Cross-Cultural Communication

Interpreted preaching embodies the Pentecost belief that all peoples should hear the good news in their heart language communicated through preachers empowered by the Holy Spirit. This paper argues that interpreted preaching is distinct from other forms of preaching. This paper is a summary of the author’s doctoral work that is the first in theology to explore the historically overlooked event of consecutive side-by-side preaching with an interpreter. Interpreters have been of historical importance to evangelism and the global church, and continue to be utilised in churches and religious contexts. The biblical foundation of this paper is that God desires to communicate with people in their heart languages. A case study of SOMA, a short-term mission organisation that regularly uses interpreted preaching was undertaken. Qualitative interviews of preachers, interpreters, and bilingual listeners were conducted to examine the homiletic process before, during, and after the interpreted preaching event. Analysis of results demonstrates that there are significant differences in interpreted preaching from other forms of preaching. Interpreted preaching requires preachers to approach the task with a particular emphasis on nonverbal communication, establish a preaching rapport with the interpreter, as well as different methodology and praxis in preparation, delivery, and reflection. Interpreted preaching also significantly affects power dynamics and roles within the preaching space, with the interpreter considered a gatekeeper and co-preacher due to their linguistic, cultural, and theological fluency. These results confirm the hypothesis that interpreted preaching is a discrete homiletic.

The nature of society means health and medical communication often occurs in different international and local settings. Such interactions generally involve offering care-practices that help individuals maintain or return to a level of health and wellness. These exchanges usually take place in different cultural, linguistic, and geopolitical environments involving individuals who: Provide care to others Educate others on care and caregiving Receive or participate in such care In these situations, care-related information must be contextualized to address how care is perceived and administered in such contexts. Doing so is not easy, for it requires an understanding of the cultural context of care. In this special issue, the authors examine a range of contexts of care to show how technical communicators and rhetoricians of health and medicine can work at the intersections of health, wellness, and culture to contribute to healthcare practice.

MÖ. 7. binyıl pek çok bakımdan Yakın-Doğu Tarihi’nde bir dönüm noktası oluşturur. “Çanak-Çömleksiz Neolitik” (Erken Neolitik: MÖ. 10000-7000) adı verilen dönem, binyıl başında yerini “Çanak-Çömlekli Neolitik”e (Geç Neolitik: MÖ. 7000-5500) bırakır. Geç Neolitik’te önceki devrin anıtsal mimarisi ve mega-köylerinden eser yoktur. Bu yüzden MÖ 7. binyıl toplumlarının kültürel açıdan bir “gerileme” yaşadığı ve karmaşık toplum adımlarının zayıfladığı yanılgısına düşülür. Oysa küçülen yerleşimlerde hareketli (yarı-göçebe) çobanlık uygulamalarına geçilmiş; avcı-toplayıcı pratikler zayıflamış, ev ekonomisi büyük ölçüde çiftçilik-besiciliğe dayalı hale gelmiş; çömlek teknolojisi geliştikçe besin saklama ve taşıma olanakları artmış; ikincil ürünler devrimi sayesinde evcil hayvanların eti kadar sütü ve yününden de yararlanılır olmuştur. İklimdeki soğuma ve kuraklaşma da, Neolitik toplumlarının doğaya karşı mukavemetini artıran bir faktördür. İşte böylesi bir dönüşümler çağında, Yukarı ve Aşağı Mezopotamya’da çanak-çömlek stilleri üzerinden ayırt edebildiğimiz ilk bölgesel kültürlerin ortaya çıktığını görürüz. Kuzeyden güneye Halaf, Hassuna ve Samarra, kültürel etkileşim evrenleri olarak belirmiş; MÖ. 6. binyıl boyunca bu üç kültür arasındaki karşılaşma/temas, Halaf’ın diğerlerini soğurmasıyla sonuçlanmıştır. Geç 6. binyılda ise, Aşağı Mezopotamya’nın en erken kültürü Ubeyd’in hızla kuzeyi etkisi altına aldığını ve Halaf’ın sonunu getirdiğine tanık oluruz. Giderek “devlet-öncesi karmaşık toplum”u temsil eden Ubeyd’in yaygınlığı, Mezopotamya’da uygarlığın gelişini haber vermektedir. Bu bildirinin amacı, bölgenin erken kültürleri arasındaki “temas”ın yoğunluğunu ve erken karmaşık toplumların hangi koşullarda belirdiğini araştırmaktır.

In this study, the role of information obtained from social media in shaping the perception of truth and the tendency of people to seek real information are investigated through the interaction of Syrians under temporary protection in Turkey and their colleagues is investigated through the interaction of Syrians under temporary protection in Turkey and their colleagues. Data were collected by literature review, document analysis, ethnographic observation, interview and questionnaire methods. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive analysis method. In addition, the social media accounts of local employees were analyzed by content analysis method. Data sets obtained from different sources were analyzed at a descriptive level and original results were obtained. As a result of this research carried out in a bag fabric in Ulus, Ankara; It has been determined that the structural, functional and contextual features of social media strengthen the post-truth thinking, emotions have remarkable effects on the perception of reality, and social media content, which is considered to be low in credibility, has offline effects. Especially when it comes to immigrants, content that triggers negative emotions is widely circulated on social media. Feelings of injustice and anger are triggered by local employees who believe in fake news on social media. These feelings prevent these people from seeking the truth. On the other hand, there is a sense of compassion among local workers who are least affected by fake news, and they do not want to seek the truth about Syrian migrants with the effect of this feeling. Emotions are one of the most important obstacles to the search for truth. In addition, social media is more effective at recognizing Syrian migrants than face-to-face communication.

The entries in this volume introduce technical communicators to foundational practices, current approaches, and emerging trends in translation and localization. To do so, the editors of this collection purposefully recruited authors from the translation and localization industries. All of these contributors, moreover, have previous experiences, stretching back decades, working with technical communicators on international projects. Each individual was asked to contribute a chapter that explained, to a non-translator/non-localizer, what a particular translation or localization practice was and how it worked. Contributors were also asked to draw from their prior experiences working with technical communicators and focus on the question, “Based on your prior experiences working with technical communicators, what do they need to know to work effectively with translators and localizers?” The objective underlying this approach was to provide technical communicators with the understanding of translation and localization needed to work effectively with professionals in these fields.

A B S T R A C T This research essay deals with the advertising, esp. when it comes to issues related to culture, advertising and globalization with special focus on cross cultural communication. As no comprehensive definition of culture is available, so popular definitions of culture dealing with different perspectives have been provided to increase understanding of the readers.

An important strand of research that is often neglected in the field of affective computing is that of how users respond to simulated displays of emotion. We present an overview of the few studies that have explicitly investigated this space and discuss a number of issues related to simulated emotion research. An overview of our own work in this area is then provided, along with forthcoming studies that we plan to conduct. We conclude with a number of suggestions of where future research in this space should focus.

© Аннотация: На материале мультипликационного дискурса рассмотрены особенности вербализации показателя феминности, сформулированного Г. Хофстеде в системе его теории культурных измерений. Цель исследованияописать, как вербализуются качества, свойственные феминной культуре, с помощью коммуникативной категории феминности в десяти сериях мультипликационного сериала «Лунтик и его друзья» (2020). Мультипликационный дискурс избран для анализа в силу его важной роли в формировании мировоззрения детей и в способности отражать ценности общества. Соответственно, дискурсивный анализ мультипликационного дискурса позволяет раскрыть принципы восприятия реальности представителями общества, найти объяснение их коммуникативному поведению через вербализацию культурных ценностей. С помощью методик дискурсивного и лингвопрагматического анализа, а также посредством методов классификации, систематизации и интерпретации было установлено, что коммуникативная стратегия феминности реализуется в материале исследования с помощью тактик контраста, обещания (предложения), повелевания, дознания (вопрошания), оценки и гармонизации. Все данные тактики в системе коммуникативной категории феминности направлены на указание важной роли феминных качеств в современном российском обществе. Ключевые слова: культурные измерения, мультипликационный дискурс, коммуникативная стратегия, показатель феминности, коммуникативная тактика.

Nakhon Phanom is a border province in the Northeast of Thailand. It is located alongside the bank of the Mekong River and is opposite to Kham Muon Province of the Lao People's Democratic Republic. In the past, Nakhon Phanom was the location of Sri Khotrabun Kingdom and it is one of the provinces where Vietnamese people migrated to and also was asylum of President Ho Chi Minh, the first president of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, from 1928 to 1929. Nakhon Phanom is also ranked as the happiest province in Thailand of 2012. According to its geography and history, Nakhon Phanom has become a province of multiple ethnic groups and cultural identities - Thai, Lao and Vietnamese. This paper stands on Space concept of Henri Lefebvre to analyze the relation between social space and physical space that created the following social products, Thai-Lao Friendship Association, Nakhon Phanom Thais Race Vietnamese Associate, Thai-Vietnam Friendship Village and Nakhon Phanom-Hanoi Friendship Center. Besides, Lao and Vietnamese languages are put into the basic education courses. Even though each ethnic has individual identity in language, religion and culture, they have a strong collective identity through annual religion festivals namely; Phra That Phanom Worship Festival, Illuminated Boat Procession and New Year Festival. Those festivals represent the event in Pluralism concept of William James showing the acceptance of racial and cultural differences of all ethnic groups in Nakhon Phanom which leads to a unified community.

This paper describes the use of adaptation patterns in the task of formulating standards for adaptive educational hypermedia (AEH) systems that is currently under investigation by the EU ADAPT project. Within this project, design dimensions for high granularity patterns have been established. In this paper we focus on detailing lower granularity adaptive patterns based upon learning styles. Several patterns from existing AEH system case studies are identified and classified according to an extended learning style "onion" model. This model forms the basis of a learning style taxonomy, introduced here, whose components determine adaptation patterns for AEH. These patterns are of importance both for authoring, as well as for interfacing between adaptive hypermedia systems. From an authoring point of view, these patterns may be used to establish a fine-grain approach to instructional strategies that can be implemented in AEH systems, as a response to a particular learning style. The implementation of this adaptation pattern taxonomy is discussed, both generally and in detail.

Anxiety Uncertainty Management (AUM) theory (Gudykunst, 2004) suggests that both anxiety and uncertainty are key factors that influence cross-cultural engagement within health services. The current study employed an experimental design to test AUM theory within a health context, specifically the impact of high or low perceived predictability and high or low anxiety on willingness to interact within a health care interaction. Additionally, the study assessed the unique contribution of state and trait anxiety, ethnocentrism and attitudes towards seeking psychological help, on participants’ ratings of willingness to interact within a health setting to better understand health help-seeking behaviour. Results indicate that an anxiety provoking situation is a significant predictor of willingness to interact,with high anxiety leading to less willingness to interact, a finding enhanced when perceived predictability of a health professional was also low. This finding supports the application of AUM theory to the health setting. A heightened anxiety provoking situation was also found to have a direct effect on the perceived predictability of an intercultural health interaction partner. Despite previous research indicating the importance of help seeking behaviour and cultural attitudes in negatively influencing engagement with health services, the current study found that state anxiety was a more significant indicator of willingness to interact in a cross-cultural health interaction than these other indicators.

International centres of excellence (ICE) in which foreign research organizations are attracted to developing and emerging countries via dedicated funding schemes to support technological catching-up and strengthening of innovation systems, can have benefits for both host countries and their international research partners through knowledge spill-overs and business opportunities. As analysis of the process of setting up such ICEs is limited, the contribution of this study is assessing the enactment of such innovation policies aimed at inducing cross-border collaboration for R&D and innovation. This is done by investigating stakeholders' perceptions on the establishment and early functioning of Chile's ICE programme. The principal finding is that setting up and operating an ICE requires absorptive capacity of different kinds: not only to embed research and innovations ensuing from an ICE in the host country innovation system, but also to build capacities for operationalizing cross-border collaboration in an ICE and dealing with the dual embeddedness of ICE in both the host country and the home countries of the foreign research organizations. The latter type of absorptive capacity needs to be built both in the research organizations involved, and in the funding agencies enacting the innovation policy instruments that induce ICEs. Dedicated brokers facilitating such cross-border collaboration by bridging institutional and cultural gaps and supporting learning between partners, could be useful in this regard.

Quels sont les leaders politiques ajustés à une société qui substitue la psychologie à l'engagement réel dans le monde ? Des hommes qui jouent leur charisme dans la capacité à abolir toute distance entre leurs sentiments et ceux du public. Avec l'aide des médias électroniques qui permettent d'organiser leur surexposition, les politiciens exhibent leur intimité pour éviter d'avoir à être jugés sur leurs actes. Il y a de l'« incivilité » dans ce type de comportement public où la séduction l'emporte sur la pédagogie et l'ambition politiques ». (Foessel, 2008 : 53) Depuis cinq ans environ qu'ils existent, les médias sociaux, fers de lance de la « révolution web 2.0 » dite participative ou collaborative, sont devenus, pour certains amateurs, un élément important de leur sociabilité. Réseaux sociaux et autres blogs invitent leurs usagers à s'exprimer librement sur tous les sujets, y compris sur eux-mêmes. Ces médias peuvent représenter pour leurs membres une source privilégiée d'informations, et un moyen d'accès à une communauté d'opinions. Situés à mi-chemin entre la 'page perso' et le SMS, les messages publiés sur le site de « micro-blogging » Twitter, ou encore sur le « mur » du réseau Facebook, emploient souvent un registre que l'on peut qualifier d'« intimiste ». De nombreux utilisateurs y confient les détails de leur vie quotidienne, leurs réactions à chaud, leurs passions et leurs « coups de gueule ». C'est peut-être ce semblant d'im-média-teté qui confère à ces nouveaux médias leur image de transparence et d'informalité, de légèreté et d'impartialité, face aux médias classiques. À ce titre, les médias sociaux s'imposent progressivement comme un moyen efficace pour les annonceurs d'engager le dialogue avec une 'jeunesse' en réalité de moins en moins jeune, et plus généralement avec un public urbain éduqué et technophile. En politique, la question se pose désormais à tous les élus : peut-on encore se passer aujourd'hui de sa page, officielle ou non, sur Facebook ?

Purpose: Regulatory authorities and health care practitioners participating in international clinical trials are often discussed in the technical writing literature. However, the most vulnerable audience-the participants-is left out of the conversation. The purpose of this article is to examine the influence of legal and cultural contexts on participant-directed informed consent documentation. Such examination will help technical communicators make informed consent documentation more user-centered. Method: Using excerpts from informed consents that I translated into Russian, examples from my six years as a localization specialist, and an overview of contradictory U.S., Russian, and international laws, I analyze the legal, ethical, and cultural considerations for informed consent documentation in international clinical trials.

Lexical-and-semantic class of personal names is characterized with a number of specific properties and functions. Synchronically, without appealing to etymology, those individual (individualized) names fulfil a secondary nomination function due to their semiotic function, which makes it possible interpret personal names as symbolic cultural codes belonging to national linguistic worldviews. Still, in course of cross-cultural communication , linguistic contacts demand personal names be translated from one language to another one. The aim of the article is to demonstrate the possibility of adaptation of personal names conserving their own semiotic and national identity while being globally transposed both into various languages and linguistic worldviews, including the general global linguistic worldview. As is generally acknowledged, due to the intranslatability of personal names, though languages of the Euro-pean area reveal some correlations, the principle method to adapt them in literary and mass-media texts as well as in course of colloquial communication is the transformation of their exterior sound-and-letter form, so the foreground is made by the norms and rules of transliteration on the basis of the so-called "ideal" Latin alphabet and "practi-cal" transcription which are closely interconnected and fixed as standard ones in the documents of international associations, e.g., ISO, MFO, etc. However, the alphabets and pronouncing norms of national languages are realized controversially which inevitably leads to developing variations and the necessity to revise the established standards. The implicitly positive result of personal names adaptation is the unification of transliteration, considering that even for languages using the hiero-glyphic or letter-syllabic writing systems, special alphabets are developed, e.g., pingyin for Chinese or hangul for Korean, which have to provide the conventional communication in the intersection of languages and culture.

The paper examines intercultural communication as the management of messages across cultures. Our understanding of culture, culturing and intercultural communication enlarges our understanding of what being human means and, moreover, expands moral action by locating our humanity within a constantly changing world. This emergent quantum understanding brings a closer look on intercultural theory and the phenomenon of culturing, thus, broadening human understanding of intercultural communication.

This study investigates the extent to which phonological characteristics of Farsi speakers of English interfere with their intelligibility when they interact with L1 Australian English speakers. Many students who are learning English within Iran, as well as Farsi speakers of English abroad, have difficulties in pronunciation that have an effect on their intelligibility when they interact with L1 English speakers. This study examines L1 Australian English speakers' perceptions of the effect of pronunciation on intelligibility of Farsi speakers of English. A sample of four Farsi speakers of English and five L1 Australian English speakers participated in this research. The research method included an unstructured interview, twenty sentences that contained specific phonemes, and ten sentences including consonant clusters. The Farsi speakers of English were invited to participate in the process by attending an interview and reading aloud the two sets of sentences whilst being tape recorded. Then, the L1 Australian English speakers were invited to listen to the tape recording of the Farsi speakers of English and answer the three sets of questions accordingly. The findings demonstrated that the phonemes and consonant clusters which do not exist in the Farsi sound system and syllable structure caused difficulties for Farsi speakers of English to a varying degree.

Effective usage of nonverbal and verbal communication in Japanese such as gestures, mimics, silence and employing grammatical or lexical honorifics plays a significant role in determining the success of foreign language learners in obtaining their intended employment. This study examines the second language (L2) learning of politeness and social interaction in professional life within sociocultural and sociolinguistic competence in situ among those L2 learners of Japanese who took the sociolinguistics competence courses and those who did not. The main purpose of this study to exhibit the importance of employing Sociolinguistic Competence courses to the Japanese Language Education Curriculum in order to have students understand cross-cultural and sociocultural phenomena. In the Sociolinguistic Competence courses graduates do not only learn the theoretical sociocultural background of Japanese society and language. In addition, they familiarize themselves with various practical topics such as social manners, those pertaining to e-mail, the telephone, name cards (meishi), and even the seating orders used in Japanese business. The current study analyzed 80 participants who are graduated and are working with native Japanese speakers in their professional lives. Based on the study findings, implications for teaching sociolinguistic and nonverbal/verbal communication tools were explored.

Social work educators have found a variety of experiential and creative methods to be valuable aids in teaching culturally sensitive social work practice. By utilizing experiential/creative methods as tools of self-reflection, faculty can help students develop their "professional use of self" for practice with diverse populations. This paper presents a development in qualitative research, the research poem, which has powerful implications for teaching culturally sensitive social work. It explores how the research poem was has been used as a vehicle for teaching students culturally sensitive social work practice with Native Americans.

Intercultural competence (Cross-culture competence) has become the focus of foreign language education. Awareness of the target culture is now one of the most discussed issues in the literature of the foreign language education. Raising language learners’ intercultural competence has become, now more than ever, an indispensable objective of the EFL education in Saudi Arabia. To investigate this issue, this paper aims at exploring some Saudi EFL learners’ views and attitudes toward learning about the target culture’s practices using both quantitative and qualitative data. Overall, the results showed that Saudi EFL learners were willing to learn about the target culture. Based on the data analysis, this paper concludes with proposing a model for developing language learners’ intercultural competence. The literature of EFL intercultural competence is huge and complex, and it is beyond the scope of this paper to cover all the related issues.

The availability of language services for patients with limited English proficiency has become a standard of care in the United States. Finding the resources to pay for language programs is challenging for providers, payers, and policymakers. There is no federal payment policy and states are developing policies using different methodologies for determining costs and reimbursement rates.  is paper establishes a conceptual framework that identifies program costs, can be used across health care entities, and can be understood by administrators, researchers, and policymakers to guide research and analysis and establish a common ground for informed strategic discussion of payment and reimbursement policy. Using case study methods, a framework was established to identify costs and included determining the perspective of the cost analysis as well as distinguishing between the financial accounting costs (direct, indirect, and overheard costs) and the economic opportunity and subsequent utilization costs.

Küreselleşen Dünyanın Kimlik İnşasında İnternetin Katkısı: Vimeo Web Sitesindeki Türkiye Tanıtımları

The influence of globalisation is flowed through nowadays. To understand better of globalistion term, it is suggested to look at subterms of globalisation like as world citizenship, internationalisation, multi-culturality, transnational trade, network society, suprastate or supranational organisations in culture, politic and economic areas. The globalisation as a multi-pole political world system is dervied from a world as mean of first and second which was destroyed by the 20th centruy’s world wars and end of Cold War. Furthermore, multipolarity was occured by world wide communication and computer techologies. These techonologies made the world possible for cross-border relations for nations, cultures and states. To give an exapmle for the progress we could talk about countries which have been in the economic ascendancy of Indonesia, Malesia or  cinema industruies of India, Hong-Kong etc. as an opposing force to Hollywood. One of the important result of globalisation is narrative ways of cinematic production is now more similiar with Hollywodd aesthetics.  So within the context of transborder relations with cultures is much more intensive, close, involutive than ever. At firist step of globalisation theory is discussed by general features than as second the effects of internet as an cultural tool in global era and as a last part of theory is conclued by cinema-internet relations. In the part of examination, it was looked at Vimeo contents for “Turkey’s Introductory Videos” and what kind of national and transnation contributions are done will be analyzed comparatively within context of taxonomic analyze. These analze will be classified at the basis of cultural and visual concepts. The research shows that post modern and consumerasim effects are very dominant on selected videos. Key words: Globalisation, Turkey, Transnationality, Cinema,  Vimeo
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Küreselleşme, dünya vatandaşlığı, uluslararasılaşma, çok kültürlülük, ulus-ötesi yapı ve organizasyonlar ile küresel göç gibi olgularla ön plana çıkan bir sürecin kavramsal ifadesidir. Siyasal planda ise yerkürenin birinci ve ikinci dünya tarafından yönetilişinin, 19. yüzyılda endüstriyel devrimler ile 20. yüzyılda dünya savaşları ve beraberinde gelen toplumsal devrimlerle birlikte yıkıldığı ve üçüncü bir dünya ile birlikte çok merkezli güç yapılarının ortaya çıkmaya başladığı bir dünya düzenini de ifade etmektedir. Bu gelişmelerde güç dengelerindeki değişmenin etkisi kadar bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin oluşturduğu ekonomik ve kültürel yapının gücü de bir o kadar etkili olmuştur. Küreselleşme Doğu için, Asya Kaplanları şeklinde başlayan ekonomik güçlenme, Uzak Doğu ve Hint sinemasının Hollywood karşısında birer güç dengesi haline gelmesi şeklinde gelişmişken diğer yandan da kültürel bakımdan sınırların kalktığı, Amerikan sineması tadında Uzak Doğu filmlerinin izlendiği, içerik ve stillerin iç içe geçtiği bir dünyayı işaret etmektedir. Bu araştırmada ilk olarak küreselleşme genel hatlarıyla tanımlanmış; sonrasında internetin bu olguya nasıl bir katkı sağladığı tartışılmıştır. Ayrıca,  intenetin sinemasal üretimler noktasında sürece nasıl destek verdiği değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmanın uygulama bölümünde Vimeo sitesinde yer alan Türkiye’ye özgü üretilen yerli ve yabancı içeriklerin özellikleri, Türkiye’nin tanıtımına nasıl bir katkıda bulunduğu ve bu yönde ne katkılar yaptığı ele alınmıştır. Araştırma, literatür taraması ile birlikte Vimeo sitesinde yer alan Türkiye’nin tanıtımı ile ilgili içeriklere yabancı üyelerin ne tip içerikler ürettikleri ve içeriklerini nasıl bir görsel tema ve tasrımla bütünlediklerinin belirlenmesini konu alan taksonomik analiz ile son bulacaktır. Yerli ve yabancı katkıların öne çıkardıkları argümanlar bağlamında bir karşılaştırma da yapılmıştır. İncelenen videolarda post modern kültürel özellikler bulunmuş ve küreselleşmenin anlatı dili üzerindeki etkisinin tükretim biçiminde dışa vurum içerdiği tespit edilmiştir. 
Anahtar Kelimeler: Küreselleşme, Türkiye, Ulus-ötesi Sinema, Vimeo

This revisionary view of identity politics, and the politics of inclusion, was published in the Los Angeles Times. It focuses on a surprising star of the Republican Party--abolitionist Frederick Douglass. Inclusion without racialism  may be a hard message to swallow for those who have made careers out of racial guilt, or racial victimization. But if Republicans follow the lead of the Douglass wing of the Republican Party, they will find that they can speak with moral authority and historical legitimacy.

Issues covered in the monograph include integrating interdisciplinary approaches to translation modeling, definitions of a translation model and a translation strategy, discourse and communication translation model organization and functioning. The author summarizes translation-relevant discourse parameters of scientific discourse, pedagogic discourse, negotiation discourse, and guided tour discourse; covers issues pertaining to escort interpreting and preparing for an interpreting assignment, as well as a discursive approach to describing parameters of a communicative situation of translation and analyzing a linguistic personality of a translator.
Financial support for this research has been provided by the Russian Foundation for Humanities (12-34-01206 a2, Translation Modeling: Integrating Approaches in Modern Linguistics).

Рассмотрена социокультурная компетенция ино-
странных студентов как составная часть коммуникативной компе-
тенции. Представлены объекты обучения социокультурным сред-
ствам общения: ознакомление учащихся со страной изучаемого
языка и приобретение страноведческих и культурных знаний и
норм поведения, усвоение наиболее употребительных языковых
единиц с национально-культурной семантикой. Предложен отбор
учебного материала с учетом осуществления социальных ролей
обучающихся в сфере бытового, учебно-профессионального и со-
циокультурного общения с целью формирования социокультурной
компетенции. Выделено три типа информации: предметная, фоно-
вая и сопровождающая, – которые используются для адаптации
студентов в процессе обучения.

The article discusses the social and cultural competence
of foreign students as the main part of the communicative competence.
Objects of education for social and cultural means of communication,
such as introduction of students to a country of a language they study,
acquisition of cross-cultural and cultural knowledge, and standards of
behavior, learning of the most common linguistic units with national and
cultural semantics are described in the article. A selection of teaching
materials taking into account social roles of students in everyday,
education and professional, and social and cultural communication
to develop the social and cultural competence are also given. Subjectrelated, background and accompanying types of information are used to adapt students to the learning process.

Growing importance is being given to the political and ethical dimensions of language education, and in particular to the relationship between language learning and intercultural communicative competence. We examine in this paper the main aspects of foreign language teaching: unification of terminology, unification of study guides and implementation of information technologies in the process of study.

In a compelling mix of literary narrative and ethnography, anthropologist Alma Gottlieb and writer Philip Graham continue the long journey of cultural engagement with the Beng people of Cote d'Ivoire that they first recounted in their award-winning memoir Parallel Worlds. Their commitment over the span of several decades has lent them a rare insight. Braiding their own stories with those of the villagers of Asagbe and Kosangbe, Gottlieb and Graham take turns recounting a host of unexpected dramas with these West African villages, prompting serious questions about the fraught nature of cultural contact. Through events such as a religious leader's declaration that the authors' six-year-old son, Nathaniel, is the reincarnation of a revered ancestor, or Graham's late father being accepted into the Beng afterlife, or the increasing, sometimes dangerous madness of a villager, the authors are forced to reconcile their anthropological and literary gaze with the deepest parts of their personal lives. Along with these intimate dramas, they follow the Beng from times of peace through the times of tragedy that led to Cote d'Ivoire's recent civil conflicts. From these and many other interweaving narratives - and with the combined strengths of an anthropologist and a literary writer - "Braided Worlds" examines the impact of postcolonialism, race, and global inequity at the same time that it chronicles a living, breathing village community where two very different worlds meet.

This paper is based on the author's Master's thesis in Linguistics, which was conducted at the University of Pisa. The study employs corpus linguistics methods, specifically a distributional approach based on the Vector Space Model (VSM) and cosine similarity. The primary objective of this research is to investigate the quantitative and qualitative differences between abstract and concrete nouns.

Two main goals guide this study:

Firstly, the research aims to demonstrate the significant role emotions play in the conceptualization of abstract nouns. By analyzing collocational patterns, we establish that abstract nouns are more frequently associated with emotions, indicating the presence of strong emotional connotations in the use of abstract language.

Secondly, we seek to provide evidence supporting the processing disadvantage of abstract nouns compared to concrete nouns, which arises due to the inherent variability in the meanings of abstract nouns. To explore this, we conduct an in-depth context analysis using the distributional properties of VSM and cosine similarity.

Through two distinct analyses—the emotive analysis and the context analysis—we shed light on the relationship between emotions and abstract nouns. The emotive analysis, based on collocation comparisons, confirms the prevalence of emotions in the usage of abstract language. Meanwhile, the context analysis, utilizing the measurement of cosine similarity within the Vector Space Model, uncovers the processing disadvantage faced while dealing with abstract nouns, attributed to the availability of diverse contextual associations.

In conclusion, our findings support the view that emotions play a crucial role in shaping the conceptualization of abstract names. Additionally, this research provides valuable insights into the processing dynamics of abstract nouns, contributing to the broader understanding of lexical semantics and cognitive mechanisms involved in language comprehension.

Dit boekje komt voort uit actieonderzoek. Veel professionals hebben eraan bijgedragen.
Deze handleiding is voor Professionals én Immigranten in Nederland die met cultuurverschillen te maken hebben.
De samenstellers zijn zelf immigranten in Spanje en hebben geleerd om met de plaatselijke gewoonten om te gaan.

This paper suggests that in the search for particular practices that escape biological
determinism historians may be better off focusing on circulating men and cultural objects – on displaced figures – as they travel and adjust to new conditions. Strangers experience intense cognitive dissonance between the innate natural conditions of their upbringing and their cognitive values, and as such, these figures work out their mental capacities and exercise free-will more powerfully than well-embedded cultural figures. To adjust to new language and cultural practices, they wrestle with fixed habits. Natives, on the other end, experience estrangement when they encounter foreign cultural objects, reinterpret and place them in a fluid web of implied meanings. Both encounters generate sensations of estrangement, forcing humans to act beyond their inborn and habitual reactions. Therefore, in this current age of physical determinism, cultural networks and moving objects carry great potential in further developing cultural history and in re-stressing and maintaining culture as the expressive realm of the collective soul.

Computer-Mediated Communication across Cultures: International Interactions in Online Environments provides readers with the foundational knowledge needed to communicate safely and effectively with individuals from other countries and cultures via online media. Through a closer examination of the expanded global access to the Web, this book discusses the use and design of cross-cultural digital media and the future of the field for executives, marketers, researchers, educators, and the average user.

В статье на примере частной коллекции А.В. Глазырина (Екатеринбург) раскрываются основные особенности рождения и развития китайского художественного стекла. Приводятся примеры, свидетельствующие о связи этого направления прикладного творчества мастеров Поднебесной с европейской культурой.
/
In the article, the main specific features of the birth and development of chinese glass are revealed on the example of Aleksei Glazyrin's private collection (Ekaterinburg). Examples are given that testify to the connection between this direction of applied creativity of сhinese masters and european culture.

W dzisiejszym globalnym środowisku biznesu międzynarodowego, kultura
i wynikające z niej różnice odgrywają ogromną rolę. W obliczu specyfiki
biznesu XXI wieku, skomplikowanej nici powiązań międzynarodowych, zacieśniającej
się współpracy pomiędzy krajami, gospodarkami, znakomicie
działającego transportu międzynarodowego, wciąż galopującego postępu technologicznego
ci menedżerowie, którzy rozumieją różnice kulturowe, którzy
potrafią korzystać z bogactwa, jakie oferuje kultura, zdobywają spektakularne
sukcesy. Posiadają znaczącą przewagę nad tymi, dla których różnice kulturowe
to tylko mało istotny element specyfiki globalnego biznesu. Brak kompetencji
kulturowych bywa powodem, przez który przedsiębiorstwa międzynarodowe
tracą wielomilionowe kontrakty, nowe możliwości, partnerów i rynki zbytu.
Współczesna globalizacja znacznie różni się od wcześniejszych form umiędzynaradawiania
życia gospodarczego. Cechuje ja rosnąca mobilność kapitału
i dóbr, towarzyszy jej postęp techniczny, dokonujący się na niespotykaną
dotąd skalę, gwałtownie spadają koszty transakcyjne gospodarczej współpracy
z zagranica, zmniejsza się znaczenie odległości geograficzne i różnic stref czasowych.
Firmy funkcjonujące w warunkach globalizacji gospodarki światowej
powinny efektywnie wykorzystać wszystkie istniejące możliwości, jakie stwarzają
procesy globalizacyjne.
Dzisiejszej zintegrowanej gospodarce systemu światowego towarzyszy
różnorodność systemów społecznych i kulturowych. Problem współczesnego
menadżera dotyczący odnalezienia się w owej różnorodności, jest jednym
z najistotniejszych wyzwań, wobec których stoją dziś zarówno praktycy, jak
i teoretycy zarządzania. W niniejszym numerze „Przedsiębiorczości i Zarzą6
dzania” zebraliśmy szereg artykułów przygotowanych przez przedstawicieli
różnych dyscyplin, którzy z odmiennych perspektyw starają się spojrzeć na
problemy międzykulturowości i wielokulturowości we współczesnym zarządzaniu.
Jeśli chcemy być efektywni jako organizacje i jako jednostki działające
w ramach tychże organizacji, musimy nauczyć się myśleć i zarządzać w sposób
kompetentny kulturowo. Powinniśmy poznać wartości kulturowe i wynikające
z nich różnice, bariery i problemy. Jeszcze nigdy potrzeba znajomości międzykulturowych
aspektów zarządzania nie była tak duża. Liczę na to, iż artykuły
zamieszczone w tym numerze „Przedsiębiorczości i Zarządzania” odpowiedzą
na szereg Państwa pytań i przybliżą wybrane aspekty zarządzania międzykulturowego.
Życzę Państwu udanej lektury.
dr Michał Chmielecki
Redaktor

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively explore marketing issues for foreign industrial companies of large, small and medium size entering emerging markets (EMs), particularly transition economies in Eastern Europe. The vast majority of current studies about emerging markets focus only on defining suitable strategies related to large consumer goods corporations.

Design/methodology/approach
The research adopted a multiple case study approach. Five Italian companies belonging to different business-to-business industries that have entered emerging countries in Eastern Europe were selected for investigation.

Findings
Empirical analysis uncovered recurring issues related to: institutional factors causing market uncertainty and instability; difficulties in building a sales network; a need for product adaptation to guarantee satisfactory performance; choices related to communication, branding and trade fairs; and considerations about competition and first mover advantage. Results can be interpreted as an extension of the analysis of institutional voids by Khanna and Palepu (1997).

Research limitations/implications
The study is based on the analysis of five case studies of companies operating in specific emerging markets, namely in Eastern Europe Countries (EEc) Further research based on different samples and different emerging countries is needed before generalizing results.

Practical implications
The study shows that the main institutional void affecting business-to-business companies entering emerging markets (EEc) is the lack of locally developed sales and after-sales networks. This institutional void slows the entry process of business-to-business companies in EMs. Given these constraints, from the perspective of business-to-business SMEs, it may be fruitful to pursue niche positioning in EMs.

Originality/value
The study analyzes emerging markets opportunities and entry strategies from the business-to-business marketing perspective, uncovering the most critical issues.

The article studies mechanisms of preserving cultural and religious identity by the Russian residents in contemporary Egypt. Since the beginning of the XX century, three waves of Russian immigration to Egypt took place, each bearing its characteristic and unique features. Formation of the first sizeable Russian community in Egypt dates back to the beginning of the XX century when a number of the "White" emigrants from the Russian Empire, escaping from the October Socialist Revolution of 1917, arrived in Alexandria. The second wave of Russians, or Soviets to be precise, appears in Egypt starting from the beginning of 1960-es: after getting their higher education or academic degrees in the USSR young Egyptian men return to Egypt with their Russian wives. The third wave of Russian nationals emerge in Egypt from middle 1990-es due to a tremendously intensified tourist flow from Russia to Egypt: Russian females start travelling to the Red Sea resorts, particularly to Hurghada and Sharm-El-Sheikh, get acquainted with the Egyptian men working, as a rule, in tourism industry, get married and relocate to Egypt. The present day Russian community in Egypt is comprised predominantly from the so-called "Soviet" and "Russian" wives of the Egyptians, whose adaptation in a foreign cultural environment is analyzed according to the model suggested by Professor John Berry. He suggests that acculturation is being realized in four strategies: assimilation, separation, integration and marginalization. The study of acculturation strategies used by the Russian residents in contemporary Egypt reveals difference between the generation of "Soviets" and "Russians": the first category used mainly separation and rarely integration, while the second category on the contrary is characterized by a high degree of integration into the local social environment , while separation strategy could be rarely observed.

Wstęp
Zintegrowanej gospodarce systemu światowego towarzyszy różnorodność
systemów społecznych i kulturowych. Problem odnalezienia się w owej różnorodności
współczesnego menedżera jest jednym z najistotniejszych wyzwań, wobec
których stać będą specjaliści do spraw zarządzania.
Tysiące menedżerów stoi przed wyzwaniem stworzenia takich struktur i metod
zarządzania w organizacji w obliczu wielokulturowości by były one efektywne
i przyniosły wymierne korzyści dla firmy. Zarządzanie międzykulturowe koncentruje
się przede wszystkim na sprawnym zarządzaniu zróżnicowanymi kulturowo
zasobami ludzkim, a także na wykorzystaniu ich jako środka uzyskania przewagi
konkurencyjnej. Głównym zadaniem zarządzania międzykulturowego w globalizującym
się środowisku jest facylitacja i prowadzenie synergicznej komunikacji
pomiędzy pracownikami reprezentującymi odmienne wartości, poglądy i normy
kulturowe.
W niniejszym numerze Przedsiębiorczości i Zarządzania (tom XV, zeszyt 3)
zebraliśmy kilka artykułów przygotowanych przez przedstawicieli rozmaitych dyscyplin,
którzy z odmiennych perspektyw starają się spojrzeć na problemy międzykulturowości
i wielokulturowości we współczesnym zarządzaniu. W tym numerze
czytelnik znajdzie teksty poświęcone m.in. zagadnieniom zarządzania wiedzą, zarządzania
zespołami projektowymi, różnorodności, mediom społecznościowym
i negocjacjom.
Numer otwiera artykuł autorstwa dr inż. Danuty Janczewskiej, w którym autorka
omawia działalność wielokulturowych zespołów projektowych w przedsiębiorstwach
MŚP w aspekcie transferu wiedzy. Podobnej tematyce poświęciła swój artykuł
dr Jadwiga Kaczmarska-Krawczak, która pisze o zarządzaniu wiedza międzykulturowa
w przedsiębiorstwie. W kolejnym artykule dr Anna Mikulska i mgr Magdalena
Grębosz analizują aspekty stworzenia kompleksowego systemu komunikacji
wewnętrznej, który uwzględnia i minimalizuje bariery kulturowe, pozwala na poprawę
funkcjonowania korporacji międzynarodowej na wielu poziomach. Dr Sylwia
Przytuła w swoim artykule dokonuje przeglądu dotychczasowych badań dotyczących
profilu wymagań kwalifikacyjnych względem kadry menedżerów ekspatriantów,
by na tym tle pokazać wyniki badań własnych. Dr Krystyna Romaniuk artykuł
swój poświęciła kulturowemu modelowi współpracy międzyorganizacyjnej przedsiębiorstw.
Dr Dariusz Stankiewicz w swoim artykule odniósł się do wykorzystania
Karty Różnorodności do diagnozowania i kształtowania kultury organizacyjnej.
6
W dalszej części numeru dr Bartłomiej Stopczyński przedstawia przykłady działań
podejmowanych przez Społeczną Akademią Nauk w ramach komunikacji poprzez
media społecznościowe oraz dokonuje próby oceny tych działań na podstawie
badania ankietowego przeprowadzonego na wybranej próbie badawczej studentów
tej uczelni. Dr Ewa Stroińska poświęciła swój artykuł problematyce wpływu
kultury organizacyjnej na zarządzanie wiedzą w przedsiębiorstwie. W artykule podejmuje
próbę identyfikacji szeregu wskaźników kultury organizacyjnej sprzyjających
zarządzaniu wiedzą. Dr Anna Strychalska-Rudzewicz i mgr Katarzyna Łukiewska
w swoim artykule przedstawiają wyniki badań, które miały na celu identyfikacje
czynników kultury organizacyjnej wspierających proces innowacyjności
w przedsiębiorstwach produkcyjnych.
Wzrastający proces globalizacji spowodował, że wszystkie formy działalności
gospodarczej koncentrują się na społecznej odpowiedzialności przedsiębiorstw.
Szczególnego znaczenie nabierają zagadnienia związane z ochroną środowiska
naturalnego. Jest to wymóg współczesnego biznesu i temu właśnie
poświęcony jest kolejny artykuł autorstwa dr Aleksandry Szejniuk zatytułowany
„Społecznie odpowiedzialna przedsiębiorczość jako podstawa komunikacji organizacji
międzynarodowych”. Celem kolejnego opracowania autorstwa dr Katarzyny
Wach-Grzybowskiej jest analiza wyników badań przeprowadzonych w latach
2004−2010 przez – PriceWaterhouseCoopers, pod kątem próby zdefiniowania
przyczyn niepowodzenia Łodzi w rywalizacji o miano „Europejskiej Stolicy Kultury
2016”. Dalej dr Renata Winkler pisze o doskonaleniu, rozwoju i integrowaniu zespołu
projektowego. Podejmując się kwestii doskonalenia autorka zwróciła uwagę
na obszary doskonalenia związane z: doborem członków zespołu, przeprojektowaniem
pracy, budowaniem zespołu, szkoleniem zespołu, rozwojem przywództwa.
W obecnym zmieniającym się świecie zauważalny jest wzrost znaczenia negocjacji,
szczególnie w ujęciu międzykulturowym. Tej problematyce swoje artykuły
poświęciła dwójka kolejnych autorów. Celem artykułu dr Michała Chmieleckiego
jest odpowiedź na pytanie, czym charakteryzuje się szwedzki styl negocjacji i jakie są
jego podstawowe elementy. Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań jakościowych prowadzonych
wśród Polaków negocjujących na co dzień ze szwedzkimi partnerami
handlowymi. Natomiast dr Aleksandra Szejniuk poświęciła swój artykuł problematyce
efektywności negocjacji jako podstawy zarządzania międzykulturowego we
współczesnym świecie. Przedstawiony w artykule autorstwa mgr Gniewomira Pieńkowskiego
„Proces budowy modelu zarządzania międzykulturowego” ukazuje problemy,
z jakimi będą się stykać organizacje w XXI wieku. Numer ten zamyka artykuł
dr Michała Chmieleckiego i mgr Marcina Lisowskiego poświęcony tematyce roli
mediów społecznościowych w rekrutacji pracowników.
Życzę Państwu udanej lektury.
dr Michał Chmielecki
Redaktor

A previous quantitative and qualitative study carried out by the author demonstrated that many of the personality traits that facilitate cultural adaptation or adjustment (the ability to function at a high level in cross-cultural environments) also facilitate gaining fluency in foreign languages (Keeley, 2014; Keeley, 2013; Keeley, 2012). The study employed Kozai Group’s Global Competencies Inventory (GCI), a validated instrument for expatriate selection focusing on the psychological factors demonstrated to facilitate functioning in cross-cultural environments. Optimism is one of the GCI competencies that demonstrated a strong relationship with the development of oral fluency in foreign languages. The objective of this paper is to explore optimism in detail and how it facilitates cross-cultural adjustment and foreign language fluency.

Brand extensions can be a valuable way of introducing a new product into the market. It is important to have insights on consumers’ brand evaluations since a poor brand extension can also backfire negatively to the parent brand image. Globalization makes it easier for firms to expand their business over the world and global branding strategy has become nowadays a more valuable strategy than ever. It is important to get insights on the influence culture has on the way brand evaluations are perceived. This paper tries to provide an overview of the literature on this matter and concludes that culture indeed has an influence on brand extension evaluation. Reason for this seems to lie in the difference in style of thinking, processing motivation and product type.

Given the ever-increasing diversity of U.S. society, it is essential that the educational system take a greater role in developing students' cross-cultural awareness skills in order to promote positive communicative interactions among people from diverse backgrounds. Students of all ages need to learn to recognize how culture affects people's worldviews and how people's beliefs, norms, attitudes, and values are shaped by their culture . Yet, most cross-cultural awareness training conducted in educational settings is found at the university level and is frequently reserved for students going abroad. This paper presents the results of a pilot study on cross-cultural awareness training conducted with an eighth grade student population. The purpose of this pilot study was to ascertain whether cross-cultural awareness training could be introduced successfully into the middle school and to evaluate the effectiveness and acceptance of the training sessions. The qualitative means used to assess the success of the training indicated that it was successful with this younger student population to the extent possible, given the limitations of the study itself.

As media usage continues to increase on a global scale, fueled by the proliferation of mobile devices, this facilitates the effortless behavior of mediamultitasking. This paradigm shift in the way in which media is consumed presents fundamental challenges for the domains of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), education, psychology, and commerce. This technological shift introduces a new dimension that is needed when attempting to understand user interaction related to both the devices themselves andthe digital platforms accessed. This study begins a process of developing an understanding of cross-cultural media multitasking habits through a survey of a large group of experimental participants. In this study, participants from two different countries were surveyed. The countries used in this study were the USA and Portugal. This research provides valuable insights into theincreasingly common phenomenon of media multitasking and the similarities and differences between cultures when users are engaging in this activity. This study contributes to previous research in the realm of media multitasking by expanding on foundational knowledge on a global scale setting the stage for more detailed research on predictors, outcomes, and habits of global media multitasking.

The paper is focused on theoretical and pragmatic aspects of refraction as used in Cultural Translation and its standard text-oriented approaches. The purpose is to single out its conceptual interpretations, those that are really new, which directly stem from cultural reality and help us to understand reasons, mechanisms and contents of the asymmetrical processes inherent to relocation of cultural information into a new cultural medium. In addition, the methodological and scientific status of metaphorical analogies, regarding the concept of refraction is discussed. Also, an ethnosemantic conception of refraction is proposed.
Key words: ethnocultural medium, ethnosemantics, cultural incompatibility, Cultural Translation, Standard Translation Theory, refraction, interpretation, adaptation, metaphorical analogy, cultureme,
macro-signs, action-signs
Аннотация
Обобщается теория и практика использования в культуральном и стандартном переводе несколько непривычного для них термина рефракция. В термине выделяются те его понятийные толкования, которые связаны с первичной реальностью и помогают понять действительные причины, механизмы и сущность асимметричных процессов, возникающих при передаче культуральной информации (культурем, макрознаков). Пример Е. Зисельман, обсуждаемый в статье, показывает, как в переводоведении следует проводить метафорические аналогии, соблюдая методологические принципы науки. Понятие этносемантической рефракции, свойственное культурной среде в целом, встраивается также в систему понятий, используемых в стандартной теории перевода для описания трансформаций исходного текста различной природы, а само оно разграничивается с индивидуальными и авторскими «преломлениями». Ключевые слова: этнолингвокультурная среда, этносемантика, конфликтогенность, культуральный перевод, рефракция, преломление, адаптация, метафорическая аналогия, культуремы, макрознаки, акциональные знаки.

Linguistics and the science of Anthropology have much in common. In fact, to a large
extent the two fields overlap. Field workers utilize research models of the ethnographic type
as well as approaches that are experimental, methods that are qualitative as well as
quantitative, for example. The study of language contact and bilingualism, topic of this paper,
presents a good opportunity for drawing on contributions from the two overlapping fields.
The focus of the following review of current research will be mainly from the cognitive
science point of view, divided into four areas of recent work: (1) bilingual development, first
and second language learning and language loss, (2) creolization and convergence, (3)
codeswitching and borrowing, and (4) problems related to the distinction between language
and dialect.

Various studies find that marketing communications reflect specific cultures. Most of these studies conceptualize culture in terms of one cultural framework, use a two-country sample, focus on print or television advertising, and do not statistically validate the measures used. This study addresses these issues by testing the applicability of the cultural frameworks of Hofstede [Hofstede G. Culture's consequences: international differences in work-related values. California: Sage Publications, 1980] and Schwartz [Schwartz S. Beyond individualism/collectivism: new cultural dimensions of values. In: Kim U, Triandis HC, Kagitcibasi C, Choi SC, Yoon G, editors. Individualism and collectivism: theory, method, and applications. California: Sage; 1994. p.85–119] to study the reflection of culture in web communications. The article includes the results of a content analysis of web content from 15 countries. The results suggest that a combination of both frameworks, not either alone, best conceptualizes culture's influence on marketing communications. The findings and the framework guide culturally adapting an existing Taiwanese website. An experiment finds that Taiwanese informants prefer websites adaptations reflecting Taiwanese culture.