Delegation

"A competência é o conceito-chave da organização administrativa", segundo Ipsen. 1 A compreensão desse conceito, bem como de suas formas de distribuição, transferência e exercício é fundamental para a análise da validade de atos administrativos e atos da Administração. Assim como ocorre no direito civil, o ato administrativo somente é válido se o sujeito que o pratica estiver autorizado juridicamente a fazê-lo. No direito público, de igual forma, competente é a autoridade que tem "investidura legal" para praticar o ato e exercer uma função. 2 No entanto, no campo privado, presume-se que esta autorização sempre existe, salvo quando proibida por lei. Ao contrário, no direito público, essa autorização deve sempre decorrer do ordenamento jurídico, de modo que, no silêncio do ordenamento jurídico, presume-se inexistente uma competência de ação da Administração Pública.

The establishment of delegated acts should have brought forward significant innovations. In principle, under art.290 TFEU, the Commission now has the monopoly of delegated powers, which ought to be distinguished from implementing powers; the co-legislators should control the delegation on an equal basis, and the comitology procedures should be formally demised. The article seeks to demonstrate that, in practice, these major reforms have been eluded. Instead, a shift in the horizontal and vertical balance of delegated powers has occurred, in favour of the Council and of the Member States respectively. This has, in turn, limited the possible constitutional added value of the Treaty reform, in particular in relation to the principle of separation of powers. In conclusion, the article argues that, in view of the politicisation of the Commission, it will be for the Parliament and the ECJ to reverse the current trend and fully realise the untapped potential of art.290 TFEU.

The article examines a form of communication between the Neapolitan parliament and city and the Spanish court in the sixteenth and seventeenth century.
In this dialogue between the "centre" and the "periphery", local political bodies aimed to present petitions directly to the monarch, through the practice of sending delegations of ambassadors or agents that complemented the actions of other figures (such as viceroys and high councils).
Studying the diverse and frequent embassies sent by Parliament (after every assembly held until 1642) or by the city of Naples, we see that the nobility of the five Neapolitan seggi attempted to monopolise these diplomatic practices. On the other hand, viceroys tended in different ways to avoid the sending of new delegations that could criticize their government in Madrid.
From 1547 the Kingdom of Naples requested the presence of a resident delegate, or ambassador, at the court, like those who already represented the interests of other kingdoms (such as the Milanese). The king temporarily approved this request in 1631, but it was only conceded firmly in the eighteenth century, under the Hapsburg Austrian rule.
The continuity of this communication throughout the two centuries of the Hapsburg Spanish dynasty facilitated rule and promoted the cohesion of the monarchy.

Many directors and boards face challenges, difficult situations, multiple threats and related opportunities. Certain of them are shared, inter-related and multi-faceted. They impact upon many areas of corporate operation, supply and value chains, a variety of stakeholders and wider communities. Unlike situations that might suddenly and unexpectedly arise, certain of the threats have also been long predicted. They represent a challenge for board leadership and they need to be addressed by a combination of activities by multiple parties over a longer-time period than emergencies that may have been quickly tackled by crisis management teams in the past. They raise questions about the adequacy of crisis governance arrangements, how directors should prepare for crises and handle them, and whether there is also a crisis in corporate governance in terms of the ability of current approaches and practices to cope with crises in the contemporary business and market context and environmental, sustainability and climate change challenges that require collective and collaborative responses.

The study aimed at identifying the impact of the delegation of authority on employees' performance at great Irbid municipality. It has constructed on measuring the impact of delegation on efficiency, effectiveness and empowerment. Sample of the study represented by employees in which they are embedded in central and executive management through a random sampling reached to (200) employees from total (1500). The sample was used as a tool for achieving the results. After applying Alpha measurement, it has been shown that validity was (82%). Means, standard deviation, percentages, (T-test), and Cronbach Alpha test were used and applied. The results of the study have shown that there is a statically significant for delegation of authority on efficiency, effectiveness and empowerment of employees' performance at great Irbid municipality.

What allows us to talk about the state as an active agent when we understand that only individuals act? This article draws comparisons between Quentin Skinner's exposition of the history of the concept of the state in major European languages and the history of its equivalent Russian term gosudarstvo in order to provide some general hypotheses on the development of the phenomenon of the state, and on the origins of this baffling usage. First, summing up a vast number of historical and lexicographical works, it attempts a detailed reconstruction of the conceptual development of the term in the Russian language. Second, a peculiarity of the Russian case is discussed, in whichabsolutist thinkers (and not republicans, as in western Europe) stressed the difference between the person of the ruler and the state. Third, political interests in introducing such novel usage are discussed, together with the role of this usage in the formation of the state. This allows us to see better the origins of current faith in the existence of the state as a more or less clearly designated and independent actor, predicated on the mechanism of what Pierre Bourdieu described as “mysterious delegation.”

Par une présence régulière dans cinq collèges et dans un lycée, l’auteur a pu se livrer à une étude approfondie et envisager l’éducation sous trois grands aspects.

Le premier considère les intitulés éducatifs attachés à des matières (telles que l’éducation physique et sportive) et, d’autre part, à des personnels (AED et CPE). Le deuxième aspect voit ces personnels « d’éducation » astreints à punir les élèves, sur demande fréquente d’autres personnels. La division du travail, enfin, dessine un troisième aspect de l’éducation. Détachés du fonctionnement général de l’établissement et – hors la classe – des élèves eux-mêmes, les professeurs semblent autant protégés qu’écrasés par le rôle de savants. Ils peuvent ainsi refuser la réflexion collective, retenir leurs compétences éducatives et, finalement, soutenir des postures d’exigence qu’ils ne supportent guère.

Ce pouvoir aveugle peut rendre l’éducation négative.

This Article presents a range of definitions and descriptions from recent sources and elaborates on the concept of decentralization, again drawn from secondary sources. Thus it elaborates on decentralization in the context of alternative services delivery an area of increasing application world-wide and presents a preliminary assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the definitions. It elaborates on selected aspects of decentralization. Several different ways of classifying forms of decentralization have been promoted over the past few decades by those making a clear distinction between centralization and decentralization. What is common to these classification systems is that they recognize the need for a definition that is grounded on more than legal concerns. Six forms of approaches can be identified in the literature.

Este módulo busca identificar los retos y los posibles caminos a seguir para mejorar la capacidad de intervención y de gobierno de los municipios miembros del Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá (AMVA). Procura explorar las posibilidades de los instrumentos actuales de intervención pública local, examinando algunos de los testimonios dados por los participantes del taller, así como los diagnósticos sobre gestión local consignados en los planes de desarrollo de los municipios metropolitanos. Partiendo de un examen de los problemas, el módulo repasa los límites de los instrumentos actuales, explorando a su vez el nacimiento de una nueva forma de intervención local a través de los llamados instrumentos de
gobernanza. Estos mecanismos buscan amplificar la capacidad de acción pública a través de la acción conjunta de actores independientes, bajo reglas claras y el liderazgo de la administración municipal.

This paper investigates factors that influence trust and advice taking among retail investors when consulting with financial advisors and making real-world portfolio decisions. The data reveal that non-expert retail investors trust their advisors a lot. Trust formation appears to be well described by a simple heuristic that relies substantially on the advisor's communication style when deciding how much to trust and delegate investment decisions. Portfolio decisions appear to depend more on investors' perceptions about the investor-advisor relationship than on the risk and return characteristics of investments comprising the portfolio choice set. This evidence supports Pentland's (2008) "honest signals" as a more powerful mechanism underlying investor trust than standard metrics based on past performance. Trust and advice-taking heuristics can be interpreted as well adapted to the environment of the non-profit bank cooperatives in which they are observed, implying that trusting based on simple honest signals, although vulnerable to exploitation, can be interpreted as ecologically rational. Features of the investor's environment typical of non-profit cooperative banks imply that the heuristics investors use can perform rather well without requiring investment experience or financial sophistication, which most investors in our sample are well aware they lack.

Centralization of Authority is an organizational pattern that appears in many business organizations in Egypt and other countries around the world. This phenomenon has different implications on the flow of day to day business internal and external activities. This proposal is focused on how centralization of authority delays decision making process inside a given organization. In this correlational study, PwC Egypt (or PricewaterhouseCoopers Egypt) would be the examined company through a sample of 225 employees out of 450 employees in total. The sampling technique is disproportionate stratified random sampling through choosing participants from all positions found in the hierarchy of the company. The data collection method is a personally administrated questionnaire.

Non-state actors – including firms, non-governmental organizations, and networks – are now a permanent fixture in environmental politics. However, we know surprisingly little about when states choose to delegate to non-state actors through multilateral treaties. This paper provides an historical picture, tracing patterns of delegation to non-state agents in a random sample of multilateral environmental agreements from 1902 to 2002. I introduce a new unit of analysis – the policy function – to understand what non-state actors actually do as agents. I find that analyses of delegation are sensitive to the unit of analysis; patterns of delegation at the treaty level are very different from those at the level of individual policy functions. While overall the decision to delegate to non-state actors – what I term transnational delegation – is rare, it has grown over time. Complex treaties, those with secretariats, and those focused on the management of nature are more apt to delegate to non-state actors. Non-state agents fill a small, but growing role in multilateral environmental treaties.

In the 20 years after its introduction, the principal-agent model has seen increasing use to study political processes in virtually all policy domains in which the EU is active. Relaxing the strict assumptions that guided the original economic applications has greatly widened the scope for potential applications. This very phenomenon has also created an existential challenge to the model's contemporary use, which is combining the reductionist aims of the model (from which it derives its strength) with the complex empirical settings to which it is increasingly applied. To facilitate this balancing exercise, we propose a two-step approach to principal-agent analysis, in which the mapping of the principal-agent proof relation is separated from the effective analysis that examines the reasons, modalities and consequences of delegation and control in the EU. In doing so, we show how the principal-agent model can continue to provide new insights at the various stages of the research process.

This paper empirically explore the impact of two strategies related to involving direct suppliers in NPD, these strategies are intervention and delegation. The paper is based on organizational behavior, traditional NPD literature and literature of organizational economics. In order to check the relationship of these strategies the questionnaire was used as a measurement tool. The data was collected from 45 respondents from the different manufacturing and services organizations. Exploratory regression analysis was used to analyze the hypotheses. The results of the analysis reveal that when intervention and delegation are implied in new product development process there can be positive or negative impacts of them. Manufacturers always try to control the process of NPD across several tiers supply network through intervention but these actions will tie up the hands of suppliers. Delegation strategy has found insignificant and negative relationship with NPD. The organizations are willing to adopt this strategy or practice but it is not currently being used in their processes.

Using cloud storage, users can remotely store their data and enjoy the on-demand high-quality applications and services from a shared pool of configurable computing resources, without the burden of local data storage and maintenance. However, the fact that users no longer have physical possession of the outsourced data makes the data integrity protection in cloud computing a formidable task, especially for users with constrained computing resources. Moreover, users should be able to just use the cloud storage as if it is local, without worrying about the need to verify its integrity. Thus, enabling public auditability for cloud storage is of critical importance so that users can resort to a third-party auditor (TPA) to check the integrity of outsourced data and be worry free. To securely introduce an effective TPA, the auditing process should bring in no new vulnerabilities toward user data privacy, and introduce no additional online burden to user. In this paper, we propose a secure cloud storage system supporting privacy-preserving public auditing. We further extend our result to enable the TPA to perform audits for multiple users simultaneously and efficiently. Extensive security and performance analysis show the proposed schemes are provably secure and highly efficient. Our preliminary experiment conducted on Amazon EC2 instance further demonstrates the fast performance of the design.

Three experiments and a computational analysis were conducted to investigate the effects of a delegation-type interface on human supervision of simulated multiple unmanned vehicles. Participants supervised up to eight robots using automated behaviors ("plays"), manual (waypoint) control, or both to capture the flag of an opponent with an equal number of robots, using a simple form of a delegation-type interface, Playbook. Experiment 1 showed that the delegation interface increased mission success rate and reduced mission completion time when the opponent "posture" was unpredictably offensive or defensive. Experiment 2 showed that performance was superior when operators could flexibly use both automated behaviors and manual control, although there was a small increase in subjective workload. Experiment 3 investigated additional dimensions of flexibility by comparing delegation interfaces to restricted interfaces. Eight interfaces were tested, varying in the level of abstraction at which robot behavior could be tasked and the level of aggregation (single or multiple robots) to which plays could be assigned. Performance was superior with flexible interfaces for four robots, but this benefit was eliminated when eight robots had to be supervised. Finally, a computational analysis using task-network modeling and Monte Carlo simulation gave results that closely paralleled the empirical data on changes in workload across interface type. The results provide initial empirical evidence for the efficacy of delegation-type interfaces in human supervision of a team of multiple autonomous robots.

It has been recently noted that the trade-off between risk and incentives that agency theory predicts turns out to be rather weak. We examine predictions from agency theory on the basis of data from a data set encompassing close to 1000 Danish firms. We find that the relation between performance pay and environmental uncertainty is indeed weak. We examine the relation between delegation and environmental uncertainty, and find that this relation is confirmed. We also examine the multi-tasking agency hypothesis that as risk increases, the flexibility of agents is restricted. We fail to find support for this hypothesis.

While regulatory governance can be theorized as a three-party game in which regulators use intermediaries to influence targets, I show how regulatory intermediaries can, through delegation and orchestration, engage their own " sub-intermediaries " to increase their capacity for fulfilling their regulatory mandates, and their influence on regulators and targets. I elucidate how the International Criminal Court (ICC)—the key intermediary in the regulatory regime for international crimes—has used NGOs' advocacy, expertise, and operational capacities to compensate for its limited capabilities. Through NGO intermediaries, the ICC has aimed to increase its ability to prosecute, punish, and thus regulate international crimes; amplify its influence on state regulators and potential perpetrators; and improve the regulation of international crimes overall.

Does the relationship between politcs and bureaucracy matter for ministerial performance? This dissertation aims to find empirical and theoretical fundaments that different presidential strategies of portfolio allocation produce impact on ministerial performance. Ministerial Performance is conceptualized as execution of Executive goals, and measured by annual proportion of ministeries’ financial execution. My main hypothesis is that Supervised Command - when a bureaucrat executive- secretary is allocated to monitor a partisan ministry - would present better levels of performance when compared to other kinds of Command. The mechanism behind this argument is the president’s control over the ministry through the executive- secretary. I also argue that bureaucracy quality has effect over the ministerial Command’s capacity of influencing that agency’s performance. Empirical tests were enacted on a panel database with ministery/year observations, for all Brazilian Executive ministeries from 2000 to 2014. Results achieved through ANOVA, linear regression with fixed/random effects, and regression on matched data models, show the situation is opposite to the main hypothesis. Supervised Command gives the worst means of ministerial performance, in rebuttal to the Partisan Command, with the best means. Bureaucracy quality, despite not having much effect over performance alone, bears some influence over Command’s effect, but only when low. Education background of the public service, as a proxy for bureaucracy quality, had more effect than statutories proportion. The main conclusion obtained from this dissertation: control, predicted in the theory of delegation and its perils, even though is a political goal to be pursued, not necessarily reflects in administrative efficiency. Monitoring seems to work more as a deadlock than a way to provide better results. However, since I don’t evaluate the quality of the goals execution, it’s not possible to affirm if the financial execution means the policy was actually executed, or if it was the way it should be.

In this paper, we consider some possible consequences for command and control (C2) of
the technological characteristics of fifth generation aircraft. Delegation of decision rights may be
needed to fully exploit fifth generation fighter aircraft stealth and situation awareness capability.
We suggest that when delegating decision rights to the pilot, e.g. target engagement authority,
commanders need to weigh the cost and benefits of sharing and not sharing information. The
benefits of delegation, and temporarily relinquish information sharing, may come at the cost of less
strategic control. Delegation may involve temporarily relinquishing the opportunity to
communicate with the pilot. In such a case the mission may be solved better and faster tactically.
In making a delegation decision, the commander could therefore benefit from a formal framework,
where known factors influencing delegation decisions are systematically examined, and the
communication process with the fighter jet pilot is clearly described. This could shorten the
decision-making time at the same time as reducing biases from omitting crucial factors in decisionmaking.
Based on such a framework we discuss implications for Air Force and Joint C2.

This paper presents a reappraisal of the international origins of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913. The most comprehensive study on the subject up to date is a book by J. Lawrence Broz. While Broz is correct to emphasize the impact of international trends in shaping the final text of the act, his account remains incomplete. The primary reason for this is that the narrative cannot account for the following puzzle: Why would Wall Street bankers fight vehemently during the fall of 1913 (an unimportant, “black box” period in Broz’s account) against a proposal that was supposed to be in their best interest? A possible explanation should focus on President Wilson’s policy entrepreneurship and strategic policy vision – both foreign and domestic . This paper demonstrates that the introduction of an autonomous presidency to the verbal model goes a long way toward explicating the puzzles that occurred during the “black box” period left out of Broz’s narrative.

L'acte de dialyse permet de substituer un organe déficient. Ce geste technique implique un investissement lourd en personnes, en temps et en argent. Dans une société qui valorise l'autonomie, la dialyse entraîne une grande dépendance. Sous cet angle, la dialyse donne une image peu enviable. Cette perte de l'autonomie est une des plaintes les plus fréquentes. Cette dépendance entraîne de la part des patients et soignants en dialyse, une grande valorisation de la transplantation rénale et explique souvent le désarroi des patients lorsque cette proposition thérapeutique n'est pas possible et la perplexité des soignants si celleci est refusée par le patient. Cela illustre comment un concept, ici l'autonomie et la dépendance, peut influencer la réaction et le vécu des personnes. La démarche qui est illustrée par des vignettes propose une approche alternative qui encourage l'aspect relationnel de la dialyse. Cette démarche propose de passer du concept d'autonomie et de dépendance vers un concept d'attache. Ce concept relationnel permet de changer la perception et donc le vécu dans une situation clinique. # Summary Dialysis substitutes a deficient organ. To perform dialysis requires qualified nurses and physicians, necessitates time and is an expensive procedure. In a society which valorises autonomy, dialysis leads to dependency and therefore is associated with a very bad image. This loss of autonomy is one of the most common complains of dialyzed patients. For this reason, patients and caregivers valorise renal transplantation. It illustrates how the concept of autonomy and dependency may influence the life experience of dialyzed patients. We propose another approach which is oriented to the aspects of relations during dialysis. This approach is illustrated

Les limites du New Public Management Des résultats peu concluants Les risques de la marchandisation Les risques culturels Les risques de la délégation Le risque d'abandon du service Une déresponsabilisation des élus et des pratiques clientélistes Un risque de dégradation des conditions de travail L'échec des analyses rationalistes pour déterminer la supériorité d'un mode de gestion La réalité du contexte et son impact sur les croyances Fragmentation et gouvernance Une multiplicité d'acteurs qui complexifie le contexte La question de la gouvernabilité : du gouvernement à la gouvernance Le pilote de la gouvernance : l'élu local Partenariat public / privé ou mainmise des collectivités territoriales ? Un service public aux enjeux spécifiques : la crèche Le contexte : un secteur économique en expansion Les enjeux de la petite enfance Une grande diversité des modes d'accueil La question de la gouvernance dans ce secteur Un secteur mal défini et mal maîtrisé Les crèches : quel mode de gestion ? Un mode de garde prisé La difficulté d'évaluation de la qualité La « marchandisation » du secteur La délégation des crèches

Background
Delegation by Allied Health Professionals (AHPs) to Allied Health Assistants (AHAs) was introduced in response to various challenges affecting modern health care delivery. However, the clinical and cost-effectiveness of using AHAs is relatively unexplored.
Objectives
The aim of this review was to synthesise the available evidence on; firstly, the clinical and cost-effectiveness of interventions delegated by AHPs to AHAs and secondly, AHPs’, AHAs’ and patients’ attitudes and beliefs towards delegation.
Data sources
MEDLINE, AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, PEDro, OTseeker and Web of Science databases were searched from inception until January 2019 without restrictions.
Study selection
Primary studies investigating the clinical and cost-effectiveness of any intervention delegated by an AHP, across the spectrum of clinical areas in relation to adult patients, as well as AHPs’, AHAs’ and patients’ attitudes and beliefs about delegation.
Data extraction & synthesis
Data were extracted by pairs of reviewers. Thematic analysis and synthesis of descriptive and analytical themes was conducted.
Results
Thirteen publications of variable methodological quality were included. Three studies reported quantitative research and ten qualitative research. No study explored the cost-effectiveness. Only one study investigated clinical effectiveness. Training for both AHPs and AHAs and having clear processes in place were identified as important facilitators of delegation.
Conclusion and implications of key findings
Delegation is not standardised across AHPs or within each profession. There are clear knowledge gaps regarding the clinical and cost-effectiveness of delegation by AHPs and patients’ attitudes and preferences. Further research is needed to facilitate the standardisation of delegation.

Resumen:  Este artículo utiliza la base de datos más exhaustiva sobre independencia de bancos centrales para ilustrar inconsistencias entre la “sabiduría convencional” y la evidencia empírica en relación con estas instituciones monetarias.  Datos descriptivos muestran que la dinámica reformista de los bancos centrales no es un proceso exclusivo de la década de los noventa y que, aunque la mayoría de las reformas incrementan la delegación de política monetaria a los bancos centrales, han habido también importantes revocaciones de la independencia de los bancos centrales.  Asimismo, los países en vías de desarrollo en general, y los regímenes autoritarios en particular, exhiben interesantes dinámicas en el diseño institucional de sus bancos centrales.  Estas dinámicas habían sido ignoradas hasta el presente y abren nuevas vías de investigación para el futuro.

Abstract: This article relies on the largest data set on central bank Independence to illustrate inconsistencies between the “conventional wisdom” regarding these monetary institutions, and the empirical evidence.  Descriptive data show that central bank reforms are not a phenomenon exclusive of the 1990s, and that although most reforms imply larger delegation of monetary policy to central banks, there have been important reversals to the central banks’ independence.  Furthermore, the institutional design of central banks exhibit interesting dynamics both in developing countries in general, and authoritarian regimes in particular.  These dynamics were previously ignored, and they open new avenues for future research.

Nursing faculty members are responsible for assuring competence and safety in the preparation of prelicensure students who are preparing to deliver care in diverse settings. The growing complexity of care and the rapid expansion of knowledge have challenged the adequacy of traditional educational approaches. Proposed solutions have encouraged closer integration of classroom and clinical teaching. This article describes an integrated instructional approach to developing clinical leadership competencies in a cohort of accelerated, second-degree, baccalaureate nursing students. Fifty-six students completed an intensive clinical experience in long-term care settings in which they used evidence on improving care for persons with heart failure to practice the principles of delegation and supervision with nursing staff. The pre-and postassessments indicated improvement in heart failure knowledge and increased readiness for delegation and supervision of certified nursing assistants. As one component of the learning experience, the students completed reflection journals. The entries in the students' journals revealed five themes: (a) low leadership self-efficacy, (b) managing the credibility gap, (c) flexibility in communication strategies, (d) RN accountability in delegation and supervision, and (e) knowledge dissemination with diverse nursing staff. Students and faculty judged the learning experience to be successful and supported the experience for future cohorts of students. This report is one example of how innovative learning experiences could be developed to increase the "real-world" aspects of clinical care within a multidisciplinary team context for the entrylevel learner. (

What factors influence IO faithfulness to mandates assigned by member states? Although recent literature treats IOs agents as autonomous actors in global politics, most work continues to treat the bureaucracy of an international organization as a unitary actor. I argue that the unitary actor assumption limits our ability to assess how internal factors such as fragmentation influence agent faithfulness. When we conceive of IO bureaucracies as collective agents-those including more than one bureaucratic actor and subject to internal fragmentation-IO faithfulness can be more fully explained. Specifically, fragmentation limits faithfulness by inhibiting the effectiveness of principals' control mechanisms (i.e. oversight and agent screening and sanctioning). These arguments are illustrated using a case study of the World Health Organization and its efforts to improve health systems between 1982 and 2008. two anonymous reviewers at EJIR provided useful criticism and suggestions that greatly improved the paper.

Countless articles have urged managers to empower their staff, yet, few provide concrete suggestions about how to prepare staff for a more challenging role. Social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1986, 1997) has identified the three main sources of self-efficacy, which is a person’s belief that they can proficiently achieve their objectives. Based upon recent research, this paper proposes a model of practical actions that managers can undertake in order to boost the performance of their staff by raising their self-efficacy. These actions are coaching, participation, demonstration, mentoring, stimulation and providing rewards. In order to assist managers to develop their skill at applying these initiatives in a manner that will boost staff self-efficacy, a corresponding behavioural self-assessment is provided.

The paper is a short contribution to the research on the influence the papal literacy exerted on the charters issued by Hungarian papal judge-delegates in the first half of the 13th century. The main aim of this topic is to identify how and to what extent the characteristics of papal mandates were reflected in the phrases of the relevant Hungarian documents. Furthermore, is it also important to examine how the delegates expressed the importance of their papal authorisation.

L'acte de dialyse permet de substituer un organe déficient. Ce geste technique implique un investissement lourd en personnes, en temps et en argent. Dans une société qui valorise l'autonomie, la dialyse entraîne une grande dépendance. Sous cet angle, la dialyse donne une image peu enviable. Cette perte de l'autonomie est une des plaintes les plus fréquentes. Cette dépendance entraîne de la part des patients et soignants en dialyse, une grande valorisation de la transplantation rénale et explique souvent le désarroi des patients lorsque cette proposition thérapeutique n'est pas possible et la perplexité des soignants si celleci est refusée par le patient. Cela illustre comment un concept, ici l'autonomie et la dépendance, peut influencer la réaction et le vécu des personnes. La démarche qui est illustrée par des vignettes propose une approche alternative qui encourage l'aspect relationnel de la dialyse. Cette démarche propose de passer du concept d'autonomie et de dépendance vers un concept d'attache. Ce concept relationnel permet de changer la perception et donc le vécu dans une situation clinique. # Summary Dialysis substitutes a deficient organ. To perform dialysis requires qualified nurses and physicians, necessitates time and is an expensive procedure. In a society which valorises autonomy, dialysis leads to dependency and therefore is associated with a very bad image. This loss of autonomy is one of the most common complains of dialyzed patients. For this reason, patients and caregivers valorise renal transplantation. It illustrates how the concept of autonomy and dependency may influence the life experience of dialyzed patients. We propose another approach which is oriented to the aspects of relations during dialysis. This approach is illustrated

In this paper, we conceptualise the role of headquarters not as bound to a unique physical location but as a set of functions distributed across the multinational enterprise. Specifically, we investigate the phenomenon of delegating headquarters functions to local subsidiaries in the form of regional management mandates (RMMs), a new concept not addressed in prior research. Our work contributes to the literature by building a comprehensive typology of headquarters functions performed at various levels of the multinational enterprise and by developing propositions about the potential benefits and risks of using RMMs, drawing on various theoretical perspectives and a rich empirical case study. Our findings suggest that the use of regional management mandates offers several benefits for the MNE: (1) the ability to balance integration and responsiveness at levels below the efficient scale for dedicated regional headquarters; (2) the exploitation of local operational expertise on a regional level;

This paper investigates optimal mechanisms in a principal-agent framework with a two-dimensional decision space, quadratic payoffs and no monetary transfers. If the conflicts of interest between the principal and the agent are different on each dimension, then delegation is always strictly valuable. The principal can better extract information from the agent by using the spread between the two decisions as a costly screening device. Delegation sets no longer trade off pooling intervals and intervals of full discretion but instead take more complex shapes. We use advanced results from the calculus of variations to ensure existence of a solution and derive sufficient and necessary conditions for optimality. The optimal mechanism is continuous and deterministic. The agent's informational rent, the average decision and its spread are strictly monotonic in the agent's type. The comparison of the optimal mechanism with standard one-dimensional mechanisms shows how cooperation between different principals controlling various dimensions of the agent's activities facilitates information revelation.

The objective of this work is to offer a political delegation approach for the analysis of the financial sector supervision. Focusing on the key issue in the debate on financial supervision structure -single authority versus multi-authorities model -the paper claims that the optimal degree of financial supervision unification cannot be defined a priori; rather it is an expected variable, calculated by the policymakers that maintains or reform the supervisory regime. The adopted approach is to consider the supervisory regime with one or more authorities as an endogenous variable, determined in turn by the dynamics of other structural variables, economic and institutional, that can explain the political delegation process. In order to construct this endogenous variable, it is introduced a Financial Authorities' Concentration Index (FAC Index). Then, given the importance to consider the nature of the institutions involved in the control responsibilities -i.e. what role the central bank plays -it is used an index of the central bank's involvement in financial supervision, the Central Bank as Financial Authority Index (CBFA Index). Each national supervisory regime can be identified with the two above characteristics. Two the most frequent models: countries with a high concentration of powers with low central bank involvement (Single Financial Authority Regime); countries with a low concentration of powers with high central bank involvement ( Central Bank Dominated Multiple Supervisors Regime). Finally, to empirically gauge the possible structural determinants of the degree of supervision unification, it is performed an econometric analysis of the Probit and Logit types. The econometric results signal that the probability of supervision unification is inversely linked to the involvement of the central bank. The two possible explanation of this relationship are the blurring hazard effect and the monopolistic bureau effect. The unification of financial supervision also seems to be a more markedly European phenomenon, linked especially to the Germanic and Scandinavian roots of the legal institutions. remaining errors are the author' responsibility.

The provision of global public goods, such as climate change mitigation and managing fisheries to avoid overharvesting, requires the coordination of national contributions. The contributions are managed by elected governments who, in turn, are subject to public pressure on the matter. In an experimental setting, we randomly assign subjects into four teams, and ask them to elect a delegate by a secret vote. The elected delegates repeatedly play a one shot public goods game in which the aim is to avoid losses that can ensue if the sum of their contributions falls short of a threshold. Earnings are split evenly among the team members, including the delegate. We find that delegation causes a small reduction in the group contributions. Public pressure, in the form of teammates’ messages to their delegate, has a significant negative effect on contributions, even though the messages are designed to be payoff-inconsequential (i.e., cheap talk). The reason for the latter finding is that delegates tend to focus on the least ambitious suggestion. In other words, they focus on the lower of the two public good contributions preferred by their teammates. This finding is consistent with the prediction of our model.

The objective of this work is to offer a political delegation approach for the analysis of the financial sector supervision. Focusing on the key issue in the debate on financial supervision structure -single authority versus multi-authorities model -the paper claims that the optimal degree of financial supervision unification cannot be defined a priori; rather it is an expected variable, calculated by the policymakers that maintains or reform the supervisory regime. The adopted approach is to consider the supervisory regime with one or more authorities as an endogenous variable, determined in turn by the dynamics of other structural variables, economic and institutional, that can explain the political delegation process. In order to construct this endogenous variable, it is introduced a Financial Authorities' Concentration Index (FAC Index). Then, given the importance to consider the nature of the institutions involved in the control responsibilities -i.e. what role the central bank plays -it is used an index of the central bank's involvement in financial supervision, the Central Bank as Financial Authority Index (CBFA Index). Each national supervisory regime can be identified with the two above characteristics. Two the most frequent models: countries with a high concentration of powers with low central bank involvement (Single Financial Authority Regime); countries with a low concentration of powers with high central bank involvement ( Central Bank Dominated Multiple Supervisors Regime). Finally, to empirically gauge the possible structural determinants of the degree of supervision unification, it is performed an econometric analysis of the Probit and Logit types. The econometric results signal that the probability of supervision unification is inversely linked to the involvement of the central bank. The two possible explanation of this relationship are the blurring hazard effect and the monopolistic bureau effect. The unification of financial supervision also seems to be a more markedly European phenomenon, linked especially to the Germanic and Scandinavian roots of the legal institutions. remaining errors are the author' responsibility.

As more sensitive data is shared and stored by third-party sites on the Internet, there will be a need to encrypt data stored at these sites. One drawback of encrypting data, is that it can be selectively shared only at a coarse-grained level (i.e., giving another party your private key). We develop a new cryptosystem for fine-grained sharing of encrypted data that we call Key-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (KP-ABE). In our cryptosystem, ciphertexts are labeled with sets of attributes and private keys are associated with access structures that control which ciphertexts a user is able to decrypt. We demonstrate the applicability of our construction to sharing of audit-log information and broadcast encryption. Our construction supports delegation of private keys which subsumes Hierarchical Identity-Based Encryption (HIBE). * Setup This is a randomized algorithm that takes no input other than the implicit security parameter. It outputs the public parameters PK and a master key MK.