the relationship with the deceased and with death itself, and possibly allow us to reconstruct the social status of the deceased, the bereaved and the mourners as well.
At least six necropolis areas can be found nearby the polis of Halieis, a small city on the southern tip of the Argolid, settled from ca. 700 - 300 BCE. Here for the first time, a systematic evaluation of these necropoleis was undertaken by Jenny H. Schlehofer based on reports from American excavations in the 1970s, offering a comprehensive reconstruction and interpretation of the burial and grave good customs, as well as a complete detailing of all finds and features. Additional physical anthropological analyses of the skeletal remains revealing gender and age allow further conclusions to be drawn on sepulchral rites.
In addition, graves and necropoleis from the entire Argolid are places in regional comparison with those of Halieis, the results of which are brought together to form a detailed overall picture of burial and grave good customs of the Argolid during the Archaic and Classical periods. The comprehensive, newly created catalogue of all burials in the Argolid provides vital, ideal information for further studies.
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Gräber und Nekropolen enthalten eine unerschöpfliche Menge an Informationen über sepulkrale Ritualpraktiken und Jenseitsvorstellungen. Bestattungs- und Beigabensitten erlauben uns, Rückschlüsse auf den Umgang mit dem Tod und den Toten zu ziehen und möglicherweise auch, den sozialen Status der Verstorbenen sowie der Hinterbliebenen und Trauernden zu rekonstruieren.
Mindestens sechs Nekropolenareale gehören zu der Polis Halieis, einer kleinen Stadt an der Südspitze der Argolis, die von ca. 700 – 300 v. Chr. bewohnt war.
Die erstmalig systematische, von Jenny H. Schlehofer unternommene Untersuchung dieser Nekropolen basiert auf der Auswertung US-amerikanischer Grabungen der 1970er Jahre und bietet eine umfassende Rekonstruktion und Interpretation der damaligen Bestattungs- und Beigabensitten sowie eine vollständige Materialvorlage sämtlicher Befunde und Funde.
Die zusätzlichen anthropologischen Analysen an dem Skelettmaterial erlauben geschlechts- und altersspezifische Schlussfolgerungen zu den Sepulkralriten.
Darüber hinaus werden Gräber und Nekropolen der gesamten Argolis in einen regionalen Vergleich mit den Nekropolen von Halieis gestellt und die Ergebnisse zu einem detailreichen Gesamtbild der Bestattungs- und Beigabensitten in der Argolis der archaischen und klassischen Zeit zusammengeführt. Ein umfangreicher, neu erstellter Katalog aller argolischen Gräber bietet überdies beste Voraussetzungen für weiterführende Studien.

Most of the grave steles observed in Greek art, even though they demonstrate specific typological characteristics depending on the region and the era, continue the tradition of Attica grave stele. Moreover, the impact of Ion sculpture schools is also observed clearly in Anatolia. The stele that is the subject of this study is one of the examples on which these impacts could be followed most clearly. In this context, the aim of this study is to date the stele by comparing it to the similar ones and based on the stylistic and typological examination of the figures on it.

Th is book looks at food and foodways with special focus on Malta. It looks at the Roman, Arabic and Medieval periods in the life of the Maltese Islands. Furthermore it takes Mdina as its departing point as it was the main urban settlement; the other inhabited areas were no more than villages and hamlets. The only other two places that had some socio-political prominence and significance were the Borgo and the Rabat cittadella of Gozo. Yet Mdina remained the city of Malta and the place where the political, religious and social elites lived. It was thus the leader of an otherwise rural population. It was a forward looking and enterprising city when all the casals were conservative and circumscribed. It was from Mdina that the island of Malta was administered through the Universitas which set rules, regulations and directions.

With nearly 90 words, the Old Phrygian inscription on a limestone stele unearthed in the vicinity of Vezirhan in historical Bithynia is the largest text in the entire Phrygian corpus-both Old and New. The stele is in the so-called "Greco-Oriental" or "Greco-Persian" style and is datable to the turn of the 5 th and 4 th centuries BC (Neumann 1997, 14, Brixhe 2004, 42, 66). In 1997, a preliminary edition of the inscription was undertaken by Günter Neumann, who only treated the inscription's "epigraphic data" and commented on selected forms (Neumann 1997). Recently, Brixhe published a thorough treatment of the monument in a supplement to his Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes (Brixhe 2004, 42-67). Much of the text of the Vezirhan stele remains opaque, however, despite its size, satisfactory state of preservation, relative completeness, and the presence of a parallel text in Greek, which appears to be an abbreviated version of the Phrygian inscription. As is always the case with texts in Phrygian, the main problem standing in the way of the interpretation of the Vezirhan inscription is our poor understanding of Phrygian vocabulary. As Neumann (1997, 27) put it, "Was vor allem fehlt, sind die Bedeutungen der wichtigsten Vokabeln". In what follows, I complement the observations made by Neumann and Brixhe and propose new interpretations of a few individual lexical items on the Vezirhan inscription. The two editions of the Vezirhan inscription differ from each other, in particular in a few word divisions and in the identifi cation of some of the eroded characters. In some instances Neumann's reading of the eroded characters appears to allow a better semantic and syntactic interpretation of a sequence than the newer readings proposed by Brixhe. For the reader's convenience I repeat below the Phrygian and 1 I am indebted to Jay Jasanoff, Craig Melchert, Jeremy Rau, Brent Vine, Aurelijus Vij)nas, and Ilya Yakubovich for their invaluable comments and suggestions. All remaining errors are mine.

The archaeological study took into account a very important part of Castiglione del Lago urban unit, where the presence of stratification, probably from the Classical period, had been pointed out, on which military and religious units were overlapped. More specifically, the area with a small church inside the arms courtyard of the castle, could have sug-gested the presence of archaeological realities,especially from the sporadic finding of Etruscan pottery. The archaeological investigation was first launched in the area of the small chapel, where at least two construction phases were highlighted, although with no appreciable result regarding Classical period phases. The excavation led to the discovery of underground structures, a number of Renaissance tombs placed around the church, and the identification of other structures related to military use over a cistern-well. At the end of the excavation, the structures were consolidated and protected before the backfilling; the materials recovered during the investigation have been registered at the Municipality of Castiglione del Lago, after bein examined by the Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologi dell’Umbria and the Soprintendenza per i Beni Storico, Artistici ed Etnoantropologici dell’Umbria.

Zur Soziologie eines Ideals Nach heute gängiger Auffassung ist, was die europäischen Länder als ihre jeweilige Klassik ansehen, ein nachträgliches historisches Konstrukt, das einerseits einem nationalteleologischen Geschichtsverständnis und somit dem Fortschrittsdenken verpflichtet ist, andererseits aber den fortschreitenden Modernisierungsprozess im Namen ewig gültiger Normen zu stoppen sucht. Solche Konstrukte verfestigen die Vorstellung nationalkultureller Vorbildlichkeit, welche die jeweilige Epoche bereits formuliert hatte. Dieser Deutung soll hier nicht widersprochen werden; sie bedarf aber historischer Konkretisierung, denn die Normen selbst geraten dabei aus dem Blick. Damit ist nicht gemeint, dass wir die Normen des Klassischen nun wieder als ewig gültige anerkennen müssten; es hat aber seinen Grund, warum gerade ihnen der Segen dauernder nationaler Vorbildlichkeit zuerkannt wurde. 1 Meine These ist, dass die europäischen Klassiken Varianten eines bestimmen Menschen-und Gesellschaftsideals darstellen, die in ihren Grundzügen übereinstimmen. Es geht hier also um das nationalklassische Menschenideal, nicht um klassizistische Ästhetik und entsprechende Werke. Auch wenn dieses Ideal sich weitgehend an der Antike orientiert, müssen die nationalklassischen Kunstwerke nicht notwendig klassizistisch sein im Sinne Palladios, Winckelmanns oder gar Jacques Davids. Klassizistischen Ästhetiken können unterschiedliche soziale Konstellationen, unterschiedliche Menschenbilder, unterschiedliche Interessen zugrunde liegen; zudem sind literarischer und künstlerischer Klassizismus zumeist nicht zeitgleich.

On the Cypriot coins of the Classical period three types of earrings (disk, pendant and circular earring) and two types of necklaces (pearl necklace and torque) can be observed. The purpose of this paper is to present the typology of the above through the testimony of coins and to compare these representations to other works of art, such as jewellery, sculpture, terracottas, vase-painting and coinages minted in other parts of the Greek world, in order to discuss the influences and the general tendencies of the period.

Revue d'archéométrie 33 | 2009 Authentication and analysis of goldwork Les parures en or de la nécropole thrace de Duvanli du V e siècle av. J.-C. : le cas du tumulus de Kukova The gold jewellery from the Thracian necropolis of Duvanli (5 th century B C

This paper discusses the relationship between memory and politics during the Hellenistic period in the context of the Achaian League. Two adjacent regions will be considered, Arkadia and Achaia, to approach the changing nature of complex notions such as ‘memory’ and ‘identity’ and to make some sense of the reasons that they can shift and be reformed.
Arkadia occupies the centre of Peloponnesos; a mostly mountainous and secluded region that from early on supported the creation of ethnic identity for its population based on its geographical definition. According to Herodotos (8.73), it is the Arkadian, along with the Kynourian and the Achaian ethne that have strong roots to the region of Peloponnesos and are identified as indigenous population (αὐτόχθονα ἔθνεα). However, in the years between the formation of the Arkadian Koinon in the fourth century to the emergence of the Achaian Koinon in the third century, the political landscape of Peloponnesos regularly changed, partly due to the dwindling power of the Spartans. By proximity to the region of Achaia, it should not be a surprise that the poleis of Arkadia soon enrolled to the (re)formed and ever-expanding League. In contrast, what is of interest is how a region with a tradition of ethnic unity and continuation, but also of extreme political fragmentation, would – from the beginning of the second century – be fully integrated to the Achaian Koinon, with the Arkadian Megalopolis and important figures, such as Philopoimen and Lykortas, calling the shots. How can one approach the use of the ethnic ‘AΡΚΑΔΙΚΟΝ’ (of the Arkadians) on coinage as early as the fifth century (with religious rather than political links) to the minting of Achaian federal coinage, bearing the inscription ‘ΑΧΑΙΩN’ accompanied by the name of the Arkadian poleis? Glimpses of ideological orientations of the elite can be seen in the work of Polybios, the Achaian statesman and self-proclaimed historian of the Koinon, as well as a citizen of Megalopolis. A past which recognised two separate ethne, the Arkadians and the Achaians, was to be renarrated. In the Hellenistic present, a merged identity was pronounced – an Arkadian could also be Achaian and vice versa. This shift in representation mirrors the changes in the political sphere.
This paper will approach the transformation of memories and the creation of a transformed identity for the Arkadian population in the context of the Achaian Koinon. Epigraphic, numismatic and historiographical evidence will be discussed to highlight the workings of identity formation in parallel to the political and social history of the region in the period of the expansion of the Achaian League in Peloponnesos.

During the excavations of Sumhuram (1997-2018) a large number of findings were brought to light. An interesting and enigmatic group of objects, composed of 18 big shells that have particular decorative motifs, are particularly interesting for understanding the interconnection between Arabia Felix and the Near East. In fact, the objects and the iconography had no comparisons in south-western Arabia, but there are close comparisons from Iran and some similar objects from the Gulf area and the north of Oman. In order to understand if these objects were imported or belonged to a local production, they were analytically studied. Considering the few comparisons at the current state of research, it is difficult to establish their origin with certainty. It is possible, however, to say that close relations with Iran are present. This emphasizes the uniqueness of the city of Sumhuram also regarding its artistic production, which turns out to be a reinterpretation of models from different cultures and places.

Xanthos South City Gate and Its Phases
Three gates providing access to the city from the east, west, and south have been identified on the oft-restored walls of Xanthos. This ancient city has been inhabited uninterruptedly from the Archaic period until the Middle Ages. This article focuses on the detailed study of the entrance designated as the “South Gate” that provided access to the city from the direction of the Xanthos Plain in the south. An exhaustive study of this gate had not been conducted to date.
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