Community Pharmacy

Background: Community pharmacy (CP) is a setting with health promotion and public health potential which could include strategies with a nutrition promotion focus. Research embedded in this setting has explored and produced evidence to inform practice change to develop this potential. The experience of undertaking research in this setting may provide insight into the challenges and key features of intervention research practice. Exploring experienced-based knowledge presents as a productive area of research, extending what can be known beyond the bounds of what is measurable. Objectives: This study aimed to understand the experience of intervention research in CP with a focus on nutrition and to develop guidance for future research practice (intervention design and implementation) in CP based on interventionists' reflections and practice wisdom. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 9 researchers with experience in undertaking intervention research in CP with a nutrition component. Content analysis, constant comparison and interpretive description were used in the analysis and interpretation of interview data. Results: Five key lessons were identified-1) utilize existing capacity; 2) navigate and utilize social power and interests; 3) personalize engagement and recruitment; 4) consider the logistics and 5) intervention type considerations. Key challenges for translating research into practice and sustaining change included financial sustainability, physical constraints, logistics, collaboration, and practice change enablers. Personal reflections on research practice identified qualities, such as determination and skills in networking, as key for researching in CP. Conclusions: CP-embedded research is challenging given the complexity of the practice environment. The social context of CP appears central to intervention research and a nuanced understanding of the social context needs to be the basis for intervention design to inform successful implementation. Experiencebased and insider knowledge is useful and needed for nuanced design and development of intervention research in CP.

A new RP-HPLC method for quantitation of resveratrol and curcumin was developed and validated as per ICH Q2 (R1) guideline. Resveratrol and Curcumin shows synergistic effect. Both the drugs either stand alone and in combination have been utilized in the development of many novel formulations. However, no report is available for their identification and quantitation in combined dosage form. This new method was developed for simultaneous quantitation of resveratrol and Curcumin in a Nanolipid gel formulation.The chromatographic conditions were optimized using Hiber C-18 column, (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) with acetonitrile: 0.01 M phosphate buffer pH adjusted to 4.0 ± 0.05 using 1 % v/v o-phosphoric acid (60:40, v/v) as mobile phase. The flow rate was 1 ml/min and detection was performed at 345 nm. The retention times of resveratrol and curcumin were found to be 3.13 min and 6.59 min, respectively. Linearity for both the drugs was established in the range of 10-60 µg/ml. The percentage recoveries of resveratrol and curcumin were found to be in the range of 99.5-101.75 and 99.01-101.05, respectively. The % RSD values for intraday and interday precision were found to be 0.10 and 0.8 for resveratrol and 0.30 and 0.58 for curcumin. LOD and LOQ for resveratrol and curcumin were found to be 0.11 & 0.29 µg/ml and 0.34 & 0.90 µg/ml, respectively. Mean % assay ± S.D. for resveratrol and curcumin in Nanolipid gel formulation using the proposed method were found to be 101.67 ± 0.02 and 98.66

Background: Worldwide community pharmacies are shifting their role in the healthcare system from simple medication dispensers to health care providers. High levels of satisfaction with pharmacy services were found in previous studies. This study has two main goals. The primary goal is to describe the levels of satisfaction and knowledge regarding pharmacy services in Portugal. The secondary goal is to explore the perceptions and the utilisation of pharmacy services by the Portuguese. This statement includes exploring the impact of a set of variables on both perceptions and uses of pharmacies in regard to services that are currently offered as well as to new services that may be provided in the future. Methods: A face-to-face survey of closed-ended questions was applied to a nationwide representative sample of the Portuguese population in September 2015. The sample was weighted based on population distribution across regions, habitat, age and gender. Data analysis comprises descriptive statistics and Multiple Correspondence Analysis to explore different typologies of respondent's orientation toward community pharmacy. Results: A total of 1114 interviews comprised the study. Of the respondents, 36% used the pharmacy as a first resource when seeking to treat a minor ailment, and 54% reported that they use the pharmacy as a first resource when seeking answers about medicines. Of those who visited their pharmacy at least once in the previous year, 94% were either globally satisfied or very satisfied. The level of acknowledgement of pharmacy services' was also high among the Portuguese. Of the participants, 29% considered there could be more services available in pharmacies that are currently provided by other health care facilities. The construction of a typology of orientations towards community pharmacy practice resulted in three outcome groups: "Motivated" (63%), those with a connection to a pharmacy; "Settled" (23%), mainly those who had a pharmacy nearby; and "Demobilised" (14%), those who are weakly tied to a pharmacy. Conclusions: The vast majority of the Portuguese population has a strong positive attitude towards their community pharmacy, as expressed by the high levels of satisfaction with, and positive evaluation of, the pharmacy's services.

— This paper reports on the development of a virtual tour of a community pharmacy. The interactive walkthrough was designed to be used as an adjunct to placement training for Pharmacy students. This paper reports on the limitations and issues associated with developing a virtual tour using currently available hardware such as the GigaPan Pro and software such as the GigaPan Stitch and krpano. These tools are relatively available and claim to allow for automatic generation of virtual tours along with the addition of interactive element such as text and sounds. We found that in general producing a standard walkthrough was straightforward. We also found that with patience and some experimentation high quality outcomes could be achieved as long as only simple navigation was required. However, adding even simple interactive elements such as sound objects, pop up text and modified hotspots for more natural zooming between locations added significantly to the required IT skill set. We conclude that programming knowledge and subtle interface design skills, consistent with a trained IT professional are required if anything beyond a very basic walkthrough is to be produced.

The present investigation concerns the design and evaluation of floating tablets of Amoxicillin trihydrate, which after oral administration, are designed to prolonged the gastric residence time and to obtain site-specific drug delivery for the stomach and increased drug bioavailability. Amoxicillin is a Semisynthetic antibiotic, belonging β-lactum family, which is effective for bacterial treatment, especially for helicobacter pylori infection. The dosage form was designed by using HPMC K100M, HPMC K15M and HPMC K4M polymers as gelling agents, sodium bicarbonate as gas-generating agent and other excipients. The interaction between drug and excipients in prepared floating tablets were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and FT-IR. Floating tablets prepared by direct compression technique. The prepared floating tablets were evaluated in terms of their pre-compression parameters, physical characteristics like hardness, friability, uniformity of weight, uniformity of drug ...

Pharmacists, now more than ever before, need to demonstrate that they are competent practitioners to be trusted with this additional responsibility. Therefore pharmacists require greater levels of knowledge and understanding about commonly occurring medical conditions. They will need to be able to recognise their signs and symptoms, and use an evidence-based approach to treatment. This was, and still is, the catalyst for this book. Although other books targeted for pharmacists on diagnosis are published, this book aims to give a more in-depth view of minor conditions and how to differentiate them from more sinister pathology that may present in a similar way. The book is intended for all non-medical prescribers but especially for pharmacists, from undergraduate students to experienced practitioners. It is hoped that the information contained within the book is both informative and useful.

Context: The investigation includes the Ecuadorian pharmaceutical market from the business competitive point of view, focusing on the service offered by the Farmacias Cruz Azul and Farmacias Económicas franchises.

Aims: To determine the main variables that influence the consumer’s choice, in the pharmaceutical sector, and generate a predictive model of competitive analysis.

Methods: Through the Multinomial Logistic Regression Model was obtained the significant variables that helped to predict the customer’s pharmacy choice. The study was conducted in the zone number 3, center of the country, whose sample was calculated based on the infinite population formula. A total of 393 clients were surveyed in the main public and private health centers.

Results: After establishing the dependent variable “Choice of Pharmacy”; Of the eight variables under study, the relevant independent variables were: Reason for choice, Fidelity and Low prices with a level of significance of 0.003, 0.001 and 0.000, respectively. Final variables and introduced to the regression model; which resulted, a probability of 16.82% that customers go to Farmacias Cruz Azul, 77.12% to choose Farmacias Económicas, and only 0.63% to go to another pharmacy, including independent.

Conclusions: The Multinomial Logistic Regression Model was useful to predict the probability of choice of pharmacy, which a client has according to variables that represent service; allowing also to perform key simulations for the continuous improvement of the sector, planning and competitive analysis.

Traditional sensor based finding in average field requires more number of sensors and human endeavors on the off chance that it is prepared in a huge scope. It is a troublesome assignment because of the lack of clinical experts and framework arrangement. To beat this issue an IoT based medical care application is proposed in the examination work. The proposed framework comprises of the web and versatile application dependent on ceaseless remote observing of patients. The goal is paper is to execute a minimal expense framework and send the patient essential signs in crisis circumstances. Sensors are being utilized for estimating the patient fundamental signs by utilizing the remote organization. The sensors information are gathered and sent to the cloud for capacity by means of Wi-Fi module associated with the regulator. The information is handled in the cloud and criticism steps are taken on the dissected information which can be additionally investigated by a specialist distantly. Far off review lessens weight to specialists and gives the specific wellbeing status of patients. Assuming the patient requirements earnest consideration, a message is shipped off the specialist.

Introduction: The primary-secondary care interface provides significant opportunities for medication errors to arise. There has been limited research into mechanisms to facilitate seamless transfer across this interface. The aim of this study was to focus on the potential contribution of community pharmacy services at the interface.

Materials & Methods: The opinions of community and hospital pharmacists were sought in relation to the current situation by means of questionnaires. A log book of communications between a community pharmacy and hospitals was maintained. A comparison of new discharge and post-discharge prescriptions was also performed. The data was coded and analysed in SPSS v.16.

Results: There is currently little communication across the interface at the time of discharge, with 11% of community pharmacists reporting no contact by a hospital at this time and a further 80% stating that they were only contacted occasionally. Hospital pharmacists reported ongoing difficulties in attempting to obtain a medication history on admission. Both parties agreed that the introduction of standard protocols and a designated seamless care pharmacist would improve medication safety at the interface. Most communication occurred between the community pharmacy and hospital on a Friday and also after 3 pm in the evening. When communication did occur the issue was resolved in 81% of all cases. Medication that required a follow up prescription from a patient’s family doctor following a hospital visit was incorrectly transcribed by the family doctor in 27% of cases.

Discussions, Conclusion: The involvement of community pharmacists occurs irregularly at present. There is dissatisfaction with the current situation. Pharmacists at either side of the interface are aware of the importance of the role that the other plays in seamless care, with both parties favouring the introduction of processes to facilitate seamless care at the interface. The involvement of the community pharmacist in the discharge process, through the dispensing of hospital discharge prescriptions, helped to reduce the number of medication errors that could occur at the primary-secondary care interface.

Pioglitazone Hydrochloride is an oral anti-diabetic agent, which acts primarily by increasing insulindependent glucose disposal. There is a need for sustained release Pioglitazone formulations, which overcome the various problems associated with the use of this drug in the prevention and treatment of diabetes. In the present work efforts have been made to develop floating drug delivery system for Pioglitazone Hydrochloride containing HPMC of different viscosity grades and poly vinyl pyrollidine to achieve a sustained release for 24 hrs. The tablets of all formulation were subjected to various physicochemical evaluation parameters such as thickness, diameter, weight variation, hardness, friability, drug content, in-vitro buoyancy lag time, total floating time, tablets density, swelling index and in-vitro dissolution study. The results of all these tests were found to be satisfactory within the prescribed limits. The formulations showed higher R 2 values for zero order plots indicating that drug release followed zero order kinetics and drug release from these floating tablets were by both diffusion and erosion.

Context: Over the last ten years, many research studies concerning pharmacists’ perceptions of generic medicines have been conducted worldwide, although this issue remains underexplored in Vietnam.

Aims: To evaluate pharmacists’ views on generic medicines and to investigate the generic substitution practices in community pharmacies in the context of Vietnam.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey comprising a 24-item self-administered anonymous questionnaire was distributed to 480 pharmacists in eleven provinces in southern Vietnam between December 2016 and March 2017. The main outcome measures were pharmacists’ views on generic medicines.

Results: Of the 480 pharmacists who received the questionnaire, the effective response rate was 35.63% (n=171 pharmacists); however, 45 pharmacists chose all three correct generic names. Some 47.3% of respondents indicated that all the products that are approved as exhibiting generic equivalence can be considered therapeutically equivalent to the innovator drugs. Yet, 25.2% of respondents agreed that generic medicines are of inferior quality to branded medicines. The pharmacists who graduated from universities and those who had undergone only a short period of training differed significantly in terms of their knowledge and perceptions. About 60.2% of pharmacists recommended generics over branded products. Approximately 89% of respondents disagreed with the notion of implementing certain compulsory generic substitutions in Vietnam.

Conclusions: The pharmacists who had completed only a short training period exhibited a lack of knowledge regarding generic names. This issue should hence be addressed by both pharmacy educators and relevant government agencies in order to ensure the wider use of generic products.

ABSTRACT

The role of community pharmay in the pandemic.
The profession of pharmacy has a very important place for public. Pharmacies serve as a primary health care institution. With the pandemic caused by the SARS-COV 2 virus that emerged in 2019, the workload and responsibilities of pharmacies, where people receve health and appointment, became difficult to reach hospitals. Also, pharmacists, who assumed a new role, had to keep up with changing and increasing responsibilitis. Releated to this, the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) has published a guide to clarify essential coronavirus information for pharmacists and te pharmacy workforce. With this guide, the responsibilities and roles of cmmunity and hospital pharmacists in te pandemic have been clarified. The practice of pharmacists’ new roles has progressed synchronously between government, health organizations, doctors and pharmacists. The study based on a literatüre analysis stating the role and importance of pharmacists in the coronavirus epidemic was desired. It was prepared using various sources from our country and the world.

Keywords: Community Pharmacy, Pandemic, Pharmacist, Epidemic, SARS-COV 2.

Pandemide serbest eczacılığın rolü.
Eczacılık mesleği halk için oldukça önemli bir yere sahiptir. Eczaneler 1.basamak sağlık kurumu olarak hizmet vermektedir. İnsanların randevusuz sağlık danışmanlığı aldığı eczanelerin, 2019 yılında ortaya çıkan SARS-COV 2 virüsünün sebep olduğu pandemi ile birlikte hastanelere ulaşımın zorlaşmasıyla iş yükü ve sorumlulukları artmıştır. Arıca yeni bir role bürünen eczacıarın değişen ve artan sorumluluklara ayak uydurması gerekmiştir. Bununla ilgili Uluslararası Eczacılık Federasyonu (FIP), eczacılar ve eczane iş gücü için gerekli koronavirüs bilgilerini netleştirmek için bir kılavuz yayınlamıştır. Bu kılavuzla birlikte pandemide serbest ve hastane eczacılarının sorumlulukları ve rolleri netleşmiştir. Eczacıların yeni rollerini uygulaması devlet, sağlık örgütleri, doktorlar ve eczacılar arasında senkronize bir şekilde ilerlemiştir. Koronovirüs salgınında eczacıların rolünü ve önemini belirten bir literatür analizine dayanan bir çalışma yapılmak istenmiştir ülkemizden ve dünyadan çeşitli kaynaklar kullanılarak hazırlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Serbest Eczane Eczaclığı, Pandemi, Eczacı, Salgın, SARS-COV 2.
 

The objective of the present study is to develop a pharmaceutically
stable,  cost  effective  and  quality  improved  robust  formulation  of
Valsartan Immediate Release tablets. The aim of work is related to
the  formulation  and  evaluation  of  10mg  of  dispersible  tablet.
Valsartan  belongs  to  a  class  of  antihypertensive  agents  called
angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). Total nine formulations
were  prepared  by  direct  compression  method  in  which  the
concentration of the superdisintegrants is varied to evaluate the effect
on the disintegration time of valsartan mouth dissolving tablets. The
superdisintegrants,  involved  in  preparation  are  Sodium  starch
glycolate, Avicel PH 102, Low HPC. The prepared batches of tablets
were  evaluated  for  micromeritic  parameters,  weight  variation,
hardness,  friability,  wetting  time,  In  vitro  dispersion  time,  drug
content and In vitro dissolution studies. In Formulations F1, F2, F3,
releases 89.83%, 91.10%, 96.20%, respectively, Formulation F4, F5,
and F6, which release 85.11%, 88.71% and 90.44% respectively and.
Formulation  F7,  F8,  F9,  releases  78.26%,  82.26%,  85.31%,
respectively,  at  end  of  15  minutes.  Amongst  all  the  developed
formulations, valsartan mouth dissolving tablets formulated by using
sodium starch glycolate as superdisintegrants, having hardness (3.7
Kg/cm
2
), Friability (0.1356 %), Drug Content (9.9250.067 mg). and
it  is  fulfilling  all  the  parameters.  It  has  shown  good  In  vitro
disintegration time (8.00  1.023 sec), In vitro dispersion time (14.33
 1.24 sec), compared to other superdisintegrants. The optimized
formulation  (F3)  containing  Sodium  starch  glycolate,  as
superdisintegrant  is  producing  best  results  compared  to  other
formulations.

Antibiotic resistance is a global public health problem that affects everyone. This study
aimed to explore the knowledge, attitude, and practices on antibiotic resistance among pharmacists at
the University Teaching Hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia.
This descriptive cross-sectional study was done among 46 randomly selected hospital pharmacists
from November 2018 to February 2019. Data was analysed using Statistical Packaging for Social
Sciences version 20. Statistical associations were done using Chi-square, Wilcoxon-Mann Whitney
and McNemar-Bowker test. Statistical significance was conducted at 95% confidence level with a
p<0.05 to indicate statistical significance.
The majority of participants 24/46 (52%) were males while 22/46 (48%) were females (p=0.883).
Majority of the participants were in the age group of 26-30 years old (p=0.010), the minimum age was
23 and maximum age was 47 years, mean age was 32.11 years, a standard deviation of 6.533,
p=0.263. The majority of participants 28/46 (61%) were married (p=0.185), the majority of
participants 24/46 (52%) had worked for a period of 1-5 years (p<0.001). All participants 46/46
(100%) were pharmacists (p<0.001) and were all Christians (p<0.001). Majority of the participants
had adequate knowledge, positive attitude and good practices towards antibiotic resistance based on
their responses to the questionnaire. Statistical tests showed no association between knowledge and
attitude (p=0.693), knowledge and practices (p=0.409), and between attitude and practices (p=0.226).
The majority of pharmacists at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka have good knowledge,
positive attitude and good practices towards antibiotic resistance. Additionally, there was no
association between knowledge and attitude (p=0.693), knowledge and practices (p=0.409), and
attitude and practices (p=0.226).
Keywords: Antibiotic resistance; Knowledge; Attitude; Practices; Pharmacists

HAZIRLAYANLAR
Ekin Hazal Bolulu
Elif Çisem Çöldür
Zeynep Güneş Tepe
Danışman: Pharma MBA Fahri Yağlı
BEŞERİ TIBBİ ÜRÜNLERİN FİYATLANDIRILMASI
TİTCK 10 Temmuz 2015 Tarihli ve 29412 Sayılı Resmî Gazetede yayımlanan 2015/7752 Sayılı Beşeri Tibbi Ürünlerin Fiyatlandirilmasina Dair Karar Madde 6 – Kar Oranları
İlaçlar haricindeki ürünlerin perakende satış fiyatı belirlenirken uygulanacak depocu ve eczacı kâr oranları
FİYATLANDIRMA STRATEJİLERİ
İndirim
Psikolojik fiyatlama
Tutundurma amaçlı fiyatlama
Coğrafi fiyatlama
Kofre fiyatlama

We have successfully completed the Fifth Edition to guide the use of drugs during the holy month of Ramadan 1436Ramadan -2015 It contains evidence of the importance of using drugs during the holy month of Ramadan without interruption until treatment effectiveness is reachable, and without abounded during the holy month It contains a updated list of commonly used medications, especially for chronic diseases, and how to convert from a normal day doses to the once or twice frequency usage in the holy month of Ramadan; based on drug indication, drug mechanism and half live, and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The guide contains updated list of medication on regular days and how to convert to Ramada at ambulatory care clinics and hospitals who wish from patients to fast This new version had an updated review of new drugs commonly used, as well as a section of medicines registered in the in Saudi Arabia and the availability of MOH Drug Formulary I dedicate this work to all Muslims and the moratorium to Allah those who wish to reprint it without any addition or deletion and without modifying or replacing unless only with permission Author, I hope Allah accepts our deeds and fasting

Objectives: This study was planned to determine the extent to which the role of a pharmacists is established in community pharmacies in Pakistan and to determine the need of qualified and experienced pharmacists in provision of healthcare at these medical stores or so called community pharmacies. Materials and Methods: A structured questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of 175 attendants at various medical stores located in different areas of Karachi with a response rate of 90.28%. Questionnaire consisted of 24 closed ended questions whose consistency and reliability were determined by Cronbach's alpha. Statistical analysis were done using SPSS (v.16.0) Results: The result shows that the average age of pharmacy attendant lies between 21 and 30 years. Only 9.49% of attendants have professional pharmacy education. It was noted that only 22.6% check prescriber signature before dispensing prescription, which is quite a low as compared with standard practice. Interestingly 57.6% attendants think that presence of qualified pharmacy at medical stores does not make any difference in the efficacy and the business of medical stores. Conclusion: This study concludes that the current status of community pharmacy practice is below par. There is a need to involve more pharmacists at community level and develop awareness programs to counter patients' routine drug issues and reducing the burden of disease from society.

How it is pronounce? Paracetamol: par + RA + cet + a + MOL Acetaminophen: a + SEET + a + MIN + oh + fen Paracetamol is commonly prescribed to relieve pain and fever. Proper mechanism of action is not known for Paracetamol. Paracetamol treats following condition/s:

Traditionally, plants have been used as a source of medicine in India by indigenous people inhabiting various terrains for the control of different ailments afflicting human. An ethno botanical survey was undertaken in Nawarangpur District, Odisha, India. The plants and their traditional use are part of the natural and cultural heritage of the region. The study was carried out regarding the medicinal plants used by the local peoples during 2000 to 2004. Finally, the data were assessed to which extent plants are vulnerable due to collection and habitat destruction. An ethno botanical survey was undertaken in the Nawarangpur District, Odisha, India. Data were collected through field assessments from traditional healers and locals by means of personal interviews and semi-structured questionnaires. Voucher specimens were collected following standard methods, identified with the help of pertinent floras and taxonomic experts and deposited in the Herbarium, RRL-B, India for future references. A total of 69 plant species belonging to 43 families are reported during the study. The major life forms were herbs, trees, shrubs, climbers, small tree and creeper. Several medicinal plants recognized for the treatment of various diseases were collected. The root parts were widely used, followed by leaf, bark, seed and stem. This study reveals that medicinal plants still play a vital role in the primary healthcare of this local community. Traditional medicines also have the potential to form the basis of pharmaceutical drugs for the treatment of a range of diseases. Further, the information requires validation for further clinical usage.

Bu ödevde eczacılıkta iletişimin rolünü ve önemine vurgulanmak istenmiştir. Eczacılar tarafından etkili ve sağlıklı iletişim, farmasötik bakım uygulamalarını iyileştirmek ve hastanın tedaviden maksimum yarar sağlaması için esastır. İyi iletişim, eczane ekipleri ve hastalar arasında daha güçlü bir diyaloğu mümkün kılan, herkesin birbirini ve hastalarını toplu olarak desteklemesine olanak hasta memnuniyetini sağlar ve güveni teşvik eder.
ABSTRACT
In this assignment, it is aimed to emphasize the role and importance of communication in pharmacy. Effective and healthy communication by pharmacists is essential for improving pharmaceutical care practices and for the patient to get the maximum benefit from the treatment. Good communication ensures patient satisfaction and fosters trust, enabling everyone to support each other and their patients collectively, enabling stronger dialogue between pharmacy teams and patients.
Keywords: Pharmacy, Communication, Patient-Pharmacist Communication, Community Pharmacies
Date: January 2022
iii

Diabetes Melitus (DM) dianggap sebagai “ibu” segala penyakit karena banyaknya komplikasi yang ditimbulkan. Mengetahui dan mengukur kepatuhan pengobatan dimungkinkan berpengaruh lebih besar pada pasien DM. Beberapa penelitian di Indonesia menggunakan skala
kuesioner untuk mengukur kepatuhan namun tidak melakukan validasi terhadap populasi penelitiannya, sehingga masih ditemukan anomali analisis korelasi antara kepatuhan dan data kliniknya walaupun diukur pada negara dan skala yang sama. Penelitian ini mengukur tingkat
kepatuhan minum obat pasien DM tipe 2, uji validitas skala pengukuran kepatuhan, dan analisis korelasinya terhadap outcome klinik pasien diabetes tipe 2 di empat Puskesmas wilayah Kab. Banyumas. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional pada pasien DM tipe 2 Prolanis,
periode Januari sampai April 2020. Pengukuran kepatuhan dilakukan menggunakan MARS-10, metode terjemahan backward-forward lalu dilanjutkan validasi konten dan internal. Outcome klinik didasarkan pada pengukuran glukosa darah puasa. Hasil analisis index Gregory MARS-
10 menunjukkan validitas konten pada kategori tinggi (IG ≥ 0,8). Validitas isi menunjukan hasil 9 pertanyaan bernilai r hitung > r tabel (n=30, r tabel = 0,361).

The new vision of Indonesian community in the future to be reached through the health development is formulated as "Healthy Indonesia 2010". Health development is executed with priority given to health promotion and disease prevention efforts beside the curative and health recovery efforts. Pharmaceutical services which part of health services has important role. Good Pharmaceutical Practices reached by good performance of pharmacists. One of tools to appraise performance of pharmacists is by the pharmacy team perception.

Background: Headache is one of the most common disabling medical condition affecting over 40% of adults globally. Many patients with headache prefer to alleviate their symptom with a range of over-the-counter analgesics that are available in community medicine retail outlets (CMROs). However, data regarding how community pharmacists respond to headache presentation and their analgesic dispensing behaviors in Ethiopia is scarce. The present study aimed to assess the self-reported and actual practice of community pharmacists toward management of a headache in Gondar town, Ethiopia. Methods: A dual-phase mixed-methods research design, including pseudo-client visits (between April 1 and 30, 2018) followed by a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study (between May 1 and 20, 2018) was conducted among CMROs in Gondar town, Ethiopia. Results: Among the 60 pseudo-client visits, 95% of them dispensed medications. The overall counseling approach was found to be 42.6% which improved to 58.3% when the pseudo-clients demanded it. Duration (73.3%) and signs/ symptoms (45%) of headache were asked before dispensing the medications. Dosing frequency (86.7%), indication (60%) and dosage form (35%) were the most discussed items. Ibuprofen (45%) and diclofenac (41.5%) were primarily added to paracetamol for better headache treatment. Effectiveness (61.7%) and cost (21.7%) were the main criteria to choose drugs. In the cross-sectional survey, 60 participants were requested and 51 of them agreed to participate (response rate of 85%). Of these participants, 64.7% agreed that managing headache symptomatically is challenging. Patient lack of confidence in dispensers (41.2%) and lack of updated medical information (31.4%) were reported as the primary barriers to counsel clients. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the practical gaps in counseling practices and poor headache management of community pharmacies in Gondar city. National stakeholders in collaboration with academic organizations should be involved in continuous clinical training and education regarding proper counseling practices.

Measurement of lung fungction is a way to determine the effectiveness of a given therapy. A monitoring asthma symptoms is to see the value of peak expiratory flow (PEF) with a peak flow meter. The measurement is objective and can be used to predict the prognosis of asthma through the monitoring of conditions of the lung. This study aims to find out information on the use of a peak flow meter explanations given to the patient's pharmacist in a pharmacy in a town in East Java. This research method is a non-experimental with cross sectional study. This study uses observation techniques in the form of a checklist, using the concept of a mysterious patient. Sampling by the proportional method, and then the data will be processed descriptively. The research sample of 80 pharmaceutical personnel consisting of 33 pharmacists and 47 non-pharmacists. In the group of non-pharmacists and pharmacists, the points most overlooked is the explanation of the recording of the results (number 6) and compared with the best value (number 8). Pharmacists still need to improve in understanding the basics and techniques in order to use a peak flow meter can help asthma patients to monitor their asthma medication. Keywords : information on how to use, peak flow meter, asthma, pharmacy

ABSTRACT
MARKETING IN THE COMMUNITY PHARMACIES
The main purpose of businesses in the long term is to maximize their incomes. Profitability is essential for the sustainability of a pharmacy. Various marketing strategies can be applied in pharmacies to increase profitability. According to Kotler, marketing is defined as the science and art of discovering, creating and delivering value to meet the needs of a target market. Accordingly, pharmacy businesses can continue their marketing activities by analyzing their consumer base and choosing a campaign according to the target audience.
In this study, we compiled these marketing strategies from various perspectives and presented their results and effectiveness.
ECZANELERDE PAZARLAMA STRATEJİLERİ
İşletmelerin uzun dönemdeki temel amacı kazançlarını maksimum kılmaktır. Bir eczanenin sürdürülebilirliği için karlılık şarttır. Karlılığı arttırmak için eczanelerde çeşitli pazarlama stratejileri uygulanabilir. Kotler’e göre pazarlama bir hedef pazarın ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için değer keşfetme, yaratma ve sunma bilimi ve sanatı olarak tanımlanır. Buna göre eczane işletmeleri tüketici tabanlarını analiz edip hedef kitleye göre kampanya seçimi yaparak pazarlama faaliyetlerini sürdürebilir.
Bu çalışmamızda bu pazarlama stratejilerini çeşitli açılardan derleyip sonuçlarını ve etkinliğini sunduk.

Background: Medicines are an essential component of health-care services. The community pharmacies have great value in terms of providing medicinal services in developing countries. Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP) assesses whether the medicines are safe, effective, available, and accessible and are used correctly. The objective of the study is to assess the good pharmacy practice among community pharmacy of Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur districts. Methods: This was a cross-sectional prospective study. A quota sampling approach was adopted to sample 94 community pharmacies. Data on the premises, storage, prescription handling and dispensing, pharmacy services and rational use of drug were collected using pre-tested questionnaire. Results: The overall compliance with GPP indicators for Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur districts were found to be 12.81 (55.69%), 11.13 (48.39%) and 12.99 (56.48%). On structure wise study, the GPP compliance was higher in others category (Metropolitan city, Sub-metropolitan city and Municipality) i.e. 13.49 (58.65%) and 11.9 (51.74%) in VDC. The studies showed the declining involvement of pharmacists or pharmacy assistants in community pharmacy for more than eight hours a working day i.e. Lalitpur (65%), Bhaktapur (56%) and Kathmandu (59%). Antibiotic dispensing without prescription was highly practiced in Lalitpur 50% compared to Bhaktapur (44%), Kathmandu (34%). Conclusions: It was found that all districts miserably failed to comply with the standards set by GPP particularly Bhaktapur. Pharmacies seemed to have established their place in the society more as a business entity rather than healthcare establishment.