Copper Coinage

در کشور ما سکه‌ها بویژه سکه‌های مسی(فلوس) دوره‌های متاخر، همچون بسیاری از اسناد و مکتوبات تاریخی در مجموعه‌های شخصی و یا موزه‌ها، شانس کمتری برای دیده شدن داشته و طنین صدای آنها در تحقیقات و پژوهش‌های تاریخی، فرهنگی و هنری کمتر دیده و شنیده می‌شود. فلوس‌ها بخش قابل توجهی از سکه‌های رایج و مورد استفاده در معاملات کم اهمیت و روزمره مردمان روزگاران پیشین بودند، اما به دلیل کم ارزش بودن فلز آن، سود سرشاری از محل حقالضرب سکهها و اجبار مردم به تعویض سکه‌های قدیمی با سکه‌های طرح‌ جدید (به دلیل کاهش ارزش قدرت خرید سکه‌های قدیمی) به صورت دوره‌ای نصیب صاحب امتیازان ضرابخانه‌ها می‌ساخت، ولی تصور بی‌اهمیتی و یا کم ارزشی آنها، همچنان در اذهان باقی مانده است. همچنین از طرف دیگر، به دلیل خواص شیمیایی فلز مس در مقایسه با سکه‌های طلا و نقره، در معرض آسیب و خطر نابودی بیشتری قرار داشته و پاک کردن زنگارها و رسوبات آن، با مشکلات و دشواری‌های زیادی روبرو است و متاسفانه در بیشتر مواقع تک پژواک‌های متفاوت دو روی این سکه‌ها قبل از هرگونه امکان ضبط و ثبتی، برای همیشه از صفحه روزگار حذف می‌شود.
در کشور ما سکه‌ها بویژه سکه‌های مسی(فلوس) دوره‌های متاخر، همچون بسیاری از اسناد و مکتوبات تاریخی در مجموعه‌های شخصی و یا موزه‌ها، شانس کمتری برای دیده شدن داشته و طنین صدای آنها در تحقیقات و پژوهش‌های تاریخی، فرهنگی و هنری کمتر دیده و شنیده می‌شود. فلوس‌ها بخش قابل توجهی از سکه‌های رایج و مورد استفاده در معاملات کم اهمیت و روزمره مردمان روزگاران پیشین بودند، اما به دلیل کم ارزش بودن فلز آن، سود سرشاری از محل حقالضرب سکهها و اجبار مردم به تعویض سکه‌های قدیمی با سکه‌های طرح‌ جدید (به دلیل کاهش ارزش قدرت خرید سکه‌های قدیمی) به صورت دوره‌ای نصیب صاحب امتیازان ضرابخانه‌ها می‌ساخت، ولی تصور بی‌اهمیتی و یا کم ارزشی آنها، همچنان در اذهان باقی مانده است. همچنین از طرف دیگر، به دلیل خواص شیمیایی فلز مس در مقایسه با سکه‌های طلا و نقره، در معرض آسیب و خطر نابودی بیشتری قرار داشته و پاک کردن زنگارها و رسوبات آن، با مشکلات و دشواری‌های زیادی روبرو است و متاسفانه در بیشتر مواقع تک پژواک‌های متفاوت دو روی این سکه‌ها قبل از هرگونه امکان ضبط و ثبتی، برای همیشه از صفحه روزگار حذف می‌شود.

The city of Jahrom in Iran has a long history of minting coins that goes back to the Sasanian era. However, after the Arab conquest of Iran, it took the city a long time to start minting coins again. Although some Aq Qoyunlu and Safavid silver coins of Jahrom are known to numismatists and collectors, no copper coins have been reported until now. Thus, to address this knowledge gap, this article introduces several copper coins locally minted in the city of Jahrom in these periods.

Uniform in their dullness [and] lack of inspiration, [James] Longacre's contributions to…regular coinages were a decided step backward from the art of [his predecessors]….Whatever his previous qualities as an engraver of portraits, he seems not to have brought much imagination to his important post at the Philadelphia Mint. 1

Акопян А. В. О классификации медных иранских монет XVI–XIX вв. В сб.: Нумизматические чтения Государственного исторического музея 2016. Москва, 22 и 23 ноября 2016 г. Материалы докладов и сообщений. М., 2016. C. 109–113.

A. V. Akopyan. On the Classification of Iranian Copper Coins of 16th–19th cc. [In Russian]

Paghava I. “The Profitability of Minting Civic Copper Coins and the Identification of Emerging Nationalism as Seen Through Coin Imagery. A Case Study of the East-Georgian Kingdom Kartl-Kakheti”. Iranian Numismatic Studies. A Volume in Honor of Stephen Album. Editor: Mostafa Fahfoury. 2017. P. 243-255.

Paghava I., Turkia S. “Circulation of Kufic Fulūs in the Tiflīs Emīrate”. Materials and Researches of the Numismatics Department. Based on the Proceedings of the International Conference “Two Centuries of Islamic Numismatics in Russia. General Results and Prospects”. Transactions of the State Hermitage Museum LXXXI, St. Petersburg: The State Hermitage Publishers, 2017. P. 92-104.

E-Book - 01. Checklist - British India Coinage.
Denomination
1/12 Anna
1/2 Pice
One Quarter  Anna
1 Pice
Half Anna
1 Anna
2 Annas
1/4 Rupee
4 Annas
8 Annas
Half Rupee
One Rupee
East India Company
Victoria Queen
Victoria Empress
Edward King VII
George V
George VI
Imperial Crown

The article deals with the problem of the influx of the Ottoman coins to Belgorod (Cetatea Albă) that preceded its conquest by the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II in 1484. The majority of the early Ottoman coins found in Belgorod belongs to the copper denomination – mangir, though the copper coinage was used for internal circulation. However, in the late 14th – early 15th c. these coins could have restrictedly participated in local circulation along with Juchid copper coinage.
Since the 1430s, the role of the Ottoman silver coinage (akçes) had gradually increased in the Carpatho-Danubian area because of their high silver content and the strengthening of the Ottoman influence in the Black Sea region. At the same time, the Ottoman copper mangirs continued to come to this region as well, but the basic area of their finds is restricted to Belgorod. The majority of these coins turned out to be struck in 1450-1460s, during the second reign of Mehmed II (1451-1481), coinciding with the time of the intensive influx of the Ottoman silver akçes, interrupted by the outbreak of the war between the Ottoman Empire and the Principality of Moldavia in the early 1470s. This article suggests that the copper mangirs of Mehmed II could hardly have had an important role in the monetary circulation of Belgorod, while the increase of their finds in this city, in comparison with the previous issuers, was rather determined by the other factors.

It was probably fifteen years ago when my first teacher in Oriental numismatics, Dr. Arkady Molchanov, acquainted me with the second edition of Steve Album's Checklist. Having consulted it. I am sure that I am not alone in my impression that the clear structure of this milestone work has made future investigations in Islamic numismatics much easier. Throughout all the subsequent years, despite the heavy demands on his schedule, Steve always found time to stay in touch and discuss the latest research in any field of Islamic and particularly Iranian numismatics, so I offer this article in gratitude for all the assistance and counseling he has provided me. Unlike the silver and gold coins of Iran of the sixteenth to the nineteenth century thoroughly described in special catalogs, information about the copper coins of the Iranian cities is still scattered in various publications which for a long time has made it difficult to systematize and analyze the data. Gaps in the cataloging of this material are associated with a huge variety of types of copper coins, which sometimes changed every year in more than fifty Iranian mints. The practice of such frequent and irregular (not annual) changes of type sharply distinguishes Iranian copper issues from the silver and gold coins, which remained fairly uniform in their external designs and minting. In addition, other characteristics of copper coins make it difficult for them to accumulate in museum and private collections. This lies in their inherent values and consequently short-term circulation, which hindered both long-term accumulation in the people's hands and made meaningless their hoarding. 1 Despite researchers' interest in copper Iranian coins, attempting to typologize them was difficult due to the incompleteness of the publishing of the coins. Recently the situation in this area has significantly improved. This is due to the publication of collections of Iranian copper coins by the State Museum of Georgia (546 coins), the Ashmolean Museum (192 coins), and the cataloguing by Tinatin Kutelia of all copper coins published by 1990 (444 coins). It has improved, as well, with the digitization in recent years of the collection of the American Numismatic Society (2,006 coins of interest) and the ongoing additions to the online Zeno Oriental coins database (www.zeno.ru currently with 660 coins of interest). The scientific value of the last two databases has recently increased with the introduction of modern polyparametric search tools. To this number I can add personally examined Iranian copper coins from the collection of the State Historical Museum of Armenia (ca. 1700 coins), State Museum of Fine Arts (ca. 1000 coins), and Forschungsstelle für Islamische Numismatik, Universität Tübingen (ca. 200 coins), as well as about 400 coins in private collections. I am very grateful to Kirk Bennett for his patient language editing. I am also thankful to the keepers of the collections in which I had the opportunity to work-Dr. Lutz Ilisch (Forschungsstelle für islamische Numismatik, Universität Tübingen) and Dr. Ruben Vardanyan (State Historical Museum of Armenia).

Lord Mahakal is worshipped in most parts of Central India including Malwa, Nimar etc since centuries in his various forms as well as through his depictions, symbols. Appearance of Lord Mahakal is well knon on ancient coins also including famous coins of Ujjain. Later Lord Mahakal's symbols, various depictions and forms also appeared on Princely State Coins like Dewas, Indore in form of Shivling, Jaladhari with or without Nandi. Shivling on the counter marked coins of Dewas Princely State was already discussed but another symbol which is seen on countermarked coins of Dewas Princely State is still a riddle. Some experts claimed it as "Man in the Moon" figure. I have observed it and found that this may be the representation of Lord Mahakal's or Lord Shiva's fierce form "Kalbhairva". Reason for this is obvious from the series of Shivling Countermarked coins of Dewas State and also the figure somewhat resembles with sketches and depiction of Lord Kalbhairav.